Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 23 Species on Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat for 124 Species, 46362-46594 [2011-17162]
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043; MO
92210–0–0009]
RIN 1018–AV49
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
and Plants; Listing 23 Species on
Oahu as Endangered and Designating
Critical Habitat for 124 Species
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
AGENCY:
We, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
list 23 species on the island of Oahu in
the Hawaiian Islands as endangered
under the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended (Act). We also
propose to designate critical habitat for
these 23 species, to designate critical
habitat for 2 plant species that are
already listed as endangered, and revise
critical habitat for 99 plant species that
are already listed as endangered or
threatened. The proposed critical
habitat designation totals 43,491 acres
(ac) (17,603 hectares (ha)), and includes
occupied and unoccupied habitat.
Approximately 93percent of the area
being proposed as critical habitat is
already designated as critical habitat for
the 99 plant species or other species. In
this proposed rule we are also proposing
a taxonomic revision of the scientific
names of nine plant species.
DATES: We will consider comments
received on or postmarked on or before
October 3, 2011. Please note that if you
are using the Federal eRulemaking
Portal (see ADDRESSES section below),
the deadline for submitting an
electronic comment is Eastern Time on
this date. We must receive requests for
public hearings, in writing, at the
address shown in the FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT section by
September 16, 2011.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments
by one of the following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://
www.regulations.gov. In the box that
reads ‘‘Enter Keyword or ID,’’ enter the
docket number for this proposed rule,
which is FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043.
Check the box that reads ‘‘Open for
Comments/Submission,’’ and click the
Search Button. You should then see an
icon that reads ‘‘Submit a Comment.’’
Please ensure that you have found the
correct rulemaking before submitting
your comment.
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SUMMARY:
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• U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS–R1–
ES–2010–0043; Division of Policy and
Directives Management; U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive,
MS 2042; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all comments on https://
www.regulations.gov. This generally
means that we will post any personal
information you provide us (see the
Public Comments section below for
more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office,
300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 50088,
Honolulu, HI 96850; by telephone at
808–792–9400; or by facsimile at 808–
792–9581. If you use a
telecommunications device for the deaf
(TDD), call the Federal Information
Relay Service (FIRS) at 800–877–8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Public Comments
We intend that any final action
resulting from this proposal will be
based on the best scientific and
commercial data available and be as
accurate and as effective as possible.
Therefore, we solicit comments or
suggestions on this proposed rule from
other concerned governmental agencies,
the scientific community, industry, or
other interested parties concerning this
proposed rule. We particularly seek
comments concerning:
(1) Biological, commercial trade, or
other relevant data concerning any
threats (or lack thereof) to the 23 species
proposed for listing, and regulations
that may be addressing those threats.
(2) Additional information concerning
the range, distribution, and population
size of each of the 23 species proposed
for listing, including the locations of
any additional populations of these
species.
(3) Any information on the biological
or ecological requirements of the 23
species proposed for listing.
(4) Current or planned activities in the
areas occupied by both the 23 species
proposed for listing and the additional
101 plant species proposed for critical
habitat designation or revision, and
possible impacts of these activities on
this species.
(5) The reasons why we should or
should not designate habitat for all
species in this proposal as ‘‘critical
habitat’’ under section 4 of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.),
including whether there are threats to
these species from human activity, the
degree of which can be expected to
increase due to the designation, and
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whether the benefit of designation
would outweigh threats to these species
caused by the designation, such that the
designation of critical habitat is
prudent.
(6) Whether a revision of critical
habitat is warranted for the 99 plant
species already listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act.
(7) Specific information on:
• The amount and distribution of
critical habitat for the species included
in this proposed rule;
• What areas currently occupied, and
that contain the necessary physical or
biological features essential for the
conservation of the species, we should
include in the designation and why;
• Whether special management
considerations or protections may be
required for the physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of
the species in this proposed rule; and
• What areas not currently occupied
are essential to the conservation of the
species and why.
(8) Land use designations and current
or planned activities in the areas
occupied by the species, and the
possible impacts of proposed or revised
critical habitat on these designations or
activities.
(9) Any foreseeable economic,
national security, or other relevant
impacts of designating any area as
critical habitat. We are particularly
interested in any impacts on small
entities, and the benefits of including or
excluding areas that exhibit these
impacts.
(10) Whether the benefits of excluding
any particular area from critical habitat
outweigh the benefits of including that
area as critical habitat under section
4(b)(2) of the Act, after considering the
potential impacts and benefits of the
proposed critical habitat designation.
Under section 4(b)(2), we may exclude
an area from critical habitat if we
determine that the benefits of such
exclusion outweigh the benefits of
including that particular area as critical
habitat, unless failure to designate that
specific area as critical habitat will
result in the extinction of the species.
We request specific information on:
• The benefits of including specific
areas in the final designation and
supporting rationale;
• The benefits of excluding specific
areas from the final designation and
supporting rationale; and
• Whether any specific exclusions
may result in the extinction of the
species and why.
(11) Whether our exemptions under
section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act of the
lands on Department of Defense (DOD)
land at Dillingham Military Reservation,
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
Kahuku Training Area, Kawailoa
Training Area, Makua Military
Reservation, Schofield Barracks East
Range, and Schofield Barracks Military
Reservation, are or are not appropriate
and why.
(12) Information on the projected and
reasonably likely impact of climate
change on the species included in this
proposed rule, and any special
management needs or protections that
may be needed in the critical habitat
areas we are proposing.
(13) Whether we could improve or
modify our approach to designating
critical habitat in any way to provide for
greater public participation and
understanding, or to better
accommodate public concerns and
comments.
(14) Specific information on ways to
improve the clarity of this rule as it
pertains to completion of consultations
under section 7 of the Act.
(15) Comments on our proposal to
revise the taxonomic classification for
the nine plant species identified in this
proposed rule.
You may submit your comments and
materials concerning this proposed rule
by one of the methods listed in the
ADDRESSES section. We request that you
send comments only by the methods
described in the ADDRESSES section.
We will post your entire comment—
including your personal identifying
information—on https://www.
regulations.gov. If you provide personal
identifying information in addition to
the required items specified in the
previous paragraph, such as your street
address, phone number, or e-mail
address, you may request at the top of
your document that we withhold this
information from public review.
However, we cannot guarantee that we
will be able to do so.
Comments and materials we receive,
as well as supporting documentation we
used in preparing this proposed rule,
will be available for public inspection at
https://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business
hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Pacific Islands Fish and
Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT).
You may obtain copies of the
proposed rule by mail from the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by
visiting the Federal eRulemaking Portal
at https://www.regulations.gov.
Background
It is our intent to discuss below only
those topics directly relevant to the
listing of and designation of critical
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habitat for the species in this proposed
rule.
Previous Federal Action
Nineteen of the 23 species proposed
for listing are candidate species (75 FR
69222; November 10, 2010). Candidate
species are those taxa for which the
Service has sufficient information on
their biological status and threats to
propose them for listing under the Act,
but for which the development of a
listing regulation has been precluded to
date by other higher priority listing
activities. The current candidate species
addressed in this proposed listing rule
include the plants Bidens amplectens,
Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, M.
hiiakae, M. makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, P. cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense; and the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum), the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly (M. leptodemas), and the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (M.
oceanicum). The candidate status of all
of these species was most recently
assessed and reaffirmed in the
November 10, 2010, Notice of Review of
Native Species that are Candidates for
Listing as Threatened or Endangered
(CNOR) (75 FR 69222).
On May 4, 2004, the Center for
Biological Diversity petitioned the
Secretary of the Interior to list 225
species of plants and animals, including
the 19 candidate species listed above, as
endangered or threatened under the
provisions of the Act. Since then, we
have published our annual findings on
the May 4, 2004, petition (including our
findings on the 19 candidate species
listed above) in the CNORs dated May
11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), September 12,
2006 (71 FR 53756), December 6, 2007
(72 FR 69034), December 10, 2008 (73
FR 75176), November 9, 2009 (74 FR
57803), and November 10, 2010 (75 FR
69222).
In addition to the 19 candidate
species, we are proposing to list four
species of plants endemic to Oahu,
which include Cyanea purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra gracilis, C. waiolani, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei. These four
Oahu plant species, as well as
approximately 180 others on the
Hawaiian Islands, have been identified
as the ‘‘rarest of the rare’’ Hawaiian
plant species in need of immediate
conservation, under the multi-agency
(Federal, State, and private) Plant
Extinction Prevention (PEP) Program.
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The goal of this program is to prevent
the extinction of plant species that
currently have fewer than 50
individuals remaining in the wild on
the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui,
Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii (Hawaii
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
(DOFAW) 2007; Service 2007). We
believe these four endemic Oahu plant
species warrant listing under the Act for
the reasons discussed in the Summary
of Factors Affecting the 23 Species
Proposed for Listing section (below).
Because these 4 plant species occur
within 3 of the 7 ecosystems identified
in this proposed rule, and share
common threats with the other 19
species proposed for listing under the
Act, we have included them in this
proposed rule to provide them with
protection under the Act in an
expeditious manner.
On June 17, 2003, we published a
final rule designating approximately
55,040 ac (22,274 ha) as critical habitat
for 99 plant species on Oahu (68 FR
35950; June 17, 2003). If made final, this
rule would supersede that designation.
In addition, we are proposing critical
habitat for two endangered plant species
for which critical habitat has not been
previously proposed or designated.
When we listed the plant Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii in 1982 (47
FR 36846), we found that the
designation of critical habitat was not
determinable, since we were unable to
identify the biological needs of this
species (see Proposed Taxonomic Name
Changes below for additional
information). When we listed the plant
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
as endangered in 1986 (58 FR 10518),
we found that designation of critical
habitat was not prudent because this
plant was threatened by taking for leimaking, and the publication of plant
locations could make this plant more
vulnerable to collection by individuals.
We have reviewed the best available
information on both species, and have
determined the designation of critical
habitat is now prudent (see Prudency
Determination below for additional
information).
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to
Listing 23 Species on Oahu
On the island of Oahu, as on most of
the Hawaiian Islands, native species
that occur in the same habitat types
(ecosystems) depend on many of the
same biological features and on the
successful functioning of that ecosystem
to survive. We have therefore organized
the species addressed in this proposed
rule by common ecosystems. Although
the listing determination for each
species is analyzed separately, we have
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organized the specific analysis for each
species within the context of the
broader ecosystem in which it occurs, to
avoid redundancy. In addition, native
species that share ecosystems often face
a suite of common factors that may
threaten them, and ameliorating or
eliminating these threats requires
similar management actions. Effective
management of these threats often
requires implementation of conservation
actions at the ecosystem scale, to
enhance or restore critical ecological
processes and provide for long-term
viability of those species in their native
environment. Thus, by taking this
approach, we hope not only to organize
this proposed rule efficiently, but also to
more effectively focus conservation
management efforts on the common
threats that occur across these
ecosystems, restore ecosystem
functionality for the recovery of each
species, and provide conservation
benefits for associated native species,
thereby potentially precluding the need
to list other species under the Act that
occur in these shared ecosystems.
We propose to list Bidens amplectens,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra
gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Melicope christophersenii,
Melicope hiiakae, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, endemic to the
island of Oahu, as endangered species.
These 23 species (20 plants and 3
damselflies) are found in 7 ecosystem
types: coastal, lowland dry, lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, dry
cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1).
TABLE 1—THE 23 SPECIES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND
Ecosystem
Species
Coastal .................................
Lowland Dry .........................
Lowland Mesic .....................
Plants: Bidens amplectens.
Plants: Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris takeuchii, Pleomele forbesii.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
Animals: oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Zanthoxylum oahuense.
Animals: crimson Hawaiian damselfly, blackline Hawaiian damselfly, oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Melicope christophersenii.
Plants: Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Melicope
christophersenii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pterlyxia macrocarpa.
Animals: crimson Hawaiian damselfly, oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Lowland Wet ........................
Montane Wet ........................
Dry Cliff ................................
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Wet Cliff ................................
Most of these species are found in
multiple ecosystems. For each species,
we identified and evaluated those
factors that threaten the species and that
may be common to all of the species at
the ecosystem level. For example, the
degradation of habitat by nonnative
plants is considered a threat to each
species within each ecosystem. As a
result, this threat factor is considered to
be a multiple ecosystem threat, as each
individual species within each
ecosystem faces a threat that is
essentially identical in terms of the
nature of the impact, its severity, its
imminence, and its scope. We further
identified and evaluated any threat
factors that may be unique to certain
species, that is, threat factors that do not
apply to all species under consideration
within the same ecosystem. For
example, the threat of predation by
nonnative fish is unique to the three
damselflies in this proposed rule; it is
not applicable to any of the other
species proposed for listing. We have
identified such threat factors, which
apply only to certain species within the
ecosystems addressed here, as speciesspecific threats.
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An Ecosystem-Based Approach to
Determining Physical or Biological
Features of Critical Habitat
Under the Act, we are required to
designate critical habitat to the
maximum extent prudent and
determinable concurrently with the
publication of a final determination that
a species is endangered or threatened. In
this proposed rule, we are proposing to
designate critical habitat for the 23
Oahu species for which we are also
proposing endangered status. We are
also proposing to designate critical
habitat for two Oahu plants that are
already listed as endangered species but
for which critical habitat has not been
designated. In addition, we are
proposing to revise critical habitat for 99
Oahu plants already listed as
endangered or threatened species. When
critical habitat was designated for these
99 Oahu plant species in 2003 (68 FR
35950; June 17, 2003), it was based
primarily on the specific localities
where the species were known to occur.
We are proposing to revise critical
habitat for these species because since
then, we have learned that many native
Hawaiian plants and animals currently
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occupy only areas of marginal habitat
because the threats are reduced in these
areas, and can thrive when reintroduced
into historical habitats when threats are
effectively managed. For this reason, we
believe it is important to designate
unoccupied habitat where it is essential
for the recovery of the species. Based on
new information on plant occurrences
and a better understanding of the
species’ biological requirements, the
physical or biological features have been
more precisely identified, and now
include elevation, precipitation,
substrate, canopy, subcanopy, and
understory characteristics. We believe
the added precision will be helpful in
identifying the special management
considerations or protections needed in
specific occupied areas to recover the
species. In addition, because the 2003
designation focused on discrete areas
occupied by the species at the time of
listing, the result was an overlapping
and confusing patchwork of critical
habitat areas for the 99 plant species
that was difficult for the public to
interpret. Although this proposed
revision of critical habitat is solely
based on occupied areas with physical
or biological features essential to the
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species’ conservation, and unoccupied
areas that are essential to the species’
conservation, we believe the end result
will provide for greater public
understanding of the conservation and
recovery needs of each of the species in
the specific areas addressed in this
proposed rule.
In this proposed rule, we propose
critical habitat for 124 species in 66
multiple-species critical habitat units.
Although critical habitat is identified for
each species individually, we have
found that the conservation of each
depends, at least in part, on the
successful functioning of the physical or
biological features of the commonly
shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat
unit identified in this proposed rule
contains the physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of
those individual species that occupy
that particular unit, or contains areas
essential to the conservation of those
species that do not presently occupy
that particular unit but depend on that
ecosystem type for recovery purposes.
Where the unit is not occupied by a
particular species, we believe it is still
essential for the conservation of that
species. The designation of unoccupied
habitat allows for the expansion of its
range and reintroduction of individuals
into areas where it occurred historically,
and provides area for recovery in the
case of a stochastic event at one or more
locations where the species occurs.
Each of the areas proposed for
designation represents critical habitat
for multiple species, based upon their
shared habitat requirements, and takes
into account any species-specific
conservation needs as appropriate. For
example, the presence of a perennial
stream is essential for the conservation
of the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, but
is not a requirement shared by all
species within the same ecosystem;
however, a functioning ecosystem is
also essential to the damselfly because
the ecosystem provides other physical
or biological features that support the
damselfly’s specific life-history
requirements.
The Island of Oahu
The island of Oahu is the third oldest
and third largest of the eight main
Hawaiian Islands, located southeast of
Kauai and northwest of Molokai and
Lanai (Foote et al. 1972, p. 19;
Department of Geography, University of
Hawaii at Hilo (UHH) 1998, p. 7). It was
formed from two shield volcanoes that
ceased erupting about 1 to 2 million
years ago, and is about 600 square (sq)
miles (mi) (1,557 sq kilometers (km)) in
area (Macdonald and Abbot 1970, p.
265; Foote et al. 1972, p. 19; Department
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of Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7). Two
mountain ranges resulted from these
eruptions, the western Waianae range
and eastern Koolau range. Oahu is
characterized by the fact that the two
mountain ranges are aligned
perpendicular to the prevailing trade
winds, so that distinctive leeward and
windward climates result, with the
Waianae range in the rain shadow of the
Koolau range (Department of
Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7; Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 39). The maximum elevation
on Oahu is 4,025 feet (ft) (1,225 meters
(m)) at the summit of Mount Kaala in
the Waianae Mountains, and this higher
elevation area is not affected by the rain
shadow (Blumenstock and Price 1972,
p. 156; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 39–41).
The maximum elevation is relatively
low compared to the higher Hawaiian
Islands. Consequently, Oahu does not
have dry alpine areas, as the mountains
do not reach the height of the
temperature inversion layer (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 38, 40). Rainfall ranges
from less than 20 inches (in) (500
millimeters (mm)) to more than 250 in
(6,350 mm) per year (Department of
Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7).
Temperatures in the Hawaiian Islands
differ by an average of 41 degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) (22 degrees Celsius (°C))
throughout the year. Since temperature
decreases with increasing elevation,
microclimates range from tropical to
sub-arctic across the island chain
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 37–38),
although the sub-arctic zone does not
occur on Oahu.
The current soil classification system
for the Hawaiian Islands distinguishes
soil types based on their measurable
physical and chemical properties and
environmental factors that influenced
their formation. Widely ranging
geological ages of rocks, different rates
of weathering, and microclimates create
these highly variable soils (Sherman
1972, pp. 205–207). Most soils are
volcanic in origin; a few formed from
organic material and sand (Foote et al.
1972, p. 1). On Oahu, sizable areas of
highly weathered, red-colored oxisols
(nutrient poor soils, red or yellowish)
occur on the Schofield Plateau; in
contrast, the Koolau and Waianae
mountain ranges have large areas of
rocky, unweathered entisols (soils with
few or no horizontal layers) due to
erosion (Gavenda et al. 1998, p. 92).
Because of its age and relative
isolation, species diversity and
endemism are high in the Hawaiian
archipelago (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999,
p. 45). However, the flora and fauna of
Oahu have undergone extreme
alterations because of past and present
land use and other activities. Land with
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rich soils was altered by the early
Hawaiians and, more recently,
converted to agricultural use (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 45) or pasture.
Intentional and inadvertent introduction
of alien plant and animal species has
contributed to the reduction in range of
native species on the island (throughout
this proposal, the terms ‘‘alien,’’ ‘‘feral,’’
‘‘nonnative,’’ and ‘‘introduced’’ all refer
to species that are not naturally native
to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most of the
taxa included in this proposed rule
persist on steep slopes, precipitous
cliffs, valley headwalls, and other
regions where unsuitable topography
has prevented urbanization and
agricultural development, or where
inaccessibility has limited
encroachment by nonnative plant and
animal species.
Oahu Ecosystems
The seven Oahu ecosystems that
support the species addressed in this
proposed rule are described in the
following sections.
Coastal
The coastal ecosystem is found on all
of the main Hawaiian Islands, with the
highest species diversity found in the
least populated coastal areas of Hawaii,
Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and
Kauai, and their associated islets. On
Oahu, the coastal ecosystem includes
mixed herblands, shrublands, and
grasslands, from sea level to
approximately 980 ft (300 m) in
elevation, generally within a narrow
zone above the influence of waves to
within 330 ft (100 m) inland, sometimes
extending farther inland if strong
prevailing onshore winds drive sea
spray and sand dunes into the lowland
zone (The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
2006a). The coastal vegetation zone is
typically dry, with annual rainfall of
less than 20 in (50 cm); however,
windward rainfall may be high enough
(up to 40 in (100 cm)) to support mesicassociated and sometimes wetassociated vegetation (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, pp. 54–66). Biological
diversity is low to moderate in this
ecosystem, but may include some
specialized plants and animals such as
nesting seabirds and the rare native
plant Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) (TNC
2006a). The plant Bidens amplectens,
which is proposed for listing as
endangered in this proposed rule, is
reported from this ecosystem on Oahu
(Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping
Program (HBMP) 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Dry
The lowland dry ecosystem includes
shrublands and forests generally below
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3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation that receive
less than 50 in (130 centimeters (cm))
annual rainfall, or are in otherwise
prevailingly dry substrate conditions.
Areas consisting of predominantly
native species in the lowland dry
ecosystem are now rare; however, this
ecosystem is found on the islands of
Hawaii, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe,
Oahu, and Kauai, and is best
represented on the leeward sides of the
islands (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p.
67). On Oahu, this ecosystem is
typically found on the leeward side of
the Waianae Mountains, and the
leeward southern coast, including
Diamond Head Crater (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 67; TNC 2006b).
Biological diversity is low to moderate
in this ecosystem, and includes
specialized animals and plants such as
the Hawaiian owl or pueo (Asio
flammeus sandwichensis) and Santalum
ellipticum (iliahialoe) (Wagner et al.
1999, pp. 1,220–1,221; TNC 2006b). The
plants Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris
takeuchii, and Pleomele forbesii, which
are proposed for listing as endangered
in this proposed rule, are reported in
this ecosystem on Oahu (HBMP 2008;
TNC 2007).
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Lowland Mesic
The lowland mesic ecosystem
includes a variety of grasslands,
shrublands, and forests, generally below
3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation, that receive
between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm)
annual rainfall, or are in otherwise
mesic substrate conditions (TNC 2006c).
In the Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem
is found on Hawaii, Maui, Molokai,
Lanai, and Kauai, on both windward
and leeward sides of the islands. On
Oahu, this ecosystem is typically found
on the leeward slopes of both the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains (Gagne
and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 2006c).
Biological diversity is high in this
system (TNC 2006c). The plants Cyanea
calycina, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra
waiolani, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Tetraplasandra
lydgatei, and the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, which are proposed for
listing as endangered in this proposed
rule, are reported in this ecosystem
(HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Wet
The lowland wet ecosystem is
generally found below 3,300 ft (1,000 m)
elevation on the windward sides of the
main Hawaiian Islands, except
Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006d).
These areas include a variety of wet
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grasslands, shrublands, and forests that
receive greater than 75 in (190 cm)
annual precipitation, or are in otherwise
wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d).
On Oahu, this system is best developed
in wet valleys and slopes along the
summit of the Koolau Mountains, with
a small area located on the windward
side of the summit of the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2006d). Biological
diversity is high in this system (TNC
2006d). The plants Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, M.
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense; and the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies,
which are proposed for listing as
endangered in this proposed rule, are
reported in this ecosystem (HBMP 2008;
TNC 2007).
Montane Wet
The montane wet ecosystem is
composed of natural communities
(grasslands, shrublands, forests, and
bogs) found at elevations generally
between 3,300 and 6,600 ft (1,000 and
2,000 m), in areas where annual
precipitation is greater than 75 in (190
cm) (TNC 2006e). This system is found
on all of the main Hawaiian Islands
except Niihau and Kahoolawe (only the
islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii
have areas above 4,020 ft (1,225 m))
(TNC 2006e). On Oahu, this ecosystem
is found only at the summit of the
Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007).
Biological diversity is moderate to high
(TNC 2006e). Due to the restricted
distribution of this ecosystem on Oahu,
only the plants Cyanea calycina and
Melicope christophersenii, which are
proposed for listing as endangered in
this proposed rule, are reported in this
ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Dry Cliff
The dry cliff ecosystem is composed
of vegetation communities occupying
steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in
areas that receive less than 75 in (190
cm) of rainfall annually, or are in
otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC
2006f). This ecosystem is found on all
of the main Hawaiian Islands except
Niihau, and on the island of Oahu is
best represented along the leeward
slopes of the Waianae Mountains (TNC
2006f). A variety of shrublands occur
within this ecosystem (TNC 2006f).
Biological diversity is low to moderate
(TNC 2006f). The plants Korthalsella
degeneri, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
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Pleomele forbesii, and Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, which are proposed for
listing as endangered in this proposed
rule, are reported in this ecosystem
(HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Wet Cliff
The wet cliff ecosystem is generally
composed of shrublands on nearvertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees)
in areas that receive more than 75 in
(190 cm) of annual precipitation, or in
otherwise wet substrate conditions
(TNC 2006g). This system is found on
the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai,
Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai. On Oahu, this
ecosystem is typically found along the
entire length of the summit of the
Koolau Mountains and at the summit of
Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains
(TNC 2006g). Biological diversity is low
to moderate (TNC 2006g). The plants
Cyanea calycina, C. purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Melicope christophersenii, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa; and the crimson and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, which
are proposed for listing as endangered
in this proposed rule, are reported in
this ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Species Description of the 23 Species
Proposed for Listing
Below is a brief description of each of
the 23 species proposed for listing,
presented in alphabetical order by
genus. Plants are presented first,
followed by animals.
Plants
Bidens amplectens (kookoolau), a
perennial or sometimes annual herb in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is
restricted to windward cliffs and crests
along the northern portion of the
Waianae Mountains on the island of
Oahu, in the coastal and lowland dry
ecosystems, at elevations between 300
and 1,400 ft (90 and 430 m) (Ganders
and Nagata 1999, p. 271; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). This species intergrades
with B. torta and forms hybrid swarms
from near Kaena Point along the
Waianae summit ridges to the head of
Makua Valley (a hybrid swarm occurs
where there is no reproductive barrier
between distinct populations, or where
a barrier has broken down). Pure B.
amplectens is restricted to the
windward cliffs and crests of the
Waianae range (Ganders and Nagata
1999, p. 271). Bidens amplectens was
historically known from five locations
spanning 7 mi (11 km) in the northern
Waianae Mountains including Makaleha
Valley, Uluhulu Gulch, Puu Pueo to
Alau Gulch, Manini Gulch to Alau
Gulch, and Nihoa Gulch (HBMP 2008).
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At last observation, it totaled fewer than
1,000 individuals in four locations
separated by less than 4 mi (6 km):
Kealia Trail on the east side of Haili
Gulch; Kapuna-Kamimi Ridge on the
road to the Pahole Natural Area Reserve
(NAR); Kealia east of Kawaiu Gulch; and
from Kuaokala to Keawaula Ridge (J.
Lau, in litt. 2001; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea calycina (haha), an
unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is found in
both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems (Lammers 1999, p.
483; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 17;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). In the Waianae
Mountains, C. calycina occurs in
Acacia-Metrosideros-Dicranopteris (koaohia-uluhe) forests at elevations
between 1,800 and 3,920 ft (550 and
1,195 m), and in the Koolau Mountains
this species occurs in wet MetrosiderosDicranopteris forest and shrubland at
elevations generally between 1,830 and
3,000 ft (558 and 900 m) (HBMP 2008).
Historically, in the Waianae Mountains,
plants were found from Palikea Gulch to
Pualii Gulch (HBMP 2008). Currently, C.
calycina is found from Pahole in the
northern portion of the Waianae
Mountains south along the summit to
Palawai in 18 occurrences totaling at
least 170 individuals (U.S. Army 2006;
HBMP 2008). In the Koolau Mountains,
C. calycina was known historically
along the entire length of the range
(HBMP 2008). Currently, 22 occurrences
totaling between 155 and 169
individuals are known, from the most
northern point at Kamananui Gulch
along the summit ridges south to
Konahuanui (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP
2008). The combined 40 occurrences
total 325 to 339 individuals.
Cyanea lanceolata (haha) is an
unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in
the southeastern Koolau Mountains in
the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems, at elevations generally
between 1,000 and 2,500 ft (300 and 760
m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 483; Wagner
and Herbst 2003, p. 17; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). Historically, this species
was wide-ranging along the Koolau
Mountains, from the northern SchofieldWaikane area to Wailupe at the southern
end of the range, in at least 17
occurrences (HBMP 2008). Currently,
there are 7 known occurrences, totaling
fewer than 123 individuals, sparsely
scattered over a much smaller area of
the southern and northern Koolau range.
The southern occurrences include
Kului-Hawaii Loa, Wailupe, Mauumae,
and Waialae Nui, with an unconfirmed
report of individuals in Pia Valley
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(HBMP 2008; J. Lau, in litt. 2008). The
northern occurrences include
individuals north of Kawaiiki Stream, at
Poamoho, and at Peahinaia (U.S. Army
2006).
Cyanea purpurellifolia (haha) is an
unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in
the Koolau Mountains in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems, at
elevations generally between 1,860 and
2,160 ft (570 and 660 m) (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). Historically, this species
was known from a few individuals in
the vicinity of Kaluanui Valley and
north to Maakua-Papali Ridge (Lammers
1999, p. 484; Wagner and Herbst 2003,
p. 17; HBMP 2008). Currently, C.
purpurellifolia occurs in the northern
Koolau Mountains from MaakuaKaipapau to Punaluu-Kaluanui Ridge, in
5 occurrences totaling approximately 18
individuals (Plant Extinction Prevention
(PEP) Program 2008, pp. 20–21; HBMP
2008).
Cyrtandra gracilis (haiwale)
(Gesneriaceae, African violet family) is
a perennial shrub that is found in
Metrosideros-Dicranopteris forest in the
lowland wet ecosystem at
approximately 1,600 ft (490 m) in
elevation, on the leeward side of the
southern Koolau Mountains (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 755; National Tropical
Botanical Garden (NTBG) Provenance
Report 2004; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
PEP Program 2008, p. 16). Presumed
extinct since the 1800s, 10 individuals
of C. gracilis were discovered by
botanists in Pia Valley in 2001 (NTBG
Provenance Report 2002). Between 2001
and 2008, only six to eight plants were
observed at this location (NTBG
Provenance Report 2002; PEP Program
2008, p. 16; A. Bakutis, in litt. 2008). It
is apparently extirpated from historical
locations in Palolo Valley, Konahuanui
Gulch, and Manoa Valley (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 755; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra kaulantha (haiwale) is a
perennial shrub in the African violet
family (Gesneriaceae) found in dense
shade in moist wooded gulches at
elevations generally between 840 and
1,050 ft (255 and 320 m), in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the
Koolau Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 763; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra kaulantha was historically
known from the Waiahole Ditch trail
and Kahanaiki Stream. It was
considered ‘‘locally common,’’ and a
collection was taken from a ‘‘large
colony’’ in 1985 (W. Takeuchi, in litt.
1985; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 763; J. Lau,
in litt. 2006). Prior to October 2005,
there were 34 wild individuals in 3
occurrences (15, 8, and 11 individuals,
respectively) in the subgulches of
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Waianu Valley (A. Bakutis, in litt. 2005).
In 2005, the third occurrence was
discovered crushed by a tree, leaving six
living individuals (A. Bakutis, in litt.
2005). In March 2006, it was reported
that only one individual remained at the
second occurrence, and that some
individuals in the other two occurrences
had fruit (A. Bakutis, in litt. 2006a). In
addition, 4 more individuals were
discovered at the site of the first
occurrence, bringing the total number of
wild individuals to 26 (Bakutis 2006a).
In May 2006, another tree fall crushed
4 individuals in the third occurrence,
leaving 2 remaining; however, a fourth
occurrence of 4 individuals was
discovered in another subgulch, and 1
new individual was found in the first
occurrence, bringing the total number of
wild individuals to 27 (A. Bakutis, in
litt. 2006a; Bakutis 2006b). All
occurrences were visited again in April
2007, with a total of 28 wild individuals
observed (PEP Program 2007, p. 17).
Outplanting has been conducted in the
four subgulches of Waianu Valley, but
in areas some distance from the known
occurrences. A total of 28 individuals
were outplanted between 2005 and
2007. However, due to predation by
nonnative slugs, only 12 outplanted
individuals remained in 2007 (PEP
Program 2007, p. 17). Cyrtandra
kaulantha is therefore currently found
in 5 occurrences totaling 28 wild and 12
outplanted individuals.
Cyrtandra sessilis (haiwale)
(Gesneriaceae, African violet family) is
a small shrub that was historically
known only from a few collections in
wet gulch bottoms and slopes of mesic
valleys in the windward Koolau
Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 778).
Typical habitat is Metrosideros forests at
elevations generally between 1,600 and
2,200 ft (490 and 670 m) in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; A. Bakutis, in litt. 2008). In
1993, there were about 200 individuals
in the only known occurrence near the
summit of the Schofield-Waikane Trail
(HBMP 2008). In 2003, there were an
estimated 50 individuals in 2
occurrences (S. Perlman, in litt. 2003).
Cyrtandra sessilis is currently known
from 2 occurrences, one consisting of 75
individuals along the WaikaneSchofield Trail in Kahana Valley and
the second consisting of 5 individuals at
Hawaii Loa Ridge near Pia Valley (S.
Perlman, in litt. 2003; A. Bakutis, in litt.
2006c; HBMP 2008; A. Bakutis, in litt.
2008).
Cyrtandra waiolani (haiwale), a small
shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is found in rich, partly
sunny gulches; shady, moist banks
above creeks; and wet gulch bottoms in
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mesic valleys in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 781; HBMP 2008). Cyrtandra
waiolani was historically known from at
least seven locations: five in the
southern Koolau Mountains and two in
the northern Koolau Mountains, at
elevations generally between 800 and
3,000 ft (240 and 900 m) (HBMP 2008).
Plants have not been since observed in
these areas (HBMP 2008). Individuals
likely representing C. waiolani, based
on vegetative characteristics, were seen
in 1994 along the ridge between
Kaipapau and Maakua, and in 2005 in
Kahana, but these plants are no longer
alive (J. Lau, in litt. 2009). In 2005,
individuals thought to be C. waiolani
were found on the Kualono Ridge near
Kaaawa; however, these plants were not
flowering or fruiting at that time.
Cuttings were taken for propagation and
positive identification when flowering
and fruiting occur (Hawaii Department
of Land and Natural Resources (HDLNR)
2005; U.S. Army 2006; A. Bakutis, in
litt. 2008; S. Ching, PEP, in litt. 2009; J.
Lau, in litt. 2009). Many areas within
the lowland mesic ecosystem in Kaaawa
in the Koolau Mountains have not been
surveyed for this species, including
three of the historically known locations
from Anahulu to Lanihuli. The Koolau
mountain range is over 35 mi (58 km)
in length. Historic surveys that we have
records of from the 1800s did not cover
the entire mountain range, but
collections were made at seven widely
distributed locations along the 35-mi
(58-km) range. In the 1800s, forests in
the Koolau Mountains were more intact
at the summits; therefore, we believe
that if seven collections were made,
there were many more individuals in
the wild. The plants were only known
from a ridge between Kaipapau and
Maakua in 1994, and from Kahana in
2005, but those plants are no longer
present, which represents a population
decline from seven (and more than
seven historically) to zero. Botanists
suggest that the species is likely still
extant in these areas and may be found
with more intensive surveying (Bakutis
2008a; J. Lau, in litt. 2009).
Doryopteris takeuchii (no common
name (NCN)) is a fern in the Pteridaceae
family (Palmer 2003, p. 133). It occurs
in dry shrubland on the slopes of
Diamond Head Crater, a volcanic tuff
cone on the southern coast of Oahu, at
elevations generally between 140 and
300 ft (43 and 91 m) (NTBG 2007, p.1).
This area consists of pockets of native
and nonnative species in the lowland
dry ecosystem (TNC 2007). Little is
known of the historical distribution of
D. takeuchii. Currently, there are 101 to
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124 clumps on the Kuilei cliffs and the
southwest-facing gulches above Munro
Trail on the outer slopes of the crater
(NTBG 2007, p. 1).
Korthalsella degeneri (hulumoa), a
subshrub (a perennial with stems that
are woody at the base) in the mistletoe
family (Viscaceae), is parasitic on the
native trees Sapindus oahuensis (kaulu)
and Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua)
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,339). This
species occurs in diverse forest in the
dry cliff ecosystem at elevations
generally between 1,100 and 1,500 ft
(335 and 457 m) in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). In 1938, K. degeneri was
recorded from Makua Valley but little
else is known of its historical range
(HBMP 2008). Currently, this species is
known only from one widespread
occurrence in Makua Valley, estimated
to be between 900 and 1,000 individuals
(J. Lau, in litt. 2000), and one
occurrence of an unknown number of
individuals in Makaha on the northfacing slopes of the southern side of the
valley (U.S. Army 2006).
Melicope christophersenii (alani), a
shrub or tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), occurs in wet forest and
shrubland in the montane wet and wet
cliff ecosystems at elevations generally
between 2,400 and 4,010 ft (732 and
1,222 m) in the Waianae Mountains
(Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,184–1,185; U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, M. christophersenii was
known from the Mt. Kaala area of the
Waianae Mountains, and as far south as
Puu Kaua (HBMP 2008). Currently,
there are 3 occurrences totaling
approximately 250 individuals in the
Waianae summit area, with the
southernmost occurrence at Puu Hapapa
(U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Melicope hiiakae (alani) is a small
tree in the rue family (Rutaceae) that
occurs in wet forest in the lowland wet
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains,
generally between elevations of 1,300
and 2,260 ft (396 and 689 m) (U.S. Army
2006; NTBG 2007, p. 3; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). Historically, M. hiiakae
was found along the entire length of the
Koolau range (HBMP 2008). Currently
there are 8 scattered occurrences
totaling fewer than 40 individuals from
Kawailoa to Waimalu (NTBG 2007, p. 3;
HBMP 2008).
Melicope makahae (alani), a shrubby
tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), occurs
in mesic and wet forest and shrubland
in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains, at elevations generally
between 2,200 and 2,900 ft (670 and 884
m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,194; U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
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Historically, M. makahae was found in
the central summit area of the Waianae
Mountains on the west side of Mt. Kaala
in Makaha Valley (Stone 1963, p. 410;
TNC 2007). Currently, there are 4
occurrences totaling fewer than 200
individuals north and west of the
summit area of the Waianae Mountains
(HBMP 2008).
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
(NCN) is a palmoid (leaves dividing or
radiating from one point) shrub in the
rue family (Rutaceae) (Stone et al. 1999,
pp. 1,209–1,210). It occurs in wet forest,
shrubland, and gulches in the lowland
wet ecosystem of the Koolau Mountains,
at elevations generally between 1,900
and 2,500 ft (579 and 762 m) (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was found
along the entire length of the Koolau
range, and at elevations below 800 ft,
from Pupukea to Wailupe Valley (HBMP
2008). Currently, 9 occurrences (totaling
32 individuals) are restricted to the
summit area of the northern Koolau
Mountains, with only 1 occurrence (16
individuals) near the summit of the
southern Koolau Mountains (HBMP
2008).
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
(NCN), a palmoid shrub in the rue
family (Rutaceae), occurs in the lowland
mesic and dry cliff ecosystems of the
Waianae Mountains, at elevations
generally between 1,990 and 3,000 ft
(607 and 914 m) (Stone et al. 1999, pp.
1,209–1,210; U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). Historically this
species was wide-ranging in the
Waianae Mountains, from the Mokuleia
Forest Reserve south to Kaluaa (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). Currently, P.
cornuta var. decurrens is found in 15
occurrences scattered from Pahole to
Palawai Gulch, totaling 259 to 309
individuals (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP
2008).
Pleomele forbesii (hala pepe) is a tree
in the asparagus (Asparagaceae) family
(Smithsonian Department of Botany
2008). It occurs in mesic and dry forest
and shrubland in the lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, and dry
cliff ecosystems in the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains, at elevations
generally between 800 and 2,920 ft (244
and 890 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,352; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, P. forbesii was found in at
least 11 areas, totaling an unknown
number of individuals, in the Waianae
Mountains (HBMP 2008). Currently,
there are approximately 19 occurrences
totaling 290 to 307 individuals, from the
Mokuleia Forest Reserve, west to Keaau
and south to Nanakuli, in the Waianae
Mountains, and one occurrence of a few
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individuals in the Koolau Mountains (J.
Lau, in litt. 2008; HBMP 2008).
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
(kopiko), a tree in the coffee family
(Rubiaceae), occurs in wet forest and
shrubland in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems of the Koolau
Mountains, at elevations generally
between 1,080 and 2,000 ft (329 and 610
m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,166; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). Historically known
only from the northern Koolau
Mountains, this species is currently
known from three occurrences in that
area: one occurrence of 8 to 9
individuals in Maakua Gulch; 1
individual at Opaeula Gulch; and an
estimated fewer than 10 individuals
scattered between Kaipapau and
Kaluanui, just south of Maakua Gulch
(A. Bakutis, in litt. 2005; U.S. Army
2006; PEP Program 2007, p. 25; HBMP
2008). A single individual was
outplanted within a fenced area in
Makaua Valley (February 2007) and has
been observed to be healthy in
subsequent monitoring visits (PEP
Program 2007, p. 25).
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (kaulu) is a
tree in the dogbane family
(Apocynaceae). It occurs in the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains, in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff, and wet
cliff ecosystems, at elevations generally
between 1,100 and 2,800 ft (335 and 850
m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 220; U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was found
along the entire length of the Koolau
range and on the summit ridges of the
Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Currently, P. macrocarpa is found from
Kapuhi Gulch to North Palawai Gulch
in the Waianae Mountains, in
approximately 31 occurrences totaling
between 233 and 289 individuals. In the
Koolau Mountains, 7 occurrences
totaling 47 individuals occur in the
most northern portion of this mountain
range, while only 11 individuals in 2
occurrences are found in the
southernmost portion of the range (U.S.
Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (NCN), a tree
in the ginseng family (Araliaceae), is
found in mesic forest in the lowland
mesic ecosystem at elevations generally
between 800 and 1,600 ft (240 and 490
m) in the Koolau Mountains (Motley
2005, p. 107; TNC 2007). In 2005,
Motley formally recognized T. lydgatei
as distinct from T. oahuensis (Motley
2005; p. 105), and all known
occurrences were surveyed at that time
(PEP Program 2007, pp. 27–28).
Formerly found from Niu Valley to the
Halawa Ridge Trail, its distribution is
now limited to two wild occurrences:
one on the eastern slope of Hawaii Loa
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Ridge and another on the slopes of
Kuliouou Valley. These occurrences
total eight individuals (PEP Program
2007, pp. 27–28). In addition, 34
individuals have been outplanted in a
fenced enclosure at Kulepeamoa Ridge
(PEP Program 2007, p. 28).
Zanthoxylum oahuense (ae), a small
tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), occurs
in wet forest in the lowland wet
ecosystem at elevations generally
between 2,060 and 2,720 ft (628 and 829
m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,216; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). This species was
historically known from 17 areas along
the entire length of the Koolau
Mountains (HBMP 2008). Currently, Z.
oahuense is restricted to the northern
Koolau Mountains from Puu Kainapuaa
along the summit to Waimano Stream,
in 8 occurrences totaling approximately
29 individuals (U.S Army 2006; HBMP
2008).
Animals
The crimson Hawaiian damselfly is a
medium-sized, slender and delicate
species, with adults measuring from 1.4
to 1.6 in (36 to 41 mm) in length and
having a wingspan of 1.5 to 1.6 in (39
to 42 mm). The species exhibits
minimal striping and patterns. Males are
primarily red and black in color, with
females appearing somewhat paler and
with green coloration present on the
abdomen laterally (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 65).
The crimson Hawaiian damselfly
breeds in the slow reaches of streams
and seep-fed pools (Williams 1936, p.
306; Zimmerman 1948a, p. 369;
Polhemus 1994a, p. 7; Polhemus 1994b,
p. 37). Crimson Hawaiian damselfly
naiads, the aquatic life-history stage,
frequent open water, resting
horizontally, submerged below the
surface, or on submerged vegetation
(Williams 1936, p. 309). Adults perch
on streamside vegetation and patrol
along the stream corridor, staying close
to breeding pools (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 65).
Between 1991 and 2003, over 150
sites were surveyed on the island of
Oahu for native damselflies, and results
indicate that one lowland species, the
Pacific Hawaiian damselfly, has been
extirpated from Oahu, and the
orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly has
been reduced to a single remnant
population (Polhemus 2007, pp. 233–
235). The crimson Hawaiian damselfly
was known historically from
approximately eight areas where it is
now extirpated, including the windward
side of the Waianae Mountains and
scattered locations in the Koolau
Mountains (Polhemus 1994a, p. 7;
Polhemus 1994b, pp. 37–38; Englund
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1999, pp. 228–229, 231; Polhemus 2007,
pp. 234, 238). In 2003, this species was
not found during surveys of Kahana
Stream and may be extirpated from this
stream system (D. Polhemus, in litt.
2008). Currently, only five occurrences
of the crimson Hawaiian damselfly are
known, all from the Koolau Mountains
in the lowland wet and wet cliff
ecosystems at Waiawa, north Halawa,
Punaluu, Moanalua, and Hauula (TNC
2007; D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008; HBMP
2008). All colonies of this damselfly are
constrained to portions of streams not
occupied by nonnative predatory fish—
that is, stream portions above geologic
or manmade barriers (e.g., waterfalls,
steep gradients, dry stream midreaches,
or constructed diversions). No estimates
of population size for the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly are available.
The blackline Hawaiian damselfly is a
moderately-sized and delicate
subspecies (Polhemus and Asquith
1996, p. 73). It occurs in and along the
slow sections or pools of mid-reach and
headwater sections of perennial upland
streams and in seep-fed pools along
overflow channels bordering such
streams. The adults measure from 1.4 to
1.8 in (35 to 45 mm) in length and have
a wingspan of 1.7 to 1.9 in (45 to 50
mm). Naiads remain concealed and are
found in the water under stones or in
mats of algae (Williams 1936, p. 318;
Zimmerman 1948, pp. 371–372).
The blackline Hawaiian damselfly
was known historically from the Koolau
and Waianae Mountains, from sea level
to over 2,400 ft (732 m) (Williams 1936,
p. 318; Polhemus 1994a, pp. 6–12).
Currently, this species is found in the
lowland wet ecosystem on the
windward and leeward sides of the
Koolau Mountains, in the headwaters
and upper reaches of 17 streams: Koloa,
Kaluanui, Helemano, Poamoho, Kahana,
Waikane, Waiahole, Waianu, Waiawa,
Kaalaea, Waihee, Kahaluu, north
Halawa, Heeia, Kalihi, Moole, and
Maunawili (TNC 2007; D. Polhemus, in
litt. 2008; R. Wolff, USGS, in litt. 2008;
HBMP 2008). Like the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly, all colonies of the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly are
constrained to portions of streams not
occupied by nonnative predatory fish—
that is, stream portions above geologic
or manmade barriers (e.g., waterfalls,
steep gradients, dry stream midreaches,
or constructed diversions). Currently,
the 17 stream colonies are estimated to
total 800 to 1,000 individuals, with
approximately 50 individuals per
stream (D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008).
The oceanic Hawaiian damselfly is a
comparatively large and robust species.
The adults measure from 1.8 to 1.9 in
(47 to 50 mm) in length and have a
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wingspan of 2.0 to 2.2 in (51 to 55 mm).
Both sexes exhibit prominent patterns
including black stripes, but males are
bright red in color while females are
pale green. Immature individuals of this
species are also large with long grasping
legs and dagger-like gills (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 77). The oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly can be
distinguished from other Oahu
damselfly species by its large size, black
stripes, and fast flight along flowing
sections of streams.
Individuals of the immature stage of
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly are
found in swiftly flowing sections of
streams, usually amid rocks and gravel
in stream riffles (stream sections with
sufficient gradient to create small
standing waves) and small cascades on
waterfalls (Williams 1936, pp. 321–322;
Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 106).
While capable of swimming, the naiads
usually crawl among gravel or
submerged vegetation. Older naiads
frequently forage out of the actual
stream channel and have been observed
among wet moss on rocks, and wet rock
walls and seeps (Williams 1936, pp.
321–323). Adults are very bold and
strong flyers, and when disturbed
frequently fly upward into the forest
canopy overhanging the stream or
waterfall (Williams 1936, p. 323;
Polhemus 1994b, p. 48).
Historically, the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly occurred on both the leeward
and windward sides of the Koolau and
Waianae Mountains, and was known,
but is currently extirpated, from
approximately 16 general localities,
including the Waianae Mountains and
all leeward streams of the Koolau
Mountains (Englund and Polhemus
1994, p. 8). The species now currently
occupies between 7 and 10 sites above
300 ft (100 m) in elevation on the
windward side of the Koolau Mountains
at Kaaawa, Kahaluu, Koloa, and Sacred
Falls, in the lowland mesic, lowland
wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC
2007; Polhemus 2007, pp. 237–239;
HBMP 2008). Like the crimson and
blackline Hawaiian damselflies, the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly is
constrained to portions of streams not
occupied by nonnative predatory fish—
that is, stream portions above geologic
or manmade barriers (e.g., waterfalls,
steep gradients, dry stream midreaches,
or constructed diversions). No estimates
of population size for the oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly are available.
Summary of Factors Affecting the 23
Species Proposed for Listing
Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533)
and its implementing regulations (50
CFR part 424) set forth the procedures
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for adding species to the Federal Lists
of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
and Plants. A species may be
determined to be an endangered or
threatened species due to one or more
of the five factors described in section
4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or
threatened destruction, modification, or
curtailment of its habitat or range; (B)
overutilization for commercial,
recreational, scientific, or educational
purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D)
the inadequacy of existing regulatory
mechanisms; and (E) other natural or
manmade factors affecting its continued
existence. Listing actions may be
warranted based on any of the above
threat factors, singly or in combination.
Each of these factors is discussed below.
In considering what factors might
constitute threats to a species, we must
look beyond the exposure of the species
to a particular factor to evaluate whether
the species may respond to that factor
in a way that causes actual impacts to
the species. If there is exposure to a
factor and the species responds
negatively, the factor may be a threat
and, during the status review, we
attempt to determine how significant a
threat it is. The threat is significant if it
drives, or contributes to, the risk of
extinction of the species such that the
species warrants listing as endangered
or threatened as those terms are defined
in the Act. However, the identification
of factors that could impact a species
negatively may not be sufficient to
warrant listing the species under the
Act. The information must include
evidence sufficient to show that these
factors are operative threats that act on
the species to the point that the species
meets the definition of endangered or
threatened under the Act. That evidence
is discussed below for each of the
species proposed for listing in this
proposed rule.
If we determine that the level of threat
posed to a species by one or more of the
five listing factors is such that the
species meets the definition of either
endangered or threatened under section
3 of the Act, we would then propose
that species for listing when resources
become available to do so. The Act
defines an endangered species as ‘‘in
danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range,’’ and a
threatened species as ‘‘likely to become
an endangered species within the
foreseeable future throughout all or a
significant portion of its range.’’ The
threats to each of the individual 23
species are summarized in Table 2, and
discussed in detail below. Factor B
(overutilization) is not included in the
table, as no threats to the species fall
under this category. If these species are
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listed under the Act, the final rule will
refer readers to the proposed rule for the
detailed discussion of threats, rather
than republishing that information in
the Federal Register.
Ecosystem Approach
Each of the species proposed for
listing in this proposed rule is adversely
affected by the threats to the ecosystems
on which it depends. There is
information available on many of the
threats that act on Hawaiian ecosystems,
and for some ecosystems, there is a
growing body of literature regarding
these threats (e.g., non-native ungulates
and invasive plant species). The best
available information on ecosystem
threats affecting the species therein is
discussed below. Table 2 identifies the
threats to the ecosystems and the
individual species within those
ecosystems that are affected by those
threats. Information on threats specific
to certain species is also discussed
where necessary and available;
however, we acknowledge that we do
not completely understand all the
threats to each species. Scientific
research directed toward each of these
species is limited because of their rarity
and the generally challenging logistics
associated with conducting field work
in Hawaii (e.g., areas are typically
remote, difficult to survey in a
comprehensive manner, and the target
species are exceptionally uncommon).
Ecosystem-Scale Threats That Affect the
Proposed Species
The following constitutes a list of
ecosystem-scale threats that affect the
proposed species in all of the seven
ecosystems on Oahu:
(1) Foraging and trampling of native
plants by goats (Capra hircus), pigs (Sus
scrofa) and other ungulates, which
results in severe erosion of watersheds
because these mammals inhabit terrain
that is often steep and remote (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, p. 63). These events
destabilize soils that support native
plant communities, bury or damage
native plants, and have adverse water
quality effects due to runoff over
exposed soils.
(2) Disturbance of soils by feral pigs,
which creates fertile seedbeds for alien
plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 65).
(3) Increased nutrient availability as a
result of pigs rooting in nitrogen-poor
soils, which facilitates the establishment
of alien weeds. Alien weeds are more
adapted to nutrient rich soils than
native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 63), and rooting activity creates open
areas in forests allowing alien species to
completely replace native stands.
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(4) Ungulate destruction of seeds and
seedlings of native plant species
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63), which
facilitates the conversion of disturbed
areas from native to nonnative
vegetative communities.
(5) Rodent damage to plant
propagules, seedlings, or native trees,
which changes forest composition and
structure (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
67).
(6) Feeding or defoliation of native
plants from alien insects, which reduces
geographic ranges of some species
because of damage (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 71);
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(7) Alien insect predation on native
insects, which affects pollination of
native plant species (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 71).
(8) Significant changes in nutrient
cycling processes because of large
numbers of alien invertebrates such as
earthworms, ants, slugs, isopods,
millipedes, and snails, resulting in the
changes to the composition and
structure of plant communities
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73).
Each of the above threats is discussed
in more detail below, and summarized
in Table 2 below. The most-often cited
effects of nonnative plants on native
plant species are competition and
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displacement; competition may be for
water or nutrients, or it may involve
allelopathy (chemical inhibition of other
plants). Alien plants may displace
native species of plants by preventing
their reproduction, usually by shading
and taking up available sites for
seedling establishment. Alien plant
invasions may also alter entire
ecosystems by forming monotypic
stands, changing fire characteristics of
native communities, altering soil-water
regimes, changing nutrient cycling, or
encouraging other nonnative organisms
(Smith 1995; Vitousek et al. 1987 in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74).
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A. The Present or Threatened
Destruction, Modification, or
Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range
The Hawaiian Islands are located over
2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the nearest
continent. This isolation has allowed
the few plants and animals that arrived
in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into
many highly varied and endemic
species (species that occur nowhere else
in the world). The only native terrestrial
mammals on the Hawaiian Islands are
two bat taxa, the Hawaiian hoary bat
(Lasiurus cinereus semotus), and an
extinct, unnamed insectivorous bat
(Ziegler 2002, p. 245). The native plants
of the Hawaiian Islands therefore
evolved in the absence of mammalian
predators, browsers, or grazers; many of
the native species lost unneeded
defenses against threats such as
mammalian predation and competition
with aggressive, weedy plant species
that are typical of mainland
environments (Loope 1992, p. 11; Gagne
and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45; Wagner et al.
1999, pp. 3–6). For example, Carlquist
(in Carlquist and Cole 1974, p. 29) notes
that ‘‘Hawaiian plants are notably
nonpoisonous, free from armament, and
free from many characteristics thought
to be deterrents to herbivores (oils,
resins, stinging hairs, coarse texture).’’
In addition, species restricted to highly
specialized locations or food sources
(e.g., some Hawaiian damselflies) are
particularly vulnerable to changes (from
nonnative species, hurricanes, fire, and
climate change) in their habitat
(Carlquist and Cole 1974, pp. 28–29;
Loope 1992, pp. 3–6; Stone 1992, pp.
88–102).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Introduced Ungulates
Introduced mammals have greatly
impacted the native vegetation, as well
as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian
Islands. Impacts to the native species
and ecosystems of Hawaii accelerated
following the arrival of Captain James
Cook in 1778. The Cook expedition and
subsequent explorers intentionally
introduced a European race of pigs or
boars and other livestock such as goats
to serve as food sources for seagoing
explorers (U.S. Geological Survey 1998,
p. 752). The mild climate of the islands,
combined with the lack of competitors
or predators, led to the successful
establishment of large populations of
these introduced mammals, to the
detriment of native Hawaiian species
and ecosystems (Cox 1992, pp. 116–
117). The presence of introduced alien
mammals is considered one of the
primary factors underlying the
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alteration and degradation of native
vegetation and habitats on the island of
Oahu (Cox 1992, pp. 118–119). Six of
the seven ecosystems (lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane
wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) and their
associated species are currently
threatened by the destruction or
degradation of habitat due to nonnative
ungulates (hoofed mammals), including
pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra
hircus) (HBMP 2008). Only the coastal
ecosystem on Oahu is not currently
threatened by nonnative ungulates (S.
Perlman, in litt. 2007).
Pigs have been described as the most
pervasive and disruptive nonnative
influence on the unique native forests of
the Hawaiian Islands, and are widely
recognized as one of the greatest current
threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii
(Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Anderson and
Stone 1993, p. 195). European pigs,
introduced to Hawaii by Captain James
Cook in 1778, hybridized with
domesticated Polynesian pigs, became
feral, and invaded forested areas,
especially wet and mesic forests and dry
areas at high elevations. They are
currently present on Kauai, Niihau,
Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The
Hawaii Territorial Board of Agriculture
and Forestry started a feral pig
eradication project in the early 1900s
that continued through 1958, removing
170,000 pigs from forests Statewide
(Diong 1982 in Loope 1998, pp. 752–
753).
These introduced pigs are extremely
destructive and have both direct and
indirect impacts on native plant
communities. While rooting in the earth
in search of invertebrates and plant
material, pigs directly impact native
plants by disturbing and destroying
vegetative cover, and trampling plants
and seedlings. They may also reduce or
eliminate plant regeneration by
damaging or eating seeds and seedlings.
Further discussion of predation by
nonnative ungulates is under Factor C,
below. Pigs are a major vector for the
establishment and spread of competing
invasive nonnative plant species, by
dispersing plant seeds on their hooves
and coats as well as through the spread
of their feces (Diong 1982, pp. 169–170),
and by fertilizing the disturbed soil with
their feces (Matson 1990, p. 245;
Siemann et al. 2009, p. 547). Pigs feed
preferentially on the fruits of many
nonnative plants, such as Passiflora
tarminiana (banana poka) and Psidium
cattleianum (strawberry guava),
spreading the seeds of these invasive
species through their feces as they travel
in search of food. In addition, rooting
pigs contribute to erosion by clearing
vegetation and creating large areas of
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disturbed soil, especially on slopes
(Smith 1985, pp. 190, 192, 196, 200,
204, 230–231; Stone 1985, pp. 254–255,
262–264; Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 27–
28; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 360–361;
Tomich 1986, pp. 120–126; Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 64–65; Aplet et al.
1991, p. 56; Loope et al. 1991, pp. 1–21;
Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 52).
Goats native to the Middle East and
India were also successfully introduced
to the Hawaiian Islands in the late
1700s. Actions to control goat
populations began in the 1920s (Tomich
1986, pp. 152–153). Feral goats now
occupy a wide variety of habitats on
Oahu, where they consume native
vegetation, trample roots and seedlings,
accelerate erosion, and promote the
invasion of alien plants that have greater
competitive abilities (van Riper and van
Riper 1982, pp. 34–35; Stone 1985, p.
261). Goats are able to access, and forage
in, extremely rugged terrain, and they
have a high reproductive capacity
(Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, pp. C–19, C–
20; Culliney 1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 64). Because of these
factors, goats are believed to have
completely eliminated some plant
species from islands (Atkinson and
Atkinson 2000, p. 21). Goats can be
highly destructive to natural vegetation
and contribute to erosion by: (1) Eating
young trees and young shoots of plants
before they can become established; (2)
creating trails that can damage native
vegetative cover, destabilize substrate
and create gullies that convey water;
and (3) dislodging stones from ledges
that can cause rockfalls and landslides
that damage vegetation below (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 63–64).
The species proposed for listing
dependent on the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, dry
cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems are
exposed to direct and indirect negative
impacts of feral ungulates (pigs and
goats), which result in the destruction
and degradation of habitat for these
native Oahu species. The effects of these
nonnative animals include: (1) The
destruction of vegetative cover; (2)
trampling of plants and seedlings; (3)
direct consumption of native vegetation;
(4) soil disturbance; (5) dispersal of
alien plant seeds on hooves, coats, and
through the spread of seeds in feces; and
(6) the creation of open, disturbed areas
conducive to further invasion by
nonnative pest plant species. All of
these impacts lead to the subsequent
conversion of a plant community
dominated by native species to one
dominated by nonnative species (See
‘‘Habitat Destruction and Modification
by Nonnative Plants,’’ below). In
addition, because these mammals
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inhabit terrain that is often steep and
remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 59),
foraging and trampling contributes to
severe erosion of watersheds and
degradation of streams. As early as
1900, there was increasing concern
expressed about the integrity of island
watersheds, due to effects of ungulates
and other factors, leading to
establishment of a professional forestry
program emphasizing soil and water
conservation (Nelson 1989, p. 3).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Nonnative Plants
Native vegetation on all of the main
Hawaiian Islands has undergone
extreme alteration because of past and
present land management practices,
including ranching, the deliberate
introduction of nonnative plants and
animals, and agricultural development
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 27, 58).
The original native flora of Hawaii
(species that were present before
humans arrived) consisted of about
1,000 taxa, 89 percent of which were
endemic. Over 800 plant taxa have been
introduced from outside Hawaii, and
nearly 100 of these have become pests
(e.g., injurious plants) (Smith 1985, p.
180; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73;
Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45). Of
these 100 nonnative plant species, over
50 species have altered the habitat of 20
of the 23 species proposed for listing on
Oahu. Some of these plants were
brought to Hawaii by various groups of
people, for food or cultural reasons, to
reforest native forests destroyed by
grazing feral and domestic animals, for
pasture for domestic animals, and for
other agricultural purposes. Other
plants were brought to Hawaii for their
potential horticultural value (Scott et al.
1986, pp. 361–363; Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 73).
Nonnative plants adversely impact
native habitat in Hawaii, including the
seven Oahu ecosystems and the 20 plant
species identified in this proposed rule,
by: (1) Modifying the availability of
light; (2) altering soil-water regimes; (3)
modifying nutrient cycling; (4) altering
fire characteristics of native plant
communities (e.g., successive fires that
burn farther and farther into native
habitat, destroying native plants and
removing habitat for native species by
altering microclimatic conditions to
favor alien species); and (5) ultimately,
converting native-dominated plant
communities to nonnative plant
communities (Smith 1985, pp. 180–181;
Cuddihy and Stone, 1990, p. 74;
D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73;
Vitousek et al. 1997, p. 6). Nonnative
plants (and animals) have contributed to
the extinction of native species in the
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lowlands of Hawaii and have been a
primary cause of extinction in upland
habitats (Vitousek et al. 1987, in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74). The
most-often cited effects of nonnative
plants on native plant species are
displacement through competition.
Competition may be for water or
nutrients, or it may involve allelopathy
(chemical inhibition of other plants)
(Smith 1985, in Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 74). Nonnative plants may also
displace native species by preventing
their reproduction, usually by shading
and taking up available sites for
seedling establishment (Vitousek et al.
1987, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
74).
Alteration of fire regimes clearly
represents an ecosystem-level change
caused by the invasion of nonnative
grasses (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
p. 73). The grass life form supports
standing dead material that burns
readily, and grass tissues have large
surface/volume ratios and can dry out
quickly (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
p. 73). The flammability of biological
materials is determined primarily by
their surface/volume ratio and moisture
content, and secondarily by mineral
content and tissue chemistry (D’Antonio
and Vitousek 1992, p. 73). The finest
size classes of material (mainly grasses)
ignite and spread fires under a broader
range of conditions than do woody fuels
or even surface litter (D’Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, p. 73). The grass life
form allows rapid recovery following
fire; there is little above-ground
structural tissue, so almost all new
tissue fixes carbon and contributes to
growth (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
p. 73). Grass canopies also support a
microclimate in which surface
temperatures are hotter, vapor pressure
deficits are larger, and the drying of
tissues more rapid than in forests or
woodlands (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 73). Thus, conditions that favor
fire are much more frequent in
grasslands (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 73). In summary, nonnative
plants directly and indirectly affect the
plant species proposed for listing by
modifying or destroying their terrestrial
habitat. Below, we have organized a list
of nonnative plants by their ecosystems,
followed by a discussion of the specific
negative effects of those nonnative
plants on the proposed species.
Nonnative Plants in the Coastal
Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to Bidens
amplectens, the only species proposed
for listing in this proposed rule that
inhabits the coastal ecosystem on Oahu,
include the understory and subcanopy
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species Asystasia gangetica (Chinese
violet), Atriplex semibaccata
(Australian saltbush), Leucaena
leucocephala (koa haole), Pluchea
indica (Indian fleabane), P. carolinensis
(sourbush), and Verbesina encelioides
(golden crown-beard) (DOFAW 2007,
pp. 20–22, 54–58; HBMP 2008).
Nonnative canopy species includes
Prosopis pallida (kiawe) (DOFAW 2007,
pp. 20–22, 54–58; HBMP 2008). In
addition, Bidens amplectens is
threatened by several nonnative grasses
such as Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass),
Chloris barbata (swollen fingergrass),
Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), and
Panicum maximum (guinea grass) in
this ecosystem (DOFAW 2007, pp. 20–
22, 54–58; HBMP 2008). These
nonnative plant species pose a serious
threat (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,’’ below) to Bidens
amplectens in this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Dry
Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to Bidens
amplectens, Doryopteris takeuchii, and
Pleomele forbesii, the three species
proposed for listing in this proposed
rule that inhabit the lowland dry
ecosystem include the understory and
subcanopy species Leonotis nepetifolia
(lion’s ear), Passiflora foetida (love-in-amist), P. suberosa (huehue haole), and
Stapelia gigantea (giant toad plant)
(HBMP 2006; Perlman 2007a, p. 3;
HBMP 2008). Canopy species include
Aleurites moluccana (kukui), Grevillea
robusta (silk oak), Leucaena
leucocephala, Psidium cattleianum, P.
guajava (common guava), Schinus
terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), and
Syzygium cumini (Java plum) (Perlman
2007a, p. 7; HBMP 2006; HBMP 2008).
In addition, Bidens amplectens,
Doryopteris takeuchii, and Pleomele
forbesii are threatened by several
nonnative grasses such as Andropogon
virginicus (broomsedge), Cenchrus
ciliaris, Melinis minutiflora (molasses
grass), Panicum maximum, and
Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) in
this ecosystem (HBMP 2006; Perlman
2007a, p. 3; HBMP 2008). These
nonnative plant species pose a serious
threat (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,’’ below) to the three
species proposed for listing that depend
on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Mesic
Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the eight
plant species (Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyrtandra waiolani,
Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and
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Tetraplasandra lydgatei) proposed for
listing in this proposed rule that inhabit
the lowland mesic ecosystem include
the understory and subcanopy species
Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani),
Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia),
Blechnum appendiculatum (no common
name (NCN)), Buddleia asiatica (dog
tail), Clidemia hirta (Koster’s curse),
Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane),
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Lantana
camara (lantana), Passiflora suberosa,
Rubus argutus (prickly Florida
blackberry), and R. rosifolius
(thimbleberry) (TNC 1997, pp. 10, 15;
HBMP 2008). Canopy species include
Aleurites moluccana, Ficus microcarpa
(Chinese banyan), Grevillea robusta,
Heliocarpus popayanensis (moho),
Morella faya (firetree), Psidium
cattleianum, P. guajava, Schefflera
actinophylla (octopus tree), Schinus
terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, S.
jambos (rose apple), Tecoma stans
(yellow elder), and Toona ciliata
(Australian red cedar). An additional
threat is the nonnative grass Melinus
minutiflora (TNC 1997, p. 15; Motley
2005, p. 109; HBMP 2008). These
nonnative plant species pose a serious
threat (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,’’ below) to all eight of
the species proposed for listing that are
dependent on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Wet
Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the 14
plant species (Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, M.
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense) proposed for listing in this
proposed rule that inhabit the lowland
wet ecosystem include the understory
and subcanopy species Ageratina
riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum,
Buddleia asiatica, Clidemia hirta,
Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed),
Kalanchoe pinnata, Passiflora suberosa,
Pterolepis glomerata (NCN), Rubus
argutus, R. rosifolius, and Sphaeropteris
cooperi (Australian tree fern), and the
canopy species Aleurites moluccana,
Ardisia elliptica, Chrysophyllum
oliviforme (satinleaf), Heliocarpus
popayanensis, Leptospermum
scoparium (tea tree), Morella faya,
Pimenta dioica (allspice), Psidium
cattleianum, P. guajava, and Schinus
terebinthifolius (TNC 1997, p. 10; U.S.
Army 2006; HBMP 2008). Nonnative
grasses that are threats to the 14 plant
species proposed for listing in this
ecosystem are Andropogon virginicus,
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Axonopus fissifolius (narrow-leaved
carpetgrass), Melinus minutiflora,
Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass),
Sacciolepis indica (glenwood grass), and
Urochloa mutica (California grass) (TNC
1997, p. 10; Erickson and Puttock 2006,
p. 270; U.S. Army 2006). These
nonnative plant species pose a serious
threat (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,’’ below) to the 14
plants proposed for listing that inhabit
this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Montane Wet
Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to Cyanea
calycina and Melicope christophersenii,
proposed for listing in this proposed
rule that inhabit the montane wet
ecosystem include the understory and
subcanopy species Clidemia hirta and
Rubus argutus, and the canopy species
Psidium cattleianum (HBMP 2008).
These nonnative plant species pose a
serious threat (See ‘‘Specific Nonnative
Plant Species Impacts,’’ below) to the
two proposed species dependent on this
ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Dry Cliff
Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the five
plant species (Korthasella degeneri,
Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, and
Pteralyxia macrocarpa) which are
proposed for listing in this proposed
rule and that inhabit the dry cliff
ecosystem include the understory and
subcanopy species Ageratina riparia,
Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia
hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus,
Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara,
Passiflora suberosa, and Sphaeropteris
cooperi, and the canopy species Acacia
confusa (Formosa koa), Aleurites
moluccana, Grevillea robusta, Leucaena
leucocephala, Melia azederach
(Chinaberry), Psidium cattleianum, P.
guajava, Schinus terebinthifolius,
Syzygium cumini, Tecoma stans, and
Toona ciliata (HBMP 2008). Nonnative
grasses that are a threat to this
ecosystem include Digitaria insularis
(sourgrass), Ehrharta stipoides (meadow
ricegrass), Melinus minutiflora,
Panicum maximum, and Paspalum
conjugatum (Hilo grass) (HBMP 2008).
These nonnative plant species pose a
serious threat (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative
Plant Species Impacts,’’ below) to the
five species proposed for listing that are
dependent on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Wet Cliff
Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the seven
plant species (Cyanea calycina, C.
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C.
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sessilis, Melicope christophersenii,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa) proposed for
listing in this proposed rule that inhabit
the wet cliff ecosystem include the
understory and subcanopy species
Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia
hirta, Erechtites valerianifolia, Erigeron
karvinskianus, Passiflora suberosa,
Pterolepis glomerata, Rubus argutus, R.
rosifolius, and the canopy species
Ardisia elliptica, Buddleia asiatica,
Heliocarpus popayanensis, Psidium
cattleianum, P. guajava, Schinus
terebinthifolius, and Toona ciliata
(HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that
are a threat to this ecosystem include
Axonopus fissifolius, Melinus
minutiflora, Oplismenus hirtellus, and
Paspalum conjugatum (HBMP 2008).
These nonnative plant species pose a
serious threat (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative
Plant Species Impacts,’’ below) to all
seven of the proposed plant species
dependent on this ecosystem.
Specific Nonnative Plant Species
Impacts
To reiterate, nonnative plants
represent a serious and ongoing threat to
each of the 20 plant species proposed
for listing in this proposed rule
throughout their ranges by destroying
and modifying habitat. Nonnative plants
can adversely impact microhabitat by
modifying the availability of light and
nutrient cycling processes, and by
altering soil-water regimes. They can
also alter fire characteristics of native
plant habitat, leading to incursions of
fire-tolerant, nonnative plant species in
native habitat. Nonnative plants
outcompete native plants by growing
faster, and some may release chemicals
that inhibit the growth of other plants.
By outcompeting native plants,
nonnative plants convert nativedominated plant communities to
nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, p. 74; Vitousek 1992,
pp. 33–35). The following list provides
a brief description of specific nonnative
plants that present a threat to the
species proposed for listing in this
proposed rule because they threaten the
ecosystems in which the plant species
occur.
• Acacia confusa is a tree introduced
to Hawaii from Taiwan and the
Philippine Islands about 1915 by the
Board of Agriculture and Forestry and
the Hawaiian Sugar Planter’s
Association for use as a windbreak
(Geesink et al. 1999, p. 641). This
species forms monotypic stands at lower
elevations that prevent establishment of
native plants. Seeds present in the
ground germinate profusely after fire,
outcompeting native plants (Pacific
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Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) 2008a).
This species occurs in dry to mesic
disturbed habitats (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 640).
• Ageratina riparia is a subshrub that
spreads from a creeping rootstock
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 255). This
species forms dense mats, preventing
regeneration of native plants (Davis et
al. 1992, p. 427), and occurs in dry,
disturbed habitats and mesic and wet
forests (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 255).
• Aleurites moluccana is a spreading,
tall tree native to Malesia, and
considered a Polynesian introduction to
Hawaii. It is now a significant
component of the mesic valley
vegetation from sea level to 2,300 ft (700
m) on all the main islands (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 598). According to the
Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for A.
moluccana, this species has a high risk
of invasiveness or a high risk of
becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008b).
The species tolerates a wide range of
soil conditions and forms dense
thickets, which increases its competitive
abilities over native plants. This species
occurs in mesic valley habitats (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 599).
• Andropogon virginicus is a fireadapted bunch grass with seeds that are
easily distributed by wind, clothing,
vehicles, and feral animals (Smith 1989,
p. 63). It can outcompete and displace
native plants. Some research suggests
that this species may also release
allelopathic substances (chemicals that
inhibit growth of other plants) that
dramatically decrease the
reestablishment of native plants (Rice
1972, p. 752). This species has become
dominant in areas subjected to natural
or human-induced fires (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 77). This species is on the
Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR
Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68), and
occurs in disturbed, dry to mesic forests
and shrubland habitats, especially on
ridges (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1497).
• Ardisia elliptica is a branched
shrub native to Sri Lanka that is now
naturalized (i.e., introduced by man
from another area, and established and
reproducing itself in the wild) in Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 932–933). This
species is shade-tolerant and can
rapidly form dense, monotypic stands,
preventing establishment of other
species (Global Invasive Species
Database (GISD) 2005). Its fruit are
attractive to birds, which can then
spread the seeds over the landscape.
According to the Hawaii Weed Risk
Assessment for A. elliptica, this species
has a high risk of invasiveness or a high
risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER
2008c). This species occurs in mesic
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forest habitats and the lower portions of
wet forests (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 933).
• Asystasia gangetica, a perennial
herb native to India, Malay Peninsula,
and Africa, is naturalized in disturbed
habitats in Hawaii. This species can
grow over shrubs and smother all
vegetation in the herbaceous layer,
covering native plants and preventing
their establishment (Smith 1985, p.
185). According to the Hawaii Weed
Risk Assessment for A. gangetica, this
species has a high risk of invasiveness
or a high risk of becoming a serious pest
(PIER 2009). This species occurs in lowelevation, disturbed habitats (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 168).
• Atriplex semibaccata is a droughtand saline-tolerant, low-growing shrub,
that forms dense spreading mats that
displace native plants. It was introduced
to Hawaii around 1895, as an
experimental forage grass plant for
cattle, and is now naturalized in dry to
seasonally wet areas (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 535). The seeds are attractive to
fruit eaters, which may help disperse
this plant (California Invasive Plant
Council 2006). This species occurs in
dry to seasonally wet habitat areas
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 535).
• Axonopus fissifolius is a pasture
grass that forms dense mats with tall
foliage. This species does well in soils
with low nitrogen levels, and can
outcompete other grasses in wet forests
and bogs. The species is not subject to
any major diseases or insect pests, and
recovers quickly from fire. The seeds are
readily spread by water, vehicles, and
grazing animals (O’Connor 1999, pp.
1,500–1,502; Cook et al. 2005, p. 4).
This species occurs in wet pastures,
disturbed wet forests, and bogs (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 1,502).
• Blechnum appendiculatum is a fern
with fronds to 23 in (60 cm) long that
forms large colonies in closed canopy
mesic forests, especially on rocky
substrate. It occurs in all but the most
extreme habitats (Palmer 2003, p. 81).
• Buddleia asiatica is a shrub or
small tree that can tolerate a wide range
of habitats, forms dense thickets, and is
rapidly spreading into wet forest and
even lava and cinder substrate areas in
Hawaii, displacing native vegetation
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 415; PIER
2008d). This species occurs in lava,
cinder fields, and wet forest habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 416).
• Cenchrus ciliaris is native to Africa
and tropical Asia and is naturalized in
Hawaii. It is a fire-adapted grass that
provides fuel for fires and recovers
quickly, increasing its cover with each
succeeding fire (PIER 2007a), because it
can reproduce through vegetative
fragmentation and be dispersed by
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animals or other vectors, increasing its
competitive abilities over native plants.
This species occurs in dry areas and
sandy soil, in a variety of habitat types
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,512).
• Chloris barbata, native to Central
America, West Indies, and South
America, is widely naturalized in
Hawaii (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,514). This
species first evolved resistance to Group
C1/5 herbicides in Hawaii in 1987. The
species infests roadsides and sugarcane
plantations, and encroaches on native
habitat (WeedScience.com 2009; HBMP
2008). According to the Hawaii Weed
Risk Assessment for C. barbata, this
species has a high risk of invasiveness
or a high risk of becoming a serious pest
(PIER 2008e) because of its ability to
outcompete native species. This species
occurs in dry disturbed areas, roadsides,
vacant lots, and pastures (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,514).
• Chrysophyllum oliviforme is a small
tree native to the United States
(Florida), West Indies, and Central
America, and is naturalized in Hawaii
(Pennington 1999, p. 1,231; PIER
2006a). Birds easily disperse the fleshy
fruit, and the species becomes a
dominant component over native forest
(Pennington 1999, p. 1,231; Maui Land
and Pineapple Company 2002, pp. A 1–
4). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk
Assessment for C. oliviforme, this
species has a high risk of invasiveness
or a high risk of becoming a serious pest
(PIER 2006a). This species has been
documented in low-elevation moist
forests.
• Clidemia hirta is a noxious shrub in
the Melastomataceae family that forms a
dense understory, shades out native
plants and prevents their regeneration,
and is considered a significant
nonnative plant threat (Wagner et al.
1985, p 41; Smith 1989, p. 64). All
plants in the Melastomataceae family
are legally designated ‘‘noxious’’ in the
State of Hawaii (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6,
Chapter 68). This species has been
documented in forests and pastures
(https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/
weedsHI.html).
• Digitaria insularis is a densely
tufted, perennial grass that is 3.2 to 5 ft
(100 to 150 cm) tall. It is native to the
neotropics, and is widely naturalized on
Hawaiian and other Pacific islands, and
in Malesia (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,531). It
forms dense mats, crowding out native
species (Motooka et al. 2003a), and
occurs in lawns and pastures (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,531).
• Ehrharta stipoides is a grass that
creates a thick mat in which other
species cannot regenerate; its seeds are
easily dispersed by awns (slender,
terminal bristle-like process found at the
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spikelette in many grasses) that attach to
fur or clothing (U.S. Army Garrison
2006, p. 2–1–20). This species has been
documented in dry to mesic areas
between elevations of 330 to 1700 ft
(100 to 500 m) Erechtites valerianifolia
is a tall (up to 8 ft (2.5 m)), widelydistributed annual herb that produces
thousands of wind-dispersed seeds, and
outcompetes native plants (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 314). This species occurs in
relatively wet disturbed habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 314).
• Erigeron karvinskianus reproduces
and spreads rapidly by stem layering
and regrowth of broken roots to form
dense mats. This species crowds out
and displaces ground-level plants
(Weeds of Blue Mountains Bushland
2006), and occurs in moderately wet
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 315).
• Ficus microcarpa is a very large,
spreading tree with numerous aerial
roots that form columnar stems. It is
epiphytic and can germinate on other
trees, eventually strangling its host, and
can shade out native plants with its
broad canopy. Seeds are spread by birds
(Motooka et al. 2003b). This species
occurs in highly disturbed low-elevation
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 926).
• Grevillea robusta is a large
evergreen tree native to Australia. Over
two million trees were planted in
Hawaii between 1919 and 1959 in an
effort to reduce erosion and to provide
timber. The leaves produce an
allelopathic substance that inhibits the
establishment of all species (Smith
1985, p. 191). This species has been
documented in dry and moist forests,
and open areas.
• Heliocarpus popayanensis is a tree
native to Mexico and Argentina, planted
extensively in Hawaii by foresters
beginning in 1941, and has since
escaped into wet forests at low to mid
elevations (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,292).
The seeds are dispersed by wind, and H.
popayanensis is becoming a dominant
tree in some forest areas on Oahu (Smith
1998). The species grows rapidly and
spreads readily in disturbed wetter
mesic forest habitats, where it can
outcompete native vegetation (Mootka
2003c). This species occurs in disturbed
forest habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1292).
• Kalanchoe pinnata is a succulent
perennial plant with hollow stems that
can form dense stands that prevent
reproduction of native species. It can
also reproduce by vegetative means at
indents along the leaf margin (Motooka
et al. 2003c). This species occurs in lowelevation, dry to mesic, disturbed
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 568).
• Lantana camara was brought to
Hawaii as an ornamental plant, and is
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an aggressive, thorny, thicket-forming
shrub that is now found on all of the
main islands (Davis et al. 1992, p. 412;
Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,320). It forms
dense impenetrable stands that
negatively affect native plants through
competition (Mootka 2003d), and occurs
in mesic forest, dry shrubland, and dry/
disturbed low elevation habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1320).
• Leonotis nepetifolia is a coarse
annual herb that is widely naturalized
and forms dense thickets that displace
native plants. According to the Hawaii
Weed Risk Assessment for L.
nepetifolia, this species has a high risk
of invasiveness or a high risk of
becoming a serious pest (PIER 2006b).
This species occurs in low-elevation,
dry to occasionally wet, disturbed
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 803).
• Leptospermum scoparium is a
shrub or small tree native to New
Zealand and Australia, which is now
widely naturalized in Hawaii. It forms
thickets that crowd out other plants, and
is allelopathic (produces chemicals that
inhibit growth of other plants) (Smith
1985, p. 193)). This species occurs in
disturbed, mesic to wet, forest habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 963).
• Leucaena leucocephala, a shrub
native to the neotropics, is now found
on all of the main Hawaiian Islands and
Midway atoll. It is an aggressive
competitor that often forms the
dominant element of the vegetation in
low-elevation, dry, disturbed areas
(Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 679–680).
• Melia azedarach is a small,
deciduous tree native to southwestern
Asia that is invading forests, fence lines,
and disturbed areas in Hawaii. Its fast
growth and rapidly spreading thickets
make it a significant pest plant by
shading out and displacing native
vegetation (University of Florida 2008).
Feral pigs and fruit-eating birds further
distribute the seeds (Stone 1985, pp.
194–195). According to the Hawaii
Weed Risk Assessment for M.
azedarach, this species has a high risk
of invasiveness or a high risk of
becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008f).
This species occurs in dry, disturbed
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 918).
• Melinus minutiflora is a spreading,
perennial grass that forms dense mats
that can fuel more intense fires that
destroy native plants (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 89; O’Connor 1999, p.
1,562). This species occurs in dry to
mesic habitats, in disturbed and usually
open areas (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1563).
• Morella faya is an evergreen shrub
or small tree that forms monotypic
stands, has the ability to fix nitrogen,
and alters the successional ecosystems
in areas it invades, displacing native
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vegetation through competition. It is
also a prolific fruit producer (average of
400,000 fruits per individual shrub or
tree per year), and the fruit are spread
by frugivorous birds and feral pigs
(Vitousek 1990, pp. 8–9; Wagner et al.
1999, p. 931; PIER 2008g). This species
is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list
(HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
The species has been documented in
forested habitats (https://
www.hawaiiinvasivespecies.org/pests/
firetree.html).
• Oplismenus hirtellus is a perennial
grass that forms a dense groundcover, is
sometimes climbing, and roots at the
nodes, enabling its rapid spread. It also
has sticky seeds that attach to visiting
animals and birds that then carry them
to new areas where they are deposited,
resulting in the spread of this species
(O’Connor 1999, p. 1,565; Johnson
2005). The species displaces native
plants on forest floors and trailsides
(Motooka 2003e), and occurs in shaded
mesic valleys, mesic forest, and
disturbed wet forest habitats (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,565).
• Panicum maximum is cultivated as
an important forage grass throughout the
tropics and is naturalized in Hawaii
(O’Connor 1999, p. 1,569). This tall
grass produces profuse seeds that are
spread by wind, birds, and flowing
water. This plant is strongly allelopathic
(PIER 2007b), and can form dense
stands that exclude native species. It
regenerates rapidly from underground
rhizomes after a fire (PIER 2007b). This
species has been documented in open
disturbed areas of forests, wastelands,
and roadsides (https://
www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/
weedsHi.html).
• Paspalum conjugatum is a
perennial grass that is found in wet
habitats, and forms a dense ground
cover. Its small hairy seeds are easily
transported on humans and animals or
are carried by the wind through native
forests, where it establishes and
displaces native vegetation (Tomich
1986, p. 125; Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 83; PIER 2007c; Motooka et al.
2003d). This species occurs in moist to
wet disturbed habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,576).
• Passiflora foetida is a vine with
glandular hairs that give the plant a
fetid odor. This species is naturalized in
Hawaii, and grows over and covers low
vegetation that prevents or delays
establishment of native species. Its fruit
are eaten and spread by birds (Escobar
1999, p. 1,011; GISD 2006). This species
occurs in disturbed sites and rock
outcrop habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,011).
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• Passiflora suberosa has manyseeded purple fruits that are dispersed
widely by birds. It is an aggressive vine
that grows over and smothers shrubs,
small trees, and ground layer vegetation,
and sometimes upper canopy layer
vegetation (Smith 1985, pp. 191–192).
This species occurs in grassland,
shrubland, open dry forest, mesic forest,
and exposed ridge habitats (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,014).
• Pennisetum setaceum is a grass that
is an aggressive colonizer, and
outcompetes most native species. This
species is also fire-adapted and burns
swiftly and hot, causing extensive
damage to the surrounding habitat
(O’Connor 1999, p. 1,581). This species
occurs in dry open places, barren lava
flows, and cinder fields (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,578).
• Pimenta dioica is a tree with sticky
grape-like seeds that are spread by birds.
Widely cultivated, this species was
introduced to Hawaii in 1885, and is
believed to be naturalized on Kauai and
perhaps on Oahu (Staples and Herbst
2005, p. 427). According to the Hawaii
Weed Risk Assessment for P. dioica, this
species has a high risk of invasiveness
or a high risk of becoming a serious pest
(PIER 2008h). The species forms dense
thickets, tolerates a wide range of soil
conditions, and has propagules that
survive passage through bird digestive
systems. These capabilities increase its
competitive ability over native plants.
This species has been documented in
dry and moist forests up to elevation
3,000 ft.
• Pluchea indica is native to southern
Asia, and P. carolinensis is native to
Mexico, the West Indies, and South
America (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 351).
These 3- to 6 ft- (1- to 2-m) tall, fastgrowing shrubs form thickets in dry
habitats and can tolerate saline
conditions. They are widespread in
Hawaii from coastal areas up to almost
3,000 ft (900 m). The seeds are winddispersed (Francis 2006). The species is
adapted to a wide variety of soils and
sites, tolerates excessively well to
poorly drained soil conditions, the full
range of soil textures, acid and alkaline
reactions, salt and salt spray, and
compaction. It quickly invades burned
areas, but being early successional, it is
soon replaced by other species. These
adaptive capabilities increase the
species’ competitive abilities over native
plants. This species occurs in lowelevation, dry, coastal habitats (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 351).
• Pluchea carolinensis is native to
Mexico, the West Indies, and northern
South America. The species has
naturalized in Hawaii, usually in
relatively dry, coastal areas, but ranging
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up to 3,000 ft (900 m) in mesic to wet
forest. The species was first collected on
Oahu in 1931 (Wagner et al., 1999. p.
351). This fast-growing shrub forms
thickets in dry habitats. The seeds are
wind-dispersed. Its resistance to fire
depends on the intensity of the fire. It
generally regenerates from basal shoots.
Some biological control agents have
been introduced but they have not been
effective (https://
www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/
cw_smith/plu_sym.htm).
• Prosopis pallida was introduced to
Hawaii in 1828, and its seeds were used
as fodder for ranch animals. This
species became a dominant component
of the vegetation in low-elevation, dry,
disturbed sites, as it is well adapted to
dry habitats. It overshadows other
vegetation and the deep tap roots use all
available water. This plant fixes
nitrogen and can outcompete native
species (Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 692–
693; PIER 2006c). This species occurs in
low-elevation, dry, disturbed habitats;
behind beaches; on raised limestone
reefs; on dry slopes and bulches; and in
degraded dry forest habitats (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 693).
• Psidium cattleianum is a tall shrub
or tree that forms dense stands in which
few other plants can grow, displacing
native vegetation through competition.
The fruit is eaten by pigs and birds that
disperse the seeds throughout the forest
(Smith 1985, p. 200; Wagner et al. 1985,
p. 24). This species occurs in disturbed,
mesic forest and wet forest habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 970).
• Psidium guajava is a shrub or tree
that forms dense stands in disturbed
forest. The seeds are spread by feral pigs
and alien birds, and it can also
regenerate from underground parts by
suckering (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 972).
Seeds are dispersed throughout the
forest, which facilitates competition
with native plants. This species occurs
in disturbed, dry, mesic and wet, forest
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 972).
• Pterolepis glomerata is a member of
the Melastomataceae family. The basis
for its classification as invasive are the
plant’s germination rates, rapid growth,
early maturity, ability of fragments to
root, possible asexual reproduction, and
seed dispersal by birds (University of
Florida Herbarium 2006). Because of
these attributes, it displaces native
vegetation through competition. This
species is on the Hawaii State noxious
weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6,
Chapter 68). This species occurs in
disturbed, mesic to wet habitats and
trail margins (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
913).
• Rubus argutus is a prickly bramble
with long, arching stems that
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reproduces both vegetatively and by
seed. It readily sprouts from
underground runners, and is quickly
spread by frugivorous birds (Tunison
1991, p. 2; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,107;
U.S. Army 2006, pp. 2–1–21, 2–1–22).
This species, which displaces native
vegetation through competition, is on
the Hawaii State noxious weed list
(HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
This species occurs in mesic to wet
forest and subalpine grassland habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,107).
• Rubus rosifolius is an erect to
trailing shrub that forms dense thickets
and outcompetes native plant species. It
easily reproduces from roots left in the
ground, and seeds are spread by birds
and feral animals (GISD 2008a; PIER
2008i). This species occurs in disturbed,
mesic to wet, forest habitat (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,110).
• Sacciolepis indica is an annual
grass that invades disturbed and open
areas in wet habitats, and outcompetes
native plants. The seeds are dispersed
by sticking to animal fur (University of
Hawaii 1998). This species occurs in
open, wet areas such as grasslands,
ridge crests, openings in wet forest, and
along trails (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1589).
• Schefflera actinophylla is a tree
native to Australia and New Guinea,
and now naturalized in Hawaii (Lowry
1999, p. 232). This species is shade
tolerant and can spread into
undisturbed forests, forming dense
thickets. Schefflera actinophylla grows
epiphytically, strangling host trees, and
its numerous seeds are readily dispersed
by birds (PIER 2008j). This species
occurs in low-elevation, disturbed,
mesic habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
232).
• Schinus terebinthifolius forms
dense thickets in all habitats, and its red
berries are attractive to birds (Smith
1989, p. 63). Schinus seedlings grow
very slowly and can survive in dense
shade, exhibiting vigorous growth when
the canopy is opened after a disturbance
(Brazilian Pepper Task Force 1997).
Because of these attributes, S.
terebinthifolius is able to displace native
vegetation through competition. This
species occurs in disturbed, mesic
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 195).
• Sphaeropteris cooperi is a tree fern
native to Australia that was brought to
Hawaii for use in landscaping (Medeiros
et al. 1992, p. 27). It can achieve high
densities in native Hawaiian forests,
grows up to 1 ft (0.3 m) in height per
year (Jones and Clemesha 1976, p 56),
and can displace native species.
Understory disturbance by pigs
facilitates the establishment of this
species (Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 30), and
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it has been known to spread over 7 mi
(12 km) through windblown dispersal of
spores from plant nurseries (Medeiros et
al. 1992, p. 29). This species has been
documented in rain forest, moist forest,
and openings in wet and moist areas.
• Stapelia gigantea is a succulent,
cactus-like plant native to tropical
Africa and Mozambique (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 241). It can compete with
native species for space and water in
exposed areas. This species has been
documented in dry forests and open
areas.
• Syzygium cumini is a tree that
forms dense cover, excluding all other
species, and prevents the
reestablishment of native lowland forest
plants. The large, black fruit is
dispersed by frugivorous birds and feral
pigs (PIER 2008k). This species occurs
in mesic valleys and disturbed mesic
forest habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
168).
• Syzygium jambos has fruit that are
dispersed by birds as well as by
humans, and possibly by pigs. This tree
is detrimental to native ecosystems
because it does not need disturbance to
become established, and can germinate
and thrive in shade, eventually
overtopping and replacing native
canopy trees (U.S. Army 2006, p. 2–1–
23). This species occurs in lowelevation, mesic to wet sites, primarily
valleys and occasionally in disturbed,
mesic forest habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 975).
• Tecoma stans is a shrub or small
tree that can form dense stands that
inhibit regeneration of native species. Its
seeds are wind-dispersed (PIER 2008l).
This species occurs in dry to mesic
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 389).
• Toona ciliata is a fast-growing tree
with wind-dispersed seeds and an open,
spreading crown that overtops and
displaces native forest (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 920; Koala Native Plants 2005).
This species occurs in disturbed mesic
to wet habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
168).
• Urochloa mutica is a fast growing,
perennial grass native to Africa. It is
considered an aggressive invasive weed
of marshes and wetlands, forming dense
monotypic stands that eliminate any
open water by layering of its trailing
stems (Smith 1985, p. 186; Erickson and
Puttock 2006, p. 270). The species also
forms monotypic stands in forest
openings, displacing native plants. This
species has been documented in
riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands,
swamps, and disturbed sites (https://
www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/
graminoid/uromut/all.html).
• Verbesina encelioides, a tap-rooted,
annual herb native to Mexico and the
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southwestern United States, is
naturalized in Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 372). This plant has a number
of aggressive characteristics that allow it
to outcompete native plants, including
tolerance of a wide range of growing
conditions, rapid growth, allelopathic
effects on other plants, high seed
production, and dispersal with high
germination rates. In addition, it is
poisonous to livestock (Shluker 2002,
pp. 3–4, 7–8). Verbesina has become a
widespread and aggressive weed on
both Midway Atoll and Kure Atoll,
where it interferes with seabird nesting
and inhibits native plant growth
(Shluker 2002, pp. 3–4, 8). This species
has been documented at several
localities on Oahu, and occurs in dry
and disturbed habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 168).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Fire
Fire is a relatively new, humanexacerbated threat to native species and
natural vegetation in Hawaii. The
historical fire regime in Hawaii was
characterized by infrequent, lowseverity fires, as few natural ignition
sources existed (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992,
pp. 395–397). Natural fuel beds were
often discontinuous, and rainfall in
many areas on most islands was, and is
moderate to high. Fires inadvertently or
intentionally ignited by the original
Polynesians in Hawaii probably
contributed to the initial decline of
native vegetation in the drier plains and
foothills. These early settlers practiced
slash-and-burn agriculture that created
open lowland areas suitable for the later
colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted
grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5–6, 8; Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 30–31). Beginning
in the late 18th century, Europeans and
Americans introduced plants and
animals that further degraded native
Hawaiian ecosystems. Pasturage and
ranching, in particular, created highly
fire-prone areas of nonnative grasses
and shrubs (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 67). Although fires are
infrequent in mountainous regions
today, extensive fires have occurred in
lowland mesic areas, leading to grass/
fire cycles that convert woodland to
grassland (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 77).
Although Vogl (1969) (in Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, p. 91) proposed that
naturally occurring fires, primarily from
lightning strikes, have been important in
the development of the original
Hawaiian flora, and that many Hawaiian
plants might be fire adapted, MuellerDombois (1981), in Cuddihy and Stone
(1990, p. 91), points out that most
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natural vegetation types of Hawaii
would not carry fire before the
introduction of alien grasses. Smith and
Tunison (in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
91) state that native plant fuels typically
have low flammability. Because of the
greater frequency, intensity, and
duration of fires that have resulted from
the introduction of nonnative plants
(especially grasses), fires are now
destructive to native Hawaiian
ecosystems (Brown and Smith 2000, p.
172), and a single grass-fueled fire can
kill most native trees and shrubs in the
burned area (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 74).
Fire represents a threat to six of the
plant species proposed for listing in this
proposed rule, Bidens amplectens,
Cyanea calycina, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Korthalsella degeneri, Pleomele forbesii,
and Pteralyxia macrocarpa (see Table
2). These six plant species are found in
the coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic,
or dry cliff ecosystems. Fire can destroy
dormant seeds of the six species as well
as the plants themselves, even in steep
or inaccessible areas. Successive fires
that burn farther and farther into native
habitat destroy native plants and
remove habitat for native species by
altering microclimate conditions
favorable to alien plants. Alien plant
species most likely to be spread as a
consequence of fire are those that
produce a high fuel load, are adapted to
survive and regenerate after fire, and
establish rapidly in newly burned areas.
Grasses (particularly those that produce
mats of dry material or retain a mass of
standing dead leaves) that invade native
forests and shrublands provide fuels
that allow fire to burn areas that would
not otherwise easily burn (Fujioka and
Fujii 1980, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 93; D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp.
70, 73–74; Tunison et al. 2002, p. 122).
Native woody plants may recover from
fire to some degree, but fire tips the
competitive balance toward alien
species (National Park Service 1989, in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93).
On a post-burn survey at Puuwaawaa
on the island of Hawaii, within an area
of native Diospyros forest with
undergrowth of the nonnative grass
Pennisetum setaceum, Takeuchi noted
that ‘‘no regeneration of native canopy
is occurring within the Puuwaawaa
burn area’’ (Takeuchi 1991, p. 2).
Takeuchi also stated that ‘‘burn events
served to accelerate a decline process
already in place, compressing into days
a sequence which would ordinarily
have taken decades’’ (Takeuchi 1991, p.
4), and concluded that in addition to
increasing the number of fires, the
nonnative Pennisetum acted to suppress
establishment of native plants after a
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fire (Takeuchi 1991, p. 6). There have
been several recent fires on Oahu that
have impacted rare or endangered
species, including areas being proposed
as critical habitat in this proposed rule.
Between 2004 and 2005, wildfires
burned more than 360 ac (146 ha) in
Honouliuli Preserve, home to more than
90 rare and endangered plants and
animals, which is located along the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains (The Nature Conservancy, in
litt. 2005). In 2006, a fire at Kaena Point
State Park burned 60 ac (24 ha),
including portions of two proposed
critical habitat units, and encroached on
endangered plants in Makua Military
Training Area. In 2007, there was a
significant fire at Kaukonahua that
crossed 12 gulches, eventually
encompassing 5,655 ac (2,289 ha), and
negatively impacted seven endangered
plant species. Occurrences of three of
the species were extirpated as a result
of the fire. The Kaukonahua fire also
provided pathways for nonnative
ungulates (cattle, goats, and pigs) into
previously undisturbed areas, and
opened up previously densely vegetated
areas for growth of the invasive grass
Panicum maximum (guinea grass),
which is also used as a food source by
cattle and goats. An area infested by
guinea grass burned, and the grass was
observed to generate blades over 2 feet
in length only 2 weeks after the fire
(U.S. Army Garrison 2007, Appendices
pp. 1–5). In 2009, there were two
smaller fires that burned 200 ac (81 ha)
at Manini Pali (Kaena Point State Park)
and 3.8 ac (1.5 ha) at Makua Cave (at the
mouth of Makua Valley). Both of these
fires burned in currently designated
critical habitat, although no individual
plants were directly affected (U.S. Army
Natural Resource Program 2009,
Appendix 2, 17 pp.). These examples of
recent fires illustrate that nonnative
grass invasion leads to grass/fire cycles
that convert native vegetation to
grassland (D’Antonia and Vitousek
1992, p. 77).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Hurricanes
Hurricanes adversely impact native
Hawaiian terrestrial habitat, including
each of the seven Oahu ecosystems and
their associated species identified in
this proposed rule. They do this by
destroying native vegetation, opening
the canopy and thus modifying the
availability of light, and creating
disturbed areas conducive to invasion
by nonnative pest species (see ‘‘Specific
Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,’’
above) (Asner and Goldstein 1997, p.
148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 539–
540). Canopy gaps allow for the
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establishment of nonnative plant
species, which may be present as plants,
or as seeds incapable of growing under
shaded conditions. In addition,
hurricanes adversely impact native
Hawaiian stream habitat by defoliating
and toppling vegetation, thus loosening
the soil around the toppled vegetation.
Loosened soil, loose vegetation, and
other debris can be washed into
streambeds (by hurricane-induced rain
or subsequent rain storms), resulting in
the scouring of the stream bottoms and
channels, and catastrophic flooding
(Polhemus 1993, 88 pp.). Because many
Hawaiian plant and animal species,
including the 23 species proposed for
listing as endangered in this proposed
rule, persist in low numbers and in
restricted ranges, natural disasters, such
as hurricanes, can be particularly
devastating (Mitchell et al. 2005, p. 4–
3).
Hurricanes affecting Hawaii were only
rarely reported from ships in the area
from the 1800s until 1949. Between
1950 and 1997, 22 hurricanes passed
near or over the Hawaiian Islands, 5 of
which caused serious damage (Businger
1998, pp. 1–2). In November 1982,
Hurricane Iwa struck the Hawaiian
Islands, with wind gusts exceeding 100
miles per hour (mph) (161 kilometers
per hour (kph)), causing extensive
damage, especially on the islands of
Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (Businger
1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest trees were
destroyed (Perlman 1992, pp. 1–9),
which opened the canopy and
facilitated the invasion of nonnative
plants (Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois
1995, p. 671). Competition with
nonnative plants is a threat to each of
the 7 ecosystems and the 20 plant
species addressed in this proposed rule,
as described in the ‘‘Specific Nonnative
Plant Species Impacts’’ section above. In
September 1992, Hurricane Iniki, a
category 4 hurricane with maximum
sustained wind speeds recorded at 140
mph (225 kph), passed directly over the
island of Kauai and close to the island
of Oahu, causing significant damage to
areas along Oahu’s southwestern coast
(Barber’s Point or Kalaeloa, through
Kaena Point) (Blake et al. 2007, p. 20),
where Bidens amplectens occurs.
Biologists have documented hurricane
damage (e.g., denuded foliage, toppled
and uprooted trees and shrubs,
landslides) to the habitat of six other
plant species (Cyrtandra kaulantha, C.
sessilis, Melicope christophersenii, M.
hiiakae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, and Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis). Polhemus (1993, pp. 86–87)
documented the extirpation of the
scarlet Kauai damselfly (Megalagrion
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vagabundum), a species related to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies included in this
listing proposal, from the entire
Hanakapiai Stream system on the island
of Kauai as a result of the impacts of
Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Damage by
future hurricanes could further decrease
the remaining native-plant dominated
habitat areas that support rare plants
and animals in Oahu ecosystems
(Bellingham et al. 2005, p. 681).
Habitat Destruction and Modification
Due to Landslides, Rockfalls, Flooding,
and Drought
Landslides, rockfalls, and flooding
destabilize substrates, damage and
destroy individual plants, and alter
hydrological patterns, which result in
changes to native plant and animal
communities. In the open sea near
Hawaii, rainfall averages 25 to 30 in
(630 to 760 mm) per year, yet the
islands may receive up to 15 times this
amount in some places, caused by
orographic features (Wagner et al. 1999;
adapted from Price (1983) and Carlquist
(1980), pp. 38–39). During storms, rain
may fall at 3 in (76 mm) per hour or
more, and sometimes may reach nearly
40 in (1,016 mm) in 24 hours, causing
destructive flash-flooding in streams
and narrow gulches (Wagner et al. 1999;
adapted from Price (1983) and Carlquist
(1980)), pp. 38–39). Due to the steep
topography of much of the area on Oahu
where the species remain, erosion and
disturbance caused by introduced
ungulates exacerbate the potential for
landslides, rockfalls, or flooding, which
in turn threaten native plants and some
of the damselfly species (see Table 2).
For those species that occur in small
numbers in highly restricted geographic
areas, such events have the potential to
eradicate all individuals of a
population, or even all populations of a
species, resulting in extinction.
Landslides and rockfalls likely
adversely impact nine of the species
addressed in this proposed rule,
including Cyanea lanceolata, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
and the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, as documented in
observations by field botanists and
surveyors (HBMP 2008). Monitoring
data from the PEP program and the
Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping
Program (HBMP) suggest that these nine
species are threatened by landslides or
falling rocks, as they are found in
landscape settings susceptible to these
events (e.g., steep slopes and cliffs).
Since C. kaulantha is known from only
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a few individuals in steep-walled stream
valleys, one landslide could lead to near
extirpation of the species by direct
destruction of the individual plants,
mechanical damage to individual plants
that could lead to their death,
destabilization of the cliff habitat
leading to additional landslides, and
alteration of hydrological patterns (e.g.,
affecting the availability of soil
moisture). Landslides can modify and
destroy riparian and stream habitat by
direct physical damage (e.g., rocks and
debris falling in a stream, mechanical
damage to riparian vegetation), and
create disturbed areas leading to
invasion by nonnative plants that
outcompete the native plants, as well as
damage or destroy plants used by the
crimson and oceanic damselflies for
perching. Field survey data presented
by Bakutis (in litt. 2006c) and the PEP
Program (2006, p. 51) suggest that
flooding is a likely threat to two plant
species included in this proposed
listing, one population of Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, located in a
narrow gulch, and one population of
Cyrtandra sessilis, growing near a
stream in a narrow valley. Intermittent
flooding events likely occurred in the
stream habitats of the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies in the past, due to stochastic
events such as storms and hurricanes.
However, the current low numbers of
individuals and populations, combined
with their breeding, life history
requirements in stream habitats, and
reduced ranges of these three Hawaiian
damselflies increase their vulunerability
to the threat of flooding. The impact of
flooding events may be increased by
channelization of stream reaches, or
degradation of riparian vegetation by
feral ungulates. Naiads may be washed
out of streams into the surrounding
terrestrial habitat or washed
downstream into portions of streams
that are occupied by nonnative
predatory fish. Adults perching on
surrounding vegetation may be washed
into flooded streams and drown.
The blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies may also be
affected by temporary habitat loss
associated with droughts, which are not
uncommon in the Hawaiian Islands.
Between 1860 and 2002, the island of
Oahu was affected by 49 periods of
drought (Giambelluca et al. 1991, pp. 3–
4; Hawaii Commission on Water
Resource Management 2009a and
2009b). These drought events often
desiccate streams, irrigation ditches,
and reservoirs; deplete groundwater
supplies; and lead to forest and brush
fires (Hawaii Commission on Water
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Resource Management 2009a and
2009b). Desiccation of streams, ditches,
and reservoirs directly removes
damselfly hunting and breeding habitat.
Drought leads to an increase in the
number of forest and brush fires
(Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v), causing
a reduction of native plant cover and
habitat (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
pp. 77–79), and of plants used by the
three Hawaiian damselflies for perching
and hunting for prey.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Agriculture and Urban Development
Although we are unaware of any
comprehensive, site-by-site assessment
of wetland loss in Hawaii (Erikson and
Puttock 2006, p. 40), Dahl (1990, p. 7)
estimated that at least 12 percent of
lowland to upper-elevation wetlands in
Hawaii had been converted to nonwetland habitat by the 1980s. If only
coastal plain (below 1,000 ft (305 m))
marshlands and wetlands are
considered, it is estimated that 30
percent have been converted to
agricultural and urban development (E.
Kosaka, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
in litt. 1990). Historical records show
these marshlands and wetlands
provided habitat for many damselfly
species, including the blackline,
oceanic, and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies (Polhemus 2007, pp. 233,
237–239; HBMP 2008).
Although filling of wetlands is
regulated by permitting today, the loss
of riparian or wetland habitats utilized
by the blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies may still occur due to
Oahu’s population growth and
development, with concurrent demands
on limited developable land and water
resources (Lester 2007). The State’s
Commission on Water Resource
Management recognized the need for a
water resource protection plan, which is
currently under development
(Commission on Water Resource
Management 2010). In addition,
marshes have been slowly filled and
converted to meadow habitat as a result
of sedimentation from increased storm
water runoff from upslope development,
the accumulation of uncontrolled
growth of invasive vegetation, and
blockage of downslope drainage (Wilson
Okamoto & Associates, Inc. 1993, pp. 3–
4, 3–5).
The threats posed by conversion of
wetland and other aquatic habitat for
agriculture and urban development are
ongoing and are expected to continue
into the future. Hawaii’s population has
increased almost 7 percent in the past
10 years, along with the associated
increased demands on limited land and
water resources (Hawaii Department of
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Business, Economic Development and
Tourism 2010). These modified areas
lack the aquatic habitat features that the
blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies require for essential lifehistory needs, such as marshes,
sidepools along streams, and slow
sections of perennial streams, and no
longer support populations of these two
species. Agriculture and urban
development have thus contributed to
the present curtailment of the habitat of
these two Hawaiian damselflies, and we
have no indication that this threat is
likely to be significantly ameliorated in
the near future.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Stream Diversion
Stream modifications began with the
early Hawaiians who diverted water to
irrigate taro (kalo, Colocasia esculenta).
A taro planter’s share of water was
determined by the amount of labor
contributed to the construction and
maintenance of the ditch, and was not
proportional to their acreage of flooded
terraces. Water rights of others taking
water from the main stream below the
dam had to be respected, and no ditch
was permitted to divert more than half
the flow from a stream. Water was
withdrawn according to a time
schedule, from a few hours at a time day
or night up to two or three days, and in
times of drought, the ‘‘water boss’’ had
the right to adjust the sharing of
available water to meet exigencies
(Handy and Handy 1972, pp. 58–59).
The advent of plantation sugarcane
cultivation led to far more extensive
stream diversions, with the first
diversion built in 1856 on Kauai
(Wilcox 1996, p. 54). The first diversion
on Oahu, Oahu Ditch, was built in 1902
(Wilcox 1996, p. 65). These systems
were designed to tap water at upper
elevations (above 984 ft (300 m)) by
means of a concrete weir in the stream
(Wilcox 1996, p. 54). All, or most, of the
low or average flow of the stream was,
and often still is, diverted into fields or
reservoirs, leaving many stream
channels completely dry (Takasaki et al.
1969, pp. 27–28; Harris et al. 1993, p.
12; Wilcox 1996, p. 56).
By the 1930s, water diversions had
been developed on all of the main
Hawaiian Islands, and by 1978, the
stream flow in more than half the 366
perennial streams in Hawaii had been
altered in some manner (Brasher 2003,
p. 1,055). Some stream diversion
systems are extensive, such as the
Waiahole Ditch on Oahu, built in the
early 1900s, which diverts water from
37 streams within the ranges of the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
damselflies, on the windward side of
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Oahu to the dry plains on the leeward
side of the island via a tunnel cut
through the Koolau mountain range
(Stearns and Vaksvik 1935, pp. 399–403;
Tvedt and Oestigaard 2006, pp. 43–44).
Historically, damselflies in the genus
Megalagrion were a common component
of Hawaiian streams and wetlands at
elevations ranging from sea level to the
summit of the Koolau Mountains on
Oahu. This loss of stream habitat may
have contributed to the extirpation of
populations of the three damselflies
from lower elevations in the Koolau
range (Polhemus 2007, pp. 233–234,
238–239).
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Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Dewatering of Aquifers
In addition to the diversion of stream
water and the resultant downstream
dewatering, many streams on Oahu have
experienced reduced or zero surface
flow as a result of the dewatering of
their source aquifers. Often these
aquifers, which previously fed the
streams, were tapped by tunneling or
through the injudicious placement of
wells (Gingerich and Oki 2000, p. 6;
Stearns 1985, pp. 291–305). These
groundwater sources were diverted for
both domestic and agricultural use, and
in some areas have completely depleted
nearby stream and spring flows. For
example, both the bore tunnels and the
contour tunnel of the Waiahole Ditch
system intersect perched aquifers
(aquifers above the primary ground
water table), which subsequently are
drained to the elevation of the tunnels
(Stearns and Vaksvik 1935, pp. 399–
406). This has reduced stream habitat
available to the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic damselflies. Likewise, the
boring of the Haiku tunnel on Oahu in
1940 caused a 25 percent reduction in
the base flow of Kahaluu Stream, over
2.5 mi (4 km) away (Takasaki et al.
1969, pp. 31–32), and has impacted
available habitat for the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies (HBMP
2008). Many of these aquifers were also
the sources of springs that contributed
flow to Oahu’s windward streams;
draining of these aquifers caused many
of the springs to dry up, including some
over 0.3 mi (0.5 km) away from the bore
tunnels (Stearns and Vaksvik 1935, pp.
379–380).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Vertical Wells
Surface flow of streams has also been
affected by vertical wells drilled in premodern times, because the basal aquifer
(lowest groundwater layer) and alluvial
caprock (sediment-deposited harder
rock layer) through which the lower
sections of streams flow can be
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penetrated and hydraulically connected
by wells (Gingerich and Oki 2000, p. 6;
Stearns 1940, p. 88). This allows water
in aquifers normally feeding the stream
to be diverted elsewhere underground.
Dewatering of the streams by tunneling
and well placement near or in streams
was a significant cause of habitat loss,
and these effects continue today.
Historically, for example, there was
sufficient surface flow in Makaha and
Nanakuli Streams on Oahu to support
taro loi (artificial ponds for taro
cultivation) in their lower reaches, but
this flow disappeared subsequent to
construction of vertical wells upstream
(B. Devick, State of Hawaii, pers. comm.
1995). The inadvertent dewatering of
streams through the penetration of their
aquifers (which are normally separated
from adjacent waterbearing layers by an
impermeable layer) by tunneling or
through placement of vertical wells,
caused the loss of blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
habitat, as these species were
historically known from these areas.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Stream Channelization
Stream degradation has been
particularly severe on the island of
Oahu where, by 1978, 58 percent of the
perennial streams and banks had been
channelized (e.g., concrete lined,
partially lined, or altered) to control
flooding (Polhemus and Asquith 1996,
p. 24; Brasher 2003, p. 1,055). These
alterations have resulted in an overall
89 percent loss of the total stream length
island-wide (Polhemus and Asquith
1996, p. 24; Parrish et al. 1984, p. 83).
The channelization of streams creates
artificial, wide-bottomed stream beds
and often results in removal of riparian
vegetation, which reduces shading,
increases substrate homogeneity,
increases temporal water velocity
(increased water flow speed during
times of higher precipitation including
minor and major flooding), and causes
higher water temperatures (Parrish et al.
1984, p. 83; Brasher 2003, p. 1,052).
Tests conducted on native aquatic
species showed that the higher water
temperatures in channelized streams
caused stress, and sometimes death
(Parrish et al. 1984, p. 83). Natural
streams meander and are lined with
rocks, trees, and natural debris, and
during times of flooding, jump their
banks. Channelized streams are
straightened and often lack natural
obstructions, and during times of higher
precipitation or flooding, facilitate a
higher water flow velocity. Hawaiian
damselflies are largely absent from
channelized portions of streams
(Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 24),
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which has likely contributed to a
reduction in the historic range of
Hawaiian damselfly species. In contrast,
undisturbed Hawaiian stream systems
exhibit a greater amount of riffle and
pool habitat canopy closure, higher
consistent flow velocity, and lower
water temperatures that are
characteristic of streams to which the
Hawaiian damselflies, in general, are
adapted (Brasher 2003, pp. 1,054–
1,057).
Channelization of streams has not
been restricted to lower stream reaches.
For example, there is extensive
channelization of Oahu’s Kalihi Stream
above 1,000 ft (300 m) elevation.
Extensive stream channelization on
Oahu has also contributed to the loss of
habitat for the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies (Englund
1999, p. 236; D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008).
Stream diversion, channelization,
dewatering, and vertical wells represent
serious and ongoing threats to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies for the following
reasons: (1) They reduce the amount
and distribution of stream habitat
available to these species; (2) they
reduce stream flow, leaving lower
elevation stream segments completely
dry except during storms, or leaving
many streams completely dry year
round, thus reducing or eliminating
stream habitat; and (3) they indirectly
lead to an increase in water temperature
that results in physiological stress and
to the loss of blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly naiads. The
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies are particularly
vulnerable to extinction due to such
changes (i.e., stream diversion,
channelization, and dewatering), which
is exacerbated by their range and habitat
constrictions and declines in their
population numbers.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Climate Change
Climate change will be a particular
challenge for biodiversity because the
introduction and interaction of
additional stressors may push species
beyond their ability to survive (Lovejoy
et al. 2005, pp. 325–326). The
synergistic implications of climate
change and habitat fragmentation are
the most threatening facet of climate
change for biodiversity (Lovejoy et al.
2005, p. 4). The magnitude and intensity
of the impacts of global climate change
and increasing temperatures on native
Hawaiian ecosystems are unknown. We
are not aware of climate change studies
specifically related to the seven Oahu
ecosystems described in this proposed
rule, or the 23 species proposed for
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listing that are associated with those
ecosystems. Based on the best available
information, climate change impacts
could lead to the loss of native species
that comprise the communities in which
the 23 species occur (Pounds et al. 1999,
p. 611–612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610;
Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246 and
14,248). In addition, weather regime
changes (e.g., droughts, floods) will
likely result from increased annual
average temperatures related to more
˜
frequent El Nino episodes in Hawaii.
These changes may decrease water
availability and increase the
consumptive demand on Oahu’s natural
streams and reservoirs by Oahu’s
residents (Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v).
The effects of increasing temperatures
on the aquatic habitat of the three
damselfly species are not specifically
known, but likely include the loss of
aquatic habitat from reduced stream
flow, evaporation of standing water, and
increased water temperature (Pounds et
al. 1999, pp. 611–612; Still et al. 1999,
p. 610; Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246
and 14,248).
Oki (2004, p. 4) has noted long-term
evidence of decreased precipitation and
stream flow on the Hawaiian Islands,
based upon evidence collected by
stream gauging stations. This long-term
drying trend, coupled with existing
˜
ditch diversions and periodic El Ninocaused drying events, has created a
pattern of severe and persistent stream
dewatering events (D. Polhemus, in litt
2008, p. 26). Future changes in
precipitation and the forecast of those
changes are highly uncertain because
they depend, in part, on how the El
˜
˜
Nino-La Nina weather cycle (a
disruption of the ocean atmospheric
system in the tropical Pacific having
important global consequences for
weather and climate) might change
(Hawaii Climate Change Action Plan
1998, pp. 2–10).
The 23 species proposed for listing
may be especially vulnerable to
extinction due to anticipated
environmental changes that may result
from global climate change.
Environmental changes that may affect
these species are expected to include
habitat loss or alteration and changes in
disturbance regimes (e.g., storms and
hurricanes), in addition to direct
physiological stress caused by increased
streamwater temperatures to which the
native Hawaiian damselfly fauna are not
adapted. The probability of a species
going extinct as a result of these factors
increases when its range is restricted,
habitat decreases, and population
numbers decline (Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change 2007, p. 8).
The 23 species have limited
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environmental tolerances, limited
ranges, restricted habitat requirements,
small population sizes, and low
numbers of individuals. Therefore, we
would expect these species to be
particularly vulnerable to projected
environmental impacts that may result
from changes in climate, and
subsequent impacts to their habitats
(e.g., Pounds et al. 1999, pp. 611–612;
Still et al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al.
2002, pp. 14,246 and 14,248). We
believe changes in environmental
conditions that may result from climate
change may impact these 23 species,
and we do not anticipate a reduction in
this potential threat in the near future.
Summary of Habitat Destruction and
Modification
The threats to the habitats of each of
the 23 Oahu species addressed in this
proposed rule are occurring throughout
the entire range of each of the species.
These threats include introduced
ungulates, nonnative plants, fire, natural
disasters, and climate change. In
addition, the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are also
threatened by agricultural and urban
development, stream diversion, stream
channelization, and stream dewatering.
The effects from ungulates are
ongoing because ungulates currently
occur in six of the seven ecosystems on
which these species depend. The threat
posed by introduced ungulates to the
species proposed for listing that occur
in these six ecosystems (see Table 2) is
serious because they cause: (1)
Trampling and grazing that directly
impact the plant communities, which
include the plant species proposed for
listing, and impact plants in riparian
areas used by the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic damselflies for perching,
reproduction, and hunting for prey; (2)
increased soil disturbance, leading to
mechanical damage to individuals of the
plant species proposed for listing, and
plants in riparian areas used by the
damselflies for perching, reproduction,
and hunting for prey; (3) creation of
open, disturbed areas conducive to
weedy plant invasion and establishment
of alien plants from dispersed fruits and
seeds, which results over time in the
conversion of a community dominated
by native vegetation to one dominated
by nonnative vegetation (leading to all
of the negative impacts associated with
nonnative plants, listed below); and (4)
increased watershed erosion and
sedimentation, which affects aquatic
habitats used by the three Hawaiian
damselflies. Although plants used for
perching by damselflies are not
necessarily native plants, ungulate
activity damages or removes all plants
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near the stream. Damselflies depend on
plants near the stream for their daily
activities, territory establishment,
reproduction, and hunting prey. These
threats are expected to continue or
increase without ungulate control or
eradication.
Nonnative plants represent a serious
and ongoing threat to all 20 plant
species being addressed in this
proposed rule through habitat
destruction and modification because
they: (1) Adversely impact microhabitat
by modifying the availability of light; (2)
alter soil-water regimes; (3) modify
nutrient cycling processes; (4) alter fire
characteristics of native plant habitat,
leading to incursions of fire-tolerant
nonnative plant species into native
habitat; and (5) outcompete and
possibly directly inhibit the growth of,
native plant species. Each of these
threats can convert native-dominated
plant communities to nonnative plant
communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33–35). This
conversion has negative impacts on, and
threatens, the 20 plant species
addressed here.
The threat from fire to six species in
this proposed rule (Bidens amplectens,
Cyanea calycina, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Korthalsella degeneri, Pleomele forbesii,
and Pteralyxia macrocarpa; see Table 2)
is a serious and ongoing threat because
fire damages and destroys native
vegetation, including dormant seeds,
seedlings, and juvenile and adult plants.
Many nonnative invasive plants,
particularly fire-tolerant grasses, can
outcompete native plants and inhibit
their regeneration (D’Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73–74; Tunison
et al. 2002, p. 122). Successive fires that
burn farther and farther into native
habitat destroy native plants and
remove habitat for native species by
altering microclimatic conditions and
creating conditions favorable to alien
plants. The threat from fire is
unpredictable but omnipresent in
ecosystems that have been invaded by
nonnative, fire-prone grasses.
Natural disasters such as hurricanes
represent a serious threat to 7 of the 20
plant species addressed in this proposed
rule (Bidens amplectens, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, and
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis),
because they open the forest canopy,
modify available light, and create
disturbed areas that are conducive to
invasion by nonnative pest plants
(Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148;
Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 346–347).
The discussion under ‘‘Habitat
Destruction and Modification by
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Nonnative Plants’’ above provides
additional information related to canopy
gaps, light availability, and the
establishment of nonnative plant
species. In addition, hurricanes threaten
the three Hawaiian damselfly species in
this proposed rule because they alter
and cause direct damage to streams
(Polhemus 1993, pp. 86–87). These
impacts can be particularly devastating
to the seven plant species and three
Hawaiian damselfly species addressed
in this proposed rule because due to
other threats, they now persist in low
numbers or occur in restricted ranges,
and are therefore less resilient to such
disturbances. Furthermore, a
particularly destructive hurricane holds
the potential of driving a localized
endemic species to extinction in a single
event. Hurricanes pose an ongoing and
ever-present threat, because they can
occur at any time, although their
occurrence is not predictable.
Landslides, rockfalls, and flooding
adversely impact ten of the species
being proposed for listing (Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C.
sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, and the blackline, crimson
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies) (see
Table 2), by destabilizing substrates,
damaging and destroying individual
plants and damselflies, and altering
hydrological patterns. These threats
result in habitat destruction or
modification, and changes to native
plant and animal communities. Drought
threatens all three damselfly species
being proposed for listing by dessication
of streams, ditches, and reservoirs,
which eliminates damselfly hunting and
breeding habitat. These threats are
significant and have the potential to
occur at any time, although their
incidence is not predictable.
The threats caused by conversion of
wetland and other aquatic habitat to
agriculture and urban development are
ongoing, expected to continue into the
future, and affect each of the damselflies
proposed for listing in this proposed
rule. Twelve percent of the freshwater
habitat in Hawaii has already been lost,
and 30 percent of all coastal plain
wetlands in Hawaii have been lost to
agriculture and urban development (E.
Kosaka, in litt. 1990). These modified
areas no longer support populations of
these Hawaiian damselflies. These
threats are expected to continue in the
future.
Stream diversion, channelization, and
dewatering represent serious and
ongoing threats to the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies because they: (1) Reduce the
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amount and distribution of stream
habitat; (2) reduce stream flow, which
leaves lower elevation stream segments
either completely dry year round or
completely dry except during storms,
which reduces or eliminates stream
habitat; and (3) indirectly lead to an
increase in water temperature by
altering the normal hydrograph patterns,
which leads to the loss of damselfly
naiads due to direct physiological stress.
The probability of species extinction
increases when ranges are restricted, the
quality and quantity of habitat
decreases, and population numbers
decline. Accordingly, the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are vulnerable to extinction
due to such changes in their stream
habitat.
The projected effects of global climate
change and increasing temperatures on
the 23 species addressed in this
proposed rule are related to changes in
microclimatic conditions in their
habitats. These changes may lead to the
loss of native species due to direct
physiological stress, the loss or
alteration of habitat, increased
competition from nonnative species,
and changes in disturbance regimes
(e.g., fire, storms and hurricanes).
Because the specific and cumulative
effects of climate change on these 23
species are presently unknown, we are
not able to determine the magnitude of
this possible threat with confidence.
B. Overutilization for Commercial,
Recreational, Scientific, or Educational
Purposes
We are not aware of any threats to the
23 species addressed in this proposed
rule that would be attributable to
overutilization for commercial,
recreational, scientific, or educational
purposes.
C. Disease or Predation
Disease
We are not aware of any threats to the
23 species addressed in this proposed
rule that would be attributable to
disease.
Predation
Hawaii’s plants and animals evolved
in nearly complete isolation from
continental influences. Successful
colonization of these remote volcanic
islands was infrequent, and many
organisms never established
populations. For example, Hawaii lacks
any native ants or conifers, has very few
bird families, and has only a single
native land mammal (Loope 1998, p.
748). Defenses against mammalian
herbivory, such as thorns, prickles, and
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46387
production of toxins, were not needed,
and the evolutionary pressure for plants
to produce or maintain them was
lacking. Therefore, Hawaiian plants
either lost or never developed these
defenses (Carlquist 1980, p. 173). The
native flora and fauna of the islands are
thus particularly vulnerable to the
impacts of introduced nonnative
species, as discussed below.
Introduced Ungulates
In addition to the habitat impacts
discussed above, ungulates threaten the
following 18 of the 20 plant species in
this proposal by trampling and eating
individual plants (this information is
also presented in Table 2): Bidens
amplectens (feral pigs and goats),
Cyanea calycina (feral pigs and goats),
C. lanceolata (feral pigs), C.
purpurellifolia (feral pigs), Cyrtandra
gracilis (feral pigs), C. kaulantha (feral
pigs), C. sessilis (feral pigs), C. waiolani
(feral pigs), Melicope christophersenii
(feral pigs), M. hiiakae (feral pigs), M.
makahae (feral pigs and goats),
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (feral
pigs), P. cornuta var. decurrens (feral
pigs and goats), Pleomele forbesii (feral
pigs and goats), Psychotria hexandra
spp. oahuensis (feral pigs), Pteralyxia
macrocarpa (feral pigs and goats),
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (feral pigs), and
Zanthoxylum oahuense (feral pigs).
Predation by feral pigs and goats is also
a threat to the host plants (Nestegis
sandwicensis and Sapindus oahuensis)
of Korthalsella degeneri.
We have direct evidence of ungulate
damage to some of these species, but for
many, ungulate damage is presumed
based on several studies conducted in
Hawaii and elsewhere. In a study
conducted by Diong (1982, p. 160) on
Maui, feral pigs were observed browsing
on young shoots, leaves, and fronds of
a wide variety of plants, of which over
75 percent were endemic species (Diong
1982, p. 160). A stomach content
analysis in this study showed that 60
percent of the pigs’ food source
consisted of the endemic Cibotium
(hapuu, tree fern). Pigs were observed to
fell plants and remove the bark of the
native plant species Clermontia,
Cibotium, Coprosma, Psychotria,
Scaevola, and Hedyotis, resulting in
larger trees being killed over a few
months of repeated feeding (Diong 1982,
p. 144). A study in Texas conducted by
Beach (1997, pp. 3–4) revealed that feral
pigs spread disease and parasites, and
that their rooting and wallowing
behavior led to spoilage of watering
holes and loss of soil through leaching
and erosion. Rooting activities also
decreased the survivability of some
plant species through disruption at root
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level of mature plants and seedlings
(Beach 1997, pp. 3–4).
Feral goats thrive on a variety of food
plants, and are instrumental in the
decline of native vegetation in many
areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 64).
Feral goats trample roots and seedlings,
cause erosion, and promote the invasion
of alien plants. They are able to forage
in extremely rugged terrain and have a
high reproductive capacity (Clarke and
Cuddihy 1980, p. C–20; van Riper and
van Riper 1982, pp. 34–35; Tomich
1986, pp. 153–156; Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 64). A study of goat predation
on a native Acacia koa forest on the
island of Hawaii has shown that grazing
pressure by goats can cause the eventual
extinction of Acacia koa because it is
unable to reproduce (Spatz and MuellerDombois 1973, p. 876). If goats are
maintained at constantly high numbers,
mature trees will eventually die,
including the root systems that support
suckers and vegetative reproduction
(Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p.
876). Another study at Puuwaawaa on
the island of Hawaii demonstrated that
prior to management actions in 1985,
regeneration of endemic shrubs and
trees in goat-grazed areas was almost
totally lacking, contributing to the
invasion of the forest understory by
exotic grasses and weeds. After the
removal of grazing animals in 1985, A.
koa and Metrosideros spp. seedlings
were observed germinating by the
thousands (HDLNR 2002, p. 52). Based
on a comparison of fenced and unfenced
areas, it is clear that goats can devastate
native ecosystems (Loope et al. 1988, p.
277). Because goats occur in 6 of the 7
described ecosystems on Oahu, the
results of the studies described above
suggest that goats can also alter these
ecosystems and directly damage or
destroy native plants.
Rats
There are three species of introduced
rats on the Hawaiian Islands. The
Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and the
black rat (Rattus rattus) are primarily
found in the wild, in dry to wet habitats,
while the Norway rat (Rattus
norvegicus) is typically found in
manmade habitats such as urban areas
or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, p.
41). Studies of Polynesian rat DNA
suggest that they first appeared in the
Hawaiian Islands along with emigrants
from the Marquesas about 400 A.D.,
with a second cultural interaction
around 1100 A.D. (Ziegler 2002, p. 315).
The black rat and the Norway rat most
likely arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
more recently, as stowaways on ships,
sometime in the 19th century (Atkinson
and Atkinson 2000, p. 25).
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Rats occur in all 7 of the Oahu
ecosystems, and rat predation threatens
5 of the 20 plant species addressed in
this proposed rule (Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Melicope
hiiakae, and Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis; see Table 2). Rats impact
native plants by eating fleshy fruits,
seeds, flowers, stems, leaves, roots, and
other plant parts (Atkinson and
Atkinson 2000, p. 23), and can seriously
affect regeneration. They are known to
have caused declines or even the total
elimination of island plant species
(Campbell and Atkinson 1999, as cited
in Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 24).
On the Hawaiian Islands, rats may
consume as much as 90 percent of the
seeds produced by some trees, or, in
some cases, prevent the regeneration of
forest species completely (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, pp. 68–69). Plants with
fleshy fruits are particularly susceptible
to rat predation, including several of the
plant genera proposed for listing here,
for example, the fruits of plants in the
bellflower (e.g., Cyanea spp.) and
African violet (e.g., Cyrtandra spp.)
families (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp.
67–69). Research on rats in forests in
New Zealand has demonstrated that,
over time, rats may alter the species
composition of forested areas (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 68–69).
Nonnative Fish
Predation by nonnative fish is a
serious and ongoing threat to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies. Crimson and
blackline Hawaiian damselfly naiads
occur in standing or seep-fed pools and
slow-flowing sections of streams, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly naiads
occur under stones or mats of moss and
algae in streams, where they are each
vulnerable to predation by nonnative
fish. Information suggests that Hawaiian
damselflies experience limited natural
predation pressure from the five species
of freshwater fish native to Hawaii—
gobies (Gobiidae) and sleepers
(Eleotridae) (Ego 1956, p. 24; Kido et al.
1993, pp. 43–44; Englund 1999, pp.
236–237). Hawaii’s native fishes are
benthic (bottom) feeders, and streamdwelling Hawaiian damselfly species,
including the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, avoid
these areas in preference for shallow
side channels, sidepools, and higher
velocity riffles and seeps (Englund 1999,
pp. 236–237). While fish predation has
been an important factor in the
evolution of behavior in damselfly
naiads in continental systems (Johnson
1991, p. 8), it can only be speculated
that Hawaii’s stream-dwelling
damselflies adapted behaviors to avoid
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the benthic feeding habits of native fish
species. Additionally, some species of
damselflies, including some native
Hawaiian species, are found only in
bodies of water without fish, and may
have evolved in the absence of some
fish species (Henrickson 1988, p. 179;
McPeek 1990, p. 83).
Over 70 species of nonnative fish
have been introduced into Hawaiian
freshwater habitats (Devick 1991, p. 190;
Englund 1999, p. 226; Englund and
Eldredge 2001, p. 32; Brasher 2003, p.
1,054; Englund 2004, p. 27; Englund et
al. 2007, p. 232), with at least 51 species
now established (Freshwater Fishes of
Hawaii 2008). The initial introduction
of nonnative fish to Hawaii began with
the release of food stock species by
Asian immigrants at the turn of the 20th
century; however, the impact of these
first introductions on Hawaiian
damselflies cannot be assessed because
they predated the initial collection of
damselflies in Hawaii (Perkins 1899, pp.
64–76). Between 1905 and 1922, fish
were introduced for biological control of
mosquitoes, including the mosquito fish
(Gambusia affinis), sailfin molly
(Poecilia latipinna), green swordtail
(Xiphophorus helleri), moonfish
(Xiphophorus maculatus), and guppy
(Poecilia reticulata) (Van Dine 1907, p.
9; Englund 1999, p. 225; Brasher 2003,
p. 1,054). By 1935, some Oahu
damselflies were becoming less
common, and these introduced fish
were the suspected cause of their
decline (Williams 1936, p. 313;
Zimmerman 1948a, p. 341). From 1946
through 1961, several additional
nonnative fish were introduced for the
purpose of controlling nonnative
aquatic plants and for recreational
fishing (Brasher 2003, p. 1,054). During
the 1980s, additional nonnative fish
species were established in Oahu
waters, including aggressive predators
and habitat-altering species such as the
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus),
cichlids (e.g., Tilapia spp.), sailfin
catfish (Liposarcus multiradiatus), top
minnows (Limia vittata), and piranha
(Serrasalmus sp.) (Devick 1991, pp. 189,
191–192; Brasher 2003, p. 1,054;
Freshwater Fishes of Hawaii 2008).
Englund (1999, p. 233) found several of
these species to be abundant in nearly
all lowland Oahu streams and water
systems, although not all were as
capable of colonizing higher elevation
stream reaches as the introduced
poeciliid species.
Geologic or manmade barriers (e.g.,
waterfalls, steep gradients, dry stream
midreaches, or constructed diversions)
appear to prevent access by nonnative
fish species to stream areas above these
barriers; however, there is still a chance
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of facilitated fish movement. For
example, in 2000, a maintenance worker
introduced Tilapia spp. into ponds
located on the grounds of Tripler
Medical Army Hospital that were
upslope from the remaining Oahu
population of the orangeblack Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion xanthomelas)
(R. Englund, Bishop Museum, in litt.
2000). The ponds were drained and the
Tilapia spp. removed. The importance
of their removal was underscored by the
fact that a large storm caused the ponds
to fill and overflow downslope into the
stream supporting the damselflies soon
after the Tilapia spp. were removed
(Preston et al. 2007, p. 263).
Current literature indicates that the
extirpation of Hawaiian damselflies
from nearly all of their historical
lowland habitat sites on Oahu is the
result of predation by introduced
nonnative fish (Moore and Gagne 1982,
p. 4; Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, p.
502; Englund 1999, pp. 235–237;
Brasher 2003, p. 1,055; Englund et al.
2007, p. 215; Polhemus 2007, pp. 238–
239). The threats posed by continued
introduction and establishment of
nonnative fish in Hawaiian waters, and
the possible movement of those
nonnative species to new streams and
other aquatic habitat, are ongoing and
expected to continue into the future.
This represents a serious threat to the
survival of the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies.
Bullfrogs and Toads
Currently there are three species of
introduced aquatic amphibians on the
Hawaiian Islands: the North American
bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the cane
toad (Bufo marinus), and the Japanese
wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa). Native to
the eastern United States and the Great
Plains region (Moyle 1973, pp. 18–19;
Bury and Whelan 1984, p. 1; Lever
2003, p. 203), the bullfrog was first
introduced to Hawaii in 1899 (Bryan
1931, pp. 62–63) to help control insects,
specifically the nonnative Japanese
beetle (Popillia japonica), a significant
pest of ornamental plants (Bryan 1931,
p. 62). First released on the island of
Hawaii, bullfrogs have demonstrated
great success in establishing new
populations on all the main islands
(Bryan 1931, p. 63; Moyle 1973, p. 19;
USGS 2008, p. 8). This species is
flexible in both habitat and food
requirements (McKeown 1996, pp. 24–
27; Bury and Whelan 1984, pp. 3–7;
Lever 2003, pp. 203–204), and can
utilize any water source within its
temperature range, 60 °F to 75 °F (16 °C
to 24 °C) (DesertUSA 2008). In other
areas outside its native range, the
bullfrog’s primary impact is the
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elimination of native frog species
(Moyle 1973, p. 21). Englund et al.
(2007, pp. 215, 219) found a strong
correlation between the presence of
bullfrogs and the absence of Hawaiian
damselflies in their study of streams on
all the main Hawaiian Islands. Bullfrogs
are a threat to the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
because they are omnivorous feeders
that occur in the same habitat as the
damselflies on Oahu (McKeown 1996,
pp. 24–27; Bury and Whelan 1984, pp.
3–7; Lever 2003, pp. 203–204).
The effects of possible predation by
the cane toad and the Japanese wrinkled
frog on the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
unknown at this time, and we are not
able to determine the magnitude or the
significance of this potential threat.
46389
slugs can be a threat to all species of
Cyanea (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. 3–
51). Research investigating slug
herbivory and control methods shows
that slug impacts on Cyanea sp.
seedlings results in up to 80 percent
seedling mortality (U.S. Army Garrison
2005a, p. 3–51). Although we do not
have direct evidence of slug predation
on the three species of Cyanea and four
species of Cyrtandra addressed in this
proposed rule, slugs are found in the
ecosystems on Oahu in which these
plants occur. It is therefore reasonable to
assume these plant species would be
exposed to similar impacts from slug
predation.
Invertebrates
Predation by nonnative invertebrate
pests adversely impacts 13 of the plant
species (see Table 2) through
mechanical damage, destruction of plant
parts, parasitism, and mortality. Those
introduced invertebrate pests with the
greatest effect on these native plant
species include at least 14 different
species of slugs (Joe 2006, p. 10), the
black twig borer (Xylosandrus
compactus) (Davis 1970, pp. 38–39),
and the two-spotted leafhopper
(Sophonia rufofascia) (Fukada 1996, pp.
1–12; Hawaii Department of Agriculture
2006). The blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
threatened by predation by ants (Borror
et al. 1989, pp. 737–741).
Black Twig Borer
The black twig borer is known to
infest a wide variety of common plant
taxa, including native species of
Melicope (Davis 1970, p. 39; Extension
Entomology and UH–CTAHR Integrated
Pest Management Program 2006, p. 1).
This insect pest burrows into branches,
introduces a pathogenic fungus as food
for its larvae, and lays its eggs (Davis
1970, p. 39). Twigs, branches, and entire
plants can be damaged or killed from an
infestation (Extension Entomology and
UH–CTAHR Integrated Pest
Management Program 2006, p. 2). On
the Hawaiian Islands, the black twig
borer has many hosts, disperses easily,
and is probably present at most
elevations up to 2,500 ft (762 m)
(Howarth 1985, pp. 152–153). The black
twig borer is a likely threat to Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae, and M.
makahae.
Slugs
Predation by nonnative slugs is most
likely a threat to individuals of the three
species of Cyanea (Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, and C. purpurellifolia) and
the four species of Cyrtandra (Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, and C.
waiolani) (Joe 2006, p. 10) in this
proposed rule. On Oahu, slugs have
been reported to destroy Cyanea
calycina and Cyrtandra kaulantha in
the wild, and have been observed eating
leaves and fruit of cultivated
individuals of Cyanea (L. Mehrhoff, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, in litt. 1995;
U.S. Army Garrison 2005a, pp. 3–34, 3–
51). In addition, slugs have damaged
individuals of Cyrtandra and
individuals of other species of Cyanea
in the wild (Wood et. al. 2001, p. 3;
Sailer and Kier 2002, p. 3; PEP 2007, p.
38; PEP 2008, pp. 23, 49, 52, 53, 57).
Little is known about predation of
certain rare plants by slugs; however,
information in the U.S. Army’s 2005
‘‘Status Report for the Makua
Implementation Plan’’ indicates that
Two-Spotted Leafhopper
The effects of predation by the twospotted leafhopper have been observed
on three plant species included in this
proposed rule, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense (HBMP 2008).
This nonnative insect damages the
leaves it feeds on, typically causing
chlorosis (yellowing due to disrupted
chlorophyll production) to browning
and death of foliage (Hawaii Department
of Agriculture 2006). The damage to
plants can result in the death of affected
leaves or the whole plant, owing to the
combined action of its feeding and
oviposition behavior (Alyokhin et al.
2004, p. 1). In addition to the
mechanical damage caused by the
feeding process, the insect may
introduce plant pathogens that lead to
eventual plant death (Extension
Entomology and UH–CTAHR Integrated
Pest Management Program 2006, p. 2).
The two-spotted leafhopper is a highly
polyphagous insect (it feeds on many
different types of food). Sixty-eight
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percent of its recorded host plant
species in Hawaii are fruit, vegetable
and ornamental crops, and 22 percent
are endemic plants, over half of which
are rare and endangered (Alyokhin et al.
2004, p. 6). Its range is limited to below
4,000 ft (1,219 m) in elevation, unless
there is a favorable microclimate. While
there has been a dramatic reduction in
the number of two-spotted leafhopper
populations in the past few years,
(possibly due to egg parasitism), this
nonnative insect has not been
eradicated and predation by this
nonnative insect remains a threat (M.
Fukada, Hawaii Department of
Agriculture, pers. comm. 2007).
Ants
Ants are not a natural component of
Hawaii’s arthropod fauna, and native
species evolved in the absence of
predation pressure from ants. Ants can
be particularly destructive predators
because of their high densities,
recruitment behavior, aggressiveness,
and broad range of diet (Reimer 1993,
pp. 14, 17–18). The threat of ant
predation on the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies is
amplified by the fact that most ant
species have winged reproductive
adults (Borror et al. 1989, p. 738) and
can quickly establish new colonies in
additional suitable habitats (Staples and
Cowie 2001, pp. 53–55). These
attributes allow some ants to destroy
otherwise geographically isolated
populations of native arthropods (Nafus
1993, pp. 19, 22–23).
At least 47 species of ants are known
to be established on the Hawaiian
Islands (Hawaii Ants 2008, pp. 1–11),
and at least four particularly aggressive
species, the big-headed ant (Pheidole
megacephala), the long-legged ant (also
known as the yellow crazy ant,
Anoplolepis gracilipes), Solenopsis
papuana (NCN), and Solenopsis
geminata (NCN) have severely impacted
the native insect fauna, likely including
native damselflies (Zimmerman 1948b,
p. 173; Reimer 1993, pp. 11–13; Hawaii
Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) database
2007). Numerous other species of ants
are recognized as threats to Hawaii’s
native invertebrates, and an unknown
number of new species are established
every few years (Staples and Cowie
2001, p. 53). Due to their preference for
drier habitat sites, ants are less likely to
occur in high densities in the aquatic
habitat currently occupied by the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies. However, some
species of ants (e.g., the long-legged ant
and Solenopsis pauana) have increased
their range into this aquatic habitat.
Furthermore, the presence of ants in
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nearly all of the lower elevation,
historical habitat sites may preclude the
future recolonization of these areas by
damselflies, including the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies. Damselfly naiads may be
particularly susceptible to ant predation
while perching on vegetation or rocks
when they crawl out of the water or seek
a terrestrial location for their
metamorphosis into the adult stage (D.
Polhemus, in litt. 2008). Newly emerged
adult damselflies are also susceptible to
predation until their wings have
sufficiently hardened to permit flight
(Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 4).
The long-legged ant appeared in
Hawaii in 1952, and now occurs on
Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Reimer
et al. 1990, p. 42). It inhabits low- to
mid-elevation (less than 2,000 ft (600
m)) rocky areas of moderate rainfall (less
than 100 in (250 cm) annually) (Reimer
et al. 1990, p. 42). Direct observations
indicate that Hawaiian arthropods are
susceptible to predation by this species
(Hardy 1979, p. 34; Gillespie and
Reimer 1993, p. 21). Solenopsis
papuana is the only abundant,
aggressive ant that has invaded intact
mesic and wet forest from sea level to
3,600 ft (1,100 m) on all the main
Hawaiian Islands. Colonies reach dense
populations, and ranges of this species
are expanding on all islands (Reimer
1993, p. 14). The blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies’
historical ranges were from sea level to
over 2,400 ft (732 m) (Williams 1936, p.
318; Englund 1999, pp. 229–230), and
they are currently found between 80 and
2,500 ft (24 and 762 m) in elevation (D.
Polhemus, in litt. 2008; Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 77; HBMP 2008). It is
likely, based on our knowledge of the
expanding range of Solenopsis papuana,
that it threatens all populations of these
three Hawaiian damselflies. The rarity
or disappearance of the native blackline,
crimson, and oceanic damselfly species
from historical observation sites is due
to a variety of factors. While there is no
documentation that conclusively ties
the decrease in the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
observations to the establishment of
nonnative ants in the lowland mesic
and lowland wet habitats, the presence
of ants in these habitats, the knowledge
that they prey on native invertebrates,
and the decline of damselfly
observations in some areas in these
habitats suggest that nonnative ants play
a role in the decline of some
populations of these damselflies.
Summary of Disease or Predation
We are unaware of any information
that indicates that disease is a threat to
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the 23 species. We consider predation
and parasitism by nonnative animal
species (pigs, goats, rats, fish, bullfrogs,
and invertebrates) to pose an ongoing
threat to 22 of the 23 species in this
proposed rule throughout their ranges,
and will continue to be so in the
foreseeable future, for the following
reasons:
(1) Observations and reports have
documented that pigs and goats browse
on and trample 18 of the 20 plant
species, and browse on and trample the
host plants of the other species (see
Table 2); other studies demonstrate the
negative impacts of ungulate browsing
and trampling on native plant species of
the Hawaiian islands (Spatz and
Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874; Diong
1982, p. 160; Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 67).
(2) Nonnative invertebrates and rats
cause mechanical damage to plants and
destruction of plant parts (branches,
fruits, seeds), affecting 14 of the 20 plant
species in this proposed rule (see Table
2).
(3) The absence of Hawaiian
damselflies (including the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies), in streams and other
aquatic habitat on the main Hawaiian
Islands is strongly correlated with the
presence of predatory nonnative fish as
documented in numerous observations
and reports (Englund 1999, p. 237;
Englund 2004, p. 27; Englund et al.
2007, p. 215), which suggests nonnative
predatory fishes eliminate native
Hawaiian damselflies from these aquatic
habitats. There are 70 introduced
species of nonnative fishes, with over 51
species established in freshwater
habitats on the Hawaiian Islands from
sea level to over 3,800 ft (1,152 m) in
elevation (Devick 1991, p. 190; Englund
and Eldredge 2001, p. 32; Brasher 2003,
p. 1,054; Englund 1999, p. 226; Englund
2004, p. 27; Englund et al. 2007, p. 232).
Accordingly, predation by nonnative
fishes is a serious and ongoing threat to
the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies (See Table 2).
(4) Damselfly naiads are vulnerable to
predation by ants, and the ranges of the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies overlap that of
particularly aggressive, nonnative,
predatory ant species that currently
occur from sea level to 2,000 ft (610 m)
in elevation on all of the main Hawaiian
Islands. We therefore consider the three
Hawaiian damselflies in this proposed
rule to be threatened by predation by
these nonnative ants.
(5) Englund et al. (2007, pp. 215, 219)
found a strong correlation between the
presence of nonnative bullfrogs and the
absence of Hawaiian damselflies.
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Bullfrogs are reported from riparian
habitat on all the main Hawaiian
Islands, except Kahoolawe and Niihau.
Bullfrogs prey on almost anything that
moves, including a wide variety of
insects, invertebrates, and vertebrates
(McKeown 1996, p. 24). The blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies also use riparian habitat,
and are likely threatened by predation
by bullfrogs.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing
Regulatory Mechanisms
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Inadequate Habitat Protection in
Terrestrial Habitat
Currently, there are no existing
Federal, State, or local laws, treaties, or
regulations that specifically conserve or
protect the 23 species proposed for
listing, or adequately address the threats
described in this proposed rule.
Although Hawaii’s Plant Extinction
Prevention Program supports
conservation of the plant species by
securing seeds or cuttings from the
rarest and most critically endangered
native species for propagation, the
program is non-regulatory. Nonnative
ungulates pose a major ongoing threat to
19 of the 20 plant species and the 3
damselflies through destruction and
degradation of terrestrial habitat, and
through direct predation of 19 of the 20
plant species. The State of Hawaii
provides game mammal (feral pigs and
goats) hunting opportunities on 12
State-designated public hunting areas
on the island of Oahu (H.A.R. sec. 13–
123; DLNR 2009, pp. 25–30). The State’s
management objectives for game
animals range from maximizing public
hunting opportunities (e.g., sustained
yield) in some areas to removal by State
staff, or their designees, in other areas
(H.A.R. sec. 13–123). Fifteen of the 20
plant species and all three damselfly
species have populations in areas where
terrestrial habitat may be managed for
game enhancement, and where game
populations are maintained at certain
levels through public hunting (HBMP
2008; H.A.R. sec. 13–123). Public
hunting areas are not fenced, and game
mammals have unrestricted access to
most areas across the landscape,
regardless of underlying land use
designation. While fences are sometimes
built to provide protection from game
mammals, the current number and
locations of fences are not adequate to
prevent habitat destruction and
degradation of the terrestrial habitat of
22 of the 23 species, and direct
predation of 19 of the 20 plant species
on Oahu.
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Inadequate Habitat Protection in
Aquatic Habitat
Existing regulations are inadequate to
maintain stream flow year round for the
different life stages of the three
damselflies. In Hawaii, instream flow is
regulated by establishing standards on a
stream-by-stream basis. The standards
currently in effect represent flow
conditions in 1988, the year the
administrative rules were adopted (State
Water Code, Haw. Rev. Stat. 174C–71,
and Administrative Rules of the State
Water Code, Title 13, Chapter 169–44–
49). The State of Hawaii considers all
natural flowing surface water (streams,
springs, and seeps) as State property
(Haw. Rev. Stat. 174C), and the HDLNR
has management responsibility for the
aquatic organisms in these waters (Haw.
Rev. Stat. Annotated, 1988, Title 12;
1992 Cumulative Supplement).
Accordingly, damselfly populations in
all natural flowing surface waters are
under jurisdiction of the State of
Hawaii, regardless of property
ownership. This includes the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly populations.
The State of Hawaii manages the use
of surface and ground water resources
through the Commission on Water
Resource Management (Water
Commission), as mandated by the 1987
State Water Code (State Water Code,
Haw. Rev. Stat. 174, and Administrative
Rules of the State Water Code, Title 13,
Chapters 168 and 169). Because of the
complexity of establishing Instream
Flow Standards (IFS) for approximately
376 perennial streams, the Water
Commission established interim IFS at
status quo levels in 1987 (Commission
on Water Resource Management 2009).
In the Waiahole Ditch Combined
Contested Hearing on Oahu (1997–
2006), the Hawaii Supreme Court
determined that status quo interim IFS
were not adequate, and required the
Water Commission to reassess the IFS
for Waiahole Ditch and other streams
Statewide (Case No. CCH–OA95–1). The
Water Commission has been gathering
information to fulfill this requirement
since 2006, but no IFS
recommendations have been made to
date (Commission on Water Resource
Management 2009).
In the Hawaii Stream Assessment
Report (1990), prepared in coordination
with the National Park Service, the State
Water Commission identified highquality rivers or streams, or portions of
rivers or streams, that may be placed
within a Wild and Scenic River system.
This report recommended that streams
meeting certain criteria be protected
from further development. However,
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there is no mechanism within the
State’s Water Code to designate and set
aside these streams, or to identify and
protect stream habitat for Hawaiian
damselflies.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(COE) has regulatory jurisdiction under
section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33
U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) for activities that
would result in a discharge of dredged
or fill material into waters of the United
States. However, in issuing these
permits, the COE does not typically
establish instream flow standards as a
matter of policy (U.S. Army 1985, RGL
85–6).
Because there are currently no
Federal, State, or local laws, treaties, or
regulations that specifically or
effectively conserve or protect the 23
species, or adequately address the
threats from nonnative ungulates to the
terrestrial habitat of 22 of the 23 species
and from inadequate maintenance of
instream flow for blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly habitat,
these threats are ongoing and are
expected to continue into the future.
Inadequate Protection From
Introduction of Nonnative Species
The Hawaii Department of
Agriculture (HDOA) is the lead State
agency in protecting Hawaii’s
agricultural and horticultural industries,
animal and public health, natural
resources and environment from the
introduction of nonnative, invasive
species (HDLNR 2003, p. 3–10). While
there are several State agencies (HDOA,
HDLNR, Hawaii Department of Health)
authorized to prevent the entry of pest
species into the State, the existing
regulations are inadequate for the
reasons discussed in the sections below.
In 1995, a partnership, Coordinating
Group on Alien Pest Species (CGAPS),
comprised primarily of managers from
every major Federal, State, county, and
private agency and organization
involved in invasive species work in
Hawaii, was formed in an effort to
influence policy and funding decisions,
improve communication, increase
collaboration, and promote public
awareness (CGAPS 2009). This group
facilitated the formation of the Hawaii
Invasive Species Council (HISC), which
was created by gubernatorial executive
order in 2002, to coordinate local
initiatives for the prevention and
control of invasive species by providing
policy level direction and planning for
the State departments responsible for
invasive species issues. In 2003, the
governor signed into law Act 85, which
conveys statutory authority to the HISC
to continue to coordinate approaches
among the various State and Federal
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agencies, and international and local
initiatives, for the prevention and
control of invasive species (HDLNR
2003, p. 3–15; HISC 2009a; Haw. Rev.
Stat. sec. 194–2(a)). Some of the recent
priorities for the HISC include
interagency efforts to control nonnative
species such as the plants Miconia
calvescens (miconia) and Cortaderia sp.
(pampas grass), coqui frogs
(Eleutherodactylus coqui), and ants
(HISC 2009). In early 2009, HISC
projected that, due to a tighter economy
in Hawaii and anticipated budget cuts
in State funding support of up to 50
percent, there will be a serious setback
in conservation achievements, and the
loss of experienced, highly trained staff
(HISC 2009b).
Nonnative Aquatic Species
Existing State and Federal regulatory
mechanisms are not adequately
preventing the introduction of
nonnative species to Hawaii via interState and international mechanisms, or
intra-State movement of nonnative
species between islands and watersheds
in Hawaii. The importation of nondomestic animals, including aquatic
species, is regulated by a permit system
(H.A.R. sec. 4–71) managed through the
Hawaii Department of Agriculture
(HDOA). The HDOA’s Board of
Agriculture maintains lists of nondomestic animals that are prohibited
from entry, animals with entry
restrictions, or those that require a
permit for import and possession. The
HDOA requires a permit to import
animals, and conditionally approves
entry for individual possession,
businesses (e.g., pet/resale trade, retail
sales, food consumption), or
institutions.
The Division of Aquatic Resources
(DAR), within the State’s HDLNR,
manages the aquatic resources of the
State (Hawaii DAR 2009), and is
responsible for conserving, protecting,
and enhancing the State’s renewable
resources of aquatic life and habitat
(HDLNR 2003, p. 3–13). The release of
live nonnative fish or other live
nonnative aquatic life into any waters of
the State is prohibited (Haw. Rev. Stat.
sec. 187A–6.5). The DAR has the
authority to seize, confiscate, or destroy
as a public nuisance, any fish or other
aquatic life found in any waters of the
State and whose importation is
prohibited or restricted pursuant to
rules of the HDOA (Section 187A–2 (4
Haw. Rev. Stat. sec. 187A–6.5)). State
and Federal regulations are in place to
prevent the unauthorized entry of
nonnative aquatic animals such as fish
and amphibians into the State of
Hawaii; however, their intentional or
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inadvertent introduction and movement
between islands and between
watersheds continues, although
prohibited (HDOA 2003, pp. 2–12–2–
14). However, there is insufficient
regulatory capacity to adequately
enforce such regulations or to provide
for sufficient inspection services and
monitoring, although this priority need
is recognized (D. Cravalho, Hawaii
Department of Agriculture, in litt. 2009).
Nonnative Invertebrate Species
Predation by nonnative invertebrate
pests (e.g., slugs, black twig borer, twospotted leafhopper) adversely impacts
13 of the plant species (see Table 2). In
addition, naiads of the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are vulnerable to predation
by ants. The decline of damselfly
observations and the establishment of
ants in lowland mesic and lowland wet
habitats on Oahu suggest that the
presence of nonnative ants in these
habitats may preclude their occupancy
by native damselflies (see Factor C.
Disease or Predation). The prevention
and control of introduction of pest
species in Hawaii is the responsibility of
Hawaii State government and Federal
agencies, along with a few private
organizations. Even though these
agencies have regulations and some
controls in place, the introduction and
movement of nonnative invertebrate
pest species between islands and from
one watershed to the next continues.
For example, an average of 20 new alien
invertebrate species were introduced to
Hawaii per year since 1970, an increase
of 25 percent over the previous totals
between 1930 to 1970 (The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii 1992, p. 8).
Nonnative Plant Species
Nonnative plants destroy and modify
habitat throughout the ranges of each of
the 20 plant species being addressed in
this proposed rule. As such, they
represent a serious and ongoing threat to
each of these plant species. In addition,
nonnative plants have been shown to
outcompete native plants and convert
native-dominated plant communities to
nonnative plant communities (see
‘‘Habitat Destruction and Modification
by Nonnative Plants,’’ under Factor A,
above). The HDOA regulates the import
of plants into the State from domestic
origins under Hawaii State law Haw.
Rev. Stat. Ch. 150A. While all plants
require inspection upon entry into the
State and must be ‘‘apparently free’’ of
insects and diseases, not all plants
require import permits. Parcels brought
into the State by mail or cargo must be
clearly labeled as ‘‘plant materials’’ or
‘‘agricultural commodities,’’ but it is
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unlikely that all of these parcels are
inspected or monitored prior to delivery
in Hawaii. Shipments of plant material
into Hawaii must be accompanied by an
invoice or packing manifest listing the
contents and quantities of the items
imported, but, again, it is unclear if all
of these shipments are inspected or
monitored prior to delivery (HDOA
2009).
There are only 12 plant crops that are
regulated (H.A.R. 4–70) to some degree,
including sugarcane and grasses,
pineapple and other bromeliads, coffee,
cruciferous vegetables, orchids, banana,
passion fruit, pine, coconut, hosts of
European corn borer, palms, and hosts
of Caribbean fruit fly (HDLNR 2003, p.
3–11). The HDOA also maintains the
State list of noxious weeds, and these
plants are restricted from entry into the
State except by permit from the HDOA’s
Plant Quarantine Branch. Although the
State has general guidelines for the
importation of plants, and regulations
are in place regarding the plant crops
mentioned above, the intentional or
inadvertent introduction of nonnative
plants outside the regulatory process
and movement of species between
islands and from one watershed to the
next continues, which represents a
threat to native flora for the reasons
described above. In addition,
government funding is inadequate to
provide for sufficient inspection
services and monitoring. One study
concluded that the plant importation
laws virtually ensure new invasive
plants will be introduced via the
nursery and ornamental trade, and that
outreach efforts cannot keep up with the
multitude of new invasive plants being
distributed. The author states the only
thing that wide-scale public outreach
can do in this regard is to let the public
know new invasive plants are still being
sold, and they should ask for
noninvasive or native plants instead (C.
Martin, in litt. 2007, p. 9).
On the basis of the above information,
existing regulatory mechanisms do not
adequately protect the 23 species being
addressed in this proposed rule from the
threat of new introductions of nonnative
species, and the continued expansion of
nonnative species populations on and
between islands and watersheds.
Nonnative species may prey upon,
modify or destroy habitat of, or directly
compete with one or more of the 23
species for food, space, and other
necessary resources. Because current
Federal, State, and local laws, treaties,
and regulations are inadequate to
prevent the introduction of nonnative
species from outside the State of
Hawaii, as well as the spread of
nonnative species between islands and
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watersheds, the impacts from these
introduced threats are ongoing and are
expected to continue in the foreseeable
future.
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Summary of Inadequacy of Existing
Regulatory Mechanisms
We consider the threat from
inadequate regulatory mechanisms to be
ongoing, and we expect them to
continue into the future, for the
following reasons:
(1) The State’s current management of
nonnative game mammals is inadequate
to prevent the degradation and
destruction of habitat of 22 of the 23
species (Factor A), and predation of 19
of the 20 plant species (Factor C).
(2) The State Water Code does not
provide for permanent or minimum IFS
for the protection of aquatic ecosystems
upon which the damselfly species
proposed for listing depend, and does
not contain a regulatory mechanism for
identifying and protecting damselfly
habitat (Factor A).
(3) Regulatory requirements under
section 404 of the Clean Water Act are
triggered only for activities that involve
a discharge of dredged or fill material
into waters of the United States. Section
404 of the Clean Water Act does not
protect damselfly habitat or require
implementation of instream flow
requirements (Factor A).
(4) Existing State and Federal
regulatory mechanisms are not
preventing the introduction into Hawaii
or the spread of nonnative species
between islands and watersheds.
Habitat-altering nonnative plant species
(Factor A) and predation by nonnative
animal species (Factor C) pose a major
ongoing threat to the 23 species being
addressed in this proposed rule.
Because existing regulatory
mechanisms are inadequate to maintain
habitat for the 23 species, and to prevent
the spread of nonnative species, the
inadequacy of existing regulatory
mechanisms is considered to be a
serious threat, both now and in the
foreseeable future. Each of the 20
proposed plant species are threatened
by habitat degradation and loss by
nonnative plants (Factor A), and 19 of
the 20 plants are threatened by
nonnative animals (Factor A and Factor
C). The three damselflies are threatened
by habitat degradation and loss by
stream channeling, conversion, and
similar activities (Factor A), and by
predation by nonnative fish and ants
(Factor C). Therefore, all 23 species are
threatened by the inadequacy of the
regulatory mechanisms to address
habitat degradation and loss, and
nonnative species.
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E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors
Affecting Their Continued Existence
Other factors threatening some or all
of the 23 species include small number
of populations and small population
sizes, human trampling as a result of
hiking and other activities, loss of host
plants, and lack of regeneration. Each
threat is discussed in detail below,
along with identification of which
species are affected by these threats.
Small Number of Populations and
Individuals
Species that are endemic to single
islands are inherently more vulnerable
to extinction than are widespread
species, because of the increased risk of
genetic bottlenecks; random
demographic fluctuations; climate
change effects; and localized
catastrophes such as hurricanes,
landslides, rockfalls, drought, and
disease outbreaks (Pimm et al. 1988, p.
757; Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607).
These problems are further magnified
when populations are few and restricted
to a very small geographic area, and
when the number of individuals of each
population is very small. Populations
with these characteristics face an
increased likelihood of stochastic
extinction, due to changes in
demography, the environment, genetics,
´
or other factors (Gilpin and Soule 1986,
pp. 24–34). Small, isolated populations
often exhibit reduced levels of genetic
variability, which diminishes the
species’ capacity to adapt and respond
to environmental changes, thereby
lessening the probability of long-term
persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991,
p. 4; Newman and Pilson 1997, p. 361).
The problems associated with small
population size and vulnerability to
random demographic fluctuations or
natural catastrophes are further
magnified by synergistic interactions
with other threats, such as those
discussed above (see discussions under
Factors A and C).
Very small plant populations may
experience reduced reproductive vigor
due to ineffective pollination or
inbreeding depression. This is
particularly true for the functionally
unisexual plants in this proposal like
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, in
which staminate (male) and pistillate
(female) flowers occur on separate
individuals. Isolated individuals have
difficulty achieving natural pollen
exchange, which decreases the
production of viable seed. Populations
are also impacted by demographic
stochasticity, through which
populations are skewed toward either
male or female individuals by chance.
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The following nine plant species in
this proposal are threatened by limited
numbers (e.g., they total fewer than 50
individuals): Cyanea purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense. We consider
these species threatened by small
population size for the following
reasons:
• Cyanea purpurellifolia is
susceptible to reduced reproductive
vigor due to the low number (18) of
individuals remaining (DLNR 2005, p.
2). Although highly threatened by feral
pigs, none of the individuals of this
species are protected from ungulate
predation (PEP 2007, p. 13).
• Cyrtandra gracilis is known only
from a single occurrence, with six to
eight individuals (NTBG Provenance
Reports 2002, p. 1 and 2004, p. 1; PEP
2007a, p. 16).
• The only known wild populations
of Cyrtandra kaulantha and Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis are
imminently threatened by flooding,
landslides, and rock falls because of
their locations in steep gulches (PEP
2006, p. 46, 51; PEP 2007a, p. 25).
• The last confirmed observation of
Cyrtandra waiolani in the wild was
approximately 40 years ago. The
tentative identification of an individual
in the wild as C. waiolani in 2005
cannot be confirmed without flowers or
fruit. In addition, there are no tissues,
propagules, or seeds in storage or
propagation that have positively been
identified (PEP 2007a, p. 19; A. Bakutis,
in litt. 2008).
• Melicope hiiakae is susceptible to
reduced reproductive vigor due to the
lack of pollination and seed predation
(NTBG Report 2007, p. 4; S. Perlman, in
litt. 2007b).
• Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
individuals are widely scattered in the
Koolau Mountains, and are susceptible
to reduced reproductive vigor (HBMP
2008).
• The range of known occurrences of
Tetraplasandra lydgatei has been
reduced from 10 mi (16 km) to 2 mi (3
km) since 2005, and consists of 2
occurrences totaling 8 individuals
(HBMP 2008). These individuals are
showing a decline in health (A. Bakutis,
in litt. 2008).
• Botanists have observed a steady
decline in the numbers of individuals of
Zanthoxylum oahuense over the last 9
years. This species is also susceptible to
infestation by the two-spotted
leafhopper (B. Garnett and J. Obata, in
litt. 1999).
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The blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies are threatened by
limited numbers. Jordan et al. (2007, p.
247) conducted a genetic and
comparative phylogeography analysis
(study of historical processes
responsible for genetic divergence
within a species) of four Hawaiian
Megalagrion species, including Pacific
Hawaiian damselfly, an endangered
species (June 24, 2010; 75 FR 35990),
and the orangeblack Hawaiian damselfy,
a candidate species (November 9, 2009;
74 FR 57804). This analysis
demonstrated Megalagrion populations
with low genetic diversity are at greater
risk of decline and extinction than those
with high genetic diversity. The authors
found that low genetic diversity was
observed in populations known to be
bottlenecked or relictual (groups of
animals or plants that exist as a remnant
of a formerly widely distributed group),
including Oahu and Maui populations
of orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly and
Pacific Hawaiian damselfly. Although
this study did not include an analysis of
the blackline, crimson, or oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, given that these
five species have similar habitat,
breeding, and life-history requirements,
are related phylogenetically (same
genus), and have low numbers of
populations and individuals, it is
reasonable to assume that populations
of the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies (each known from
fewer than 20 populations) are also at
great risk of decline and extinction.
Human Trampling and Hiking
Visitors on foot, horseback, and
motorbikes may threaten Cyanea
calycina directly due to trampling and
other direct damage, and indirectly due
to being a source of fire ignition in areas
in the southern Waianae Mountains
(TNC 1997, p. 10). Human impacts, such
as trampling by hikers, has been
documented as a threat to C. calycina in
the northern Waianae Mountains,
between Kaala and Puu Kalena summits
(Wood, in litt. 2001). The largest known
population of Cyrtandra sessilis is
located along a popular hiking trail in
the Koolau Mountains, and individuals
climbing and hiking off the established
trail to visit this occurrence could
trample individual plants and
contribute to soil compaction and
erosion, preventing growth and
establishment of seedlings (Bakutis
2008a). This type of activity has been
observed with other native species
(Wood, in litt. 2001; Hawaii Rare Plant
Restoration Group 2007, p. 2).
Doryopteris takeuchii occurs on the
slopes of Diamond Head crater, a
popular location for visitation by tour
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groups and hikers (HBMP 2008).
Individuals leaving established trails
will inadvertently trample plants and
contribute to erosion of the steep
hillsides where the plants are found.
Field biologists have also observed
trampling of vegetation near
populations of Melicope hiiakae in the
Koolau Mountains, suggesting that
hikers could also be a threat to this
species (Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration
Group 2007, p. 2).
Loss of Host Plants and Loss of
Regeneration
One species in this proposal,
Korthalsella degeneri, is an obligate
parasite on two native host plants,
Sapindus oahuensis and Nestegis
sandwicensis, which occur in the dry
cliff ecosystem of the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Introduced
ungulates are a threat to the host plants,
because of trampling and topsoil
disruption, leading to erosion and the
establishment and spread of nonnative
plants (Factor A). Nonnative plants are
a threat to K. degeneri, because they: (1)
Degrade habitat and outcompete native
plants; (2) can increase the intensity,
extent, and frequency of fire, converting
native shrubland and forest to land
dominated by alien grasses; and (3) may
cause the loss of the native host plants
upon which K. degeneri depends (Factor
A). In addition, the host plants are at
risk of predation by feral ungulates,
although ungulates are unlikely to be a
direct threat to K. degeneri (Factor C),
because of its parasitic characteristics.
Lack of regeneration or low levels of
regeneration (i.e., reproduction) in the
wild has been documented, and
represents a threat to, Melicope
makahae and Pleomele forbesii (HBMP
2008; J. Lau, in litt. 2001). There are four
scattered populations of Melicope
makahae in the Waianae Mountains.
Two of these populations are at risk of
extirpation because only one adult plant
has been observed at one location and
one adult plant and a single juvenile
plant have been observed at the second
location. There are 19 populations of P.
forbesii in the Waianae Mountains, and
only one population in the Koolau
Mountains. The Koolau population is at
risk of extirpation because of very few
(if any) seedlings or juvenile plants have
been observed, which indicates a lack of
reproduction.
Summary of Other Natural or Manmade
Factors Affecting Their Continued
Existence
We consider the limited numbers of
populations and few (less than 50)
individuals to be serious and ongoing
threat to at least nine plant species in
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this proposed rule because: (1) These
species may experience reduced
reproductive vigor due to ineffective
pollination or inbreeding depression; (2)
they may experience reduced levels of
genetic variability leading to diminished
capacity to adapt and respond to
environmental changes, thereby
lessening the probability of long-term
persistence; and (3) a single catastrophic
event may result in extirpation of
remaining populations and extinction of
the species. This threat applies to the
entire range of each species.
The threat to the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies from
limited numbers of populations and
individuals is ongoing and is expected
to continue into the future because: (1)
These species may experience reduced
reproductive vigor due to inbreeding
depression; (2) they may experience
reduced levels of genetic variability
leading to diminished capacity to adapt
and respond to environmental changes,
thereby lessening the probability of
long-term persistence; (3) a single
catastrophic event (e.g., hurricane,
landslide) may result in extirpation of
remaining populations and extinction of
these species; and (4) species with few
known locations, such as the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, are less resilient to threats
that might otherwise have a relatively
minor impact on widely distributed
species. For example, the reduced
availability of breeding habitat or an
increase in predation of naiads that
might be absorbed in widely distributed
species could result in a significant
decrease in survivorship or
reproduction of a species with limited
distribution. The limited distribution of
these three species thus magnifies the
severity of the impact of the other
threats discussed in this proposed rule.
In addition, the threat to Cyanea
calycina, Cyrtandra sessilis, Doryopteris
takeuchii, and Melicope hiiakae from
human activities (e.g., trampling and
hiking) is ongoing and expected to
continue into the future because
populations of all of these species are
located near hiking trails or in areas
used for recreational activities and the
effect of these activities could lead to
injury and death of individual plants.
The threat to Korthalsella degeneri
from loss of its host plants is ongoing
and expected to continue into the future
because threats to its host plants from
nonnative plants and feral ungulates are
uncontrolled. Finally, we consider the
threat to Melicope makahae and
Pleomele forbesii from lack of
regeneration to be ongoing and expected
to continue into the future because, with
their small numbers in the wild, any
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competition from nonnative plants or
habitat modification or predation by
ungulates could lead to the extirpation
of these species.
Proposed Listing Determination for 23
Species
We have carefully assessed the best
scientific and commercial information
available regarding threats to each of the
23 Oahu species. We find that all of
these species face threats, which are
ongoing and expected to continue into
the future throughout their ranges, from
the present destruction and
modification of their habitats, primarily
from feral ungulates and nonnative
plants. Six of these species (Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Pleomele forbesii, and
Pteralyxia macrocarpa) are threatened
by habitat destruction and modification
from fire, and 14 species (Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae, M.
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
and the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies) are threatened by
the destruction and modification of
their habitats from hurricanes,
landslides, rockfalls, and flooding. In
addition, we are concerned about the
effects of projected climate change,
particularly rising temperatures, but
recognize there is limited information
on the exact nature of impacts from
climate change (Factor A). There is a
serious threat of widespread impacts of
predation and herbivory on 19 of the 20
plant species (all plant species except
Doryopteris takeuchii) by nonnative
pigs, goats, rats, and invertebrates; and
likely by predation on the three
damselflies (blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies) by
nonnative fish, bullfrogs and ants
(Factor C). The inadequacy of existing
regulatory mechanisms (e.g., inadequate
protection of habitat and inadequate
protection from the introduction of
nonnative species) poses a current and
ongoing threat to all 23 species (Factor
D). There are current and ongoing
threats to nine plant species (Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. waiolani, Melicope
hiiakae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense) and the three
damselflies due to factors associated
with small numbers of populations and
individuals (Factor E); to Melicope
makahae and Pleomele forbesii from the
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lack of regeneration (Factor E); to
Cyanea calycina, Cyrtandra sessilis,
Doryopteris takeuchii, and Melicope
hiiakae from trampling (Factor E); and
to Korthalsella degeneri from the loss of
native host plants (Factor E) (see Table
2). In addition, the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
threatened by habitat degradation and
loss due to agriculture and urban
development, by stream diversion and
channelization, and by dewatering of
aquifers (Factor A). These threats are
exacerbated by these species’ inherent
vulnerability to extinction from
stochastic events at any time because of
their endemism, small numbers of
individuals and populations, and
restricted habitats.
The Act defines an endangered
species as any species that is ‘‘in danger
of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range’’ and a
threatened species as any species that is
‘‘likely to become an endangered
species within the foreseeable future
throughout all or a significant portion of
its range.’’ We find that each of these
endemic species is presently in danger
of extinction throughout its entire range,
based on the immediacy, severity, and
scope of the threats described above.
Therefore, on the basis of the best
available scientific and commercial
information, we propose listing the
following 23 species as endangered in
accordance with section 3(6) of the Act:
the plants Bidens amplectens, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Korthalsella degeneri,
Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, Zanthoxylum
oahuense, and the damselflies
Megalagrion leptodemas, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum, and
Megalagrion oceanicum.
Under the Act and our implementing
regulations, a species may warrant
listing if it is endangered or threatened
throughout all or a significant portion of
its range. Each of the 23 endemic Oahu
species proposed for listing in this
proposed rule is highly restricted in its
range, and the threats occur throughout
its range. Therefore, we assessed the
status of each species throughout its
entire range. In each case, the threats to
the survival of these species occur
throughout the species’ range and are
not restricted to any particular portion
of that range. Accordingly, our
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assessment and proposed determination
applies to each species throughout its
entire range.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to
species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act include
recognition, recovery actions,
requirements for Federal protection, and
prohibitions against certain activities.
Recognition through listing results in
public awareness and conservation by
Federal, State, and local agencies;
private organizations; and individuals.
The Act encourages cooperation with
the States and requires that recovery
actions be carried out for all listed
species. The protection measures
required of Federal agencies and the
prohibitions against certain activities
involving listed animals and plants are
discussed, in part, below.
The primary purpose of the Act is the
conservation of endangered and
threatened species and the ecosystems
upon which they depend. The ultimate
goal of such conservation efforts is the
recovery of these listed species, so that
they no longer need the protective
measures of the Act. Subsection 4(f) of
the Act requires the Service to develop
and implement recovery plans for the
conservation of endangered and
threatened species unless it would not
promote the conservation of the species.
The recovery planning process involves
the identification of actions that are
necessary to halt or reverse the species’
decline by addressing the threats to its
survival and recovery. The goal of this
process is to restore listed species to a
point where they are secure, selfsustaining, and functioning components
of their ecosystems.
Recovery planning includes the
development of a recovery outline
shortly after a species is listed,
preparation of a draft and final recovery
plan, and revisions to the plan as
significant new information becomes
available. The recovery outline guides
the immediate implementation of urgent
recovery actions and describes the
process to be used to develop a recovery
plan. The recovery plan identifies sitespecific management actions that will
achieve recovery of the species,
measurable criteria that determine when
a species may be downlisted or delisted,
and methods for monitoring recovery
progress. Recovery plans also establish
a framework for agencies to coordinate
their recovery efforts and provide
estimates of the cost of implementing
recovery tasks. Recovery teams are often
established to develop recovery plans.
When completed, the recovery outlines,
draft recovery plans, and the final
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recovery plans will be available from
our Web site (https://www.fws.gov/
endangered), or from our Pacific Islands
Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Implementation of recovery actions
generally requires the participation of a
broad range of partners, including other
Federal agencies, States, nongovernmental organizations, businesses,
and private landowners. Examples of
recovery actions include habitat
restoration (e.g., restoration of native
vegetation), research, captive
propagation and reintroduction, and
outreach and education. The recovery of
many listed species cannot be
accomplished solely on Federal lands
because their range may occur primarily
or solely on non-Federal lands. To
achieve recovery of these species
requires cooperative conservation efforts
on private and State lands.
If these species are listed, funding for
recovery actions will be available from
a variety of sources, including Federal
budgets, State programs, and cost share
grants for non-Federal landowners, the
academic community, and nongovernmental organizations. In addition,
pursuant to section 6 of the Act, the
State of Hawaii would be eligible for
Federal funds to implement
management actions that promote the
protection and recovery of the 23
species proposed for listing. Information
on our grant programs that are available
to aid species recovery can be found at:
https://www.fws.gov/grants.
Although the 23 species are only
proposed for listing under the Act at
this time, please let us know if you are
interested in participating in recovery
efforts for these species in the event
they are listed. Additionally, we invite
you to submit any new information on
these species whenever it becomes
available and any information you may
have for recovery planning purposes
(see ADDRESSES).
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended,
requires Federal agencies to evaluate
their actions with respect to any species
that is proposed or listed as endangered
or threatened with respect to its critical
habitat, if any is designated. Regulations
implementing this interagency
cooperation provision of the Act are
codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section
7(a)(1) of the Act mandates that all
Federal agencies shall utilize their
authorities in furtherance of the
purposes of the Act by carrying out
programs for the conservation of
endangered and threatened species
listed pursuant to section 4 of the Act.
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires
Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not
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likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of a listed species or result in
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat. If a Federal action may
affect the continued existence of a listed
species or its critical habitat, the
responsible Federal agency must enter
into consultation with the Service.
For the 23 plants and animals
proposed for listing as endangered
species in this proposed rule, Federal
agency actions that may require
consultation as described in the
preceding paragraph include, but are
not limited to, actions within the
jurisdiction of the Natural Resources
Conservation Service, the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and branches of the
Department of Defense (DOD). Examples
of these types of actions include
activities funded or authorized under
the Farm Bill Program, Environmental
Quality Incentives Program, Ground and
Surface Water Conservation Program,
Clean Water Act, Partners for Fish and
Wildlife Program, and DOD
construction activities related to
training or other military missions.
The Act and its implementing
regulations set forth a series of general
prohibitions and exceptions that apply
to all endangered wildlife and plants.
The prohibitions, codified at 50 CFR
17.21 for wildlife and 17.61 for plants,
apply. These prohibitions, in part, make
it illegal for any person subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States to take
(includes harass, harm, pursue, hunt,
shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or
collect; or to attempt any of these),
import, export, ship in interstate
commerce in the course of commercial
activity, or sell or offer for sale in
interstate or foreign commerce any
listed wildlife species. It is also illegal
to possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport,
or ship any such wildlife that has been
taken illegally. In addition, for plants
listed as endangered, the prohibitions
include import or export, malicious
damage or destruction on areas under
Federal jurisdiction, and the removal,
cutting, digging up, or damaging or
destroying of such plants in knowing
violation of any State law or regulation,
including State criminal trespass law.
Certain exceptions to the prohibitions
apply to agents of the Service and State
conservation agencies.
We may issue permits to carry out
otherwise prohibited activities
involving threatened or endangered
wildlife and plant species under certain
circumstances. Regulations governing
permits are codified at 50 CFR 17.22
and 17.62 for endangered wildlife and
plants, respectively. With regard to
endangered wildlife, a permit must be
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issued for the following purposes: for
scientific purposes, to enhance the
propagation or survival of the species,
and for incidental take in connection
with otherwise lawful activities. With
regard to endangered plants, a permit
must be issued for the following
purposes: for scientific purposes or for
the enhancement of propagation or
survival. Requests for copies of the
regulations regarding listed species and
inquiries about prohibitions and permits
may be addressed to U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Ecological Services,
Eastside Federal Complex, 911 N.E. 11th
Avenue, Portland, OR 97232–4181
(telephone 503–231–6158; facsimile
503–231–6243).
It is our policy, as published in the
Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34272), to identify to the maximum
extent practicable at the time a species
is listed, those activities that would or
would not constitute a violation of
section 9 of the Act. The intent of this
policy is to increase public awareness of
the effect of a proposed listing on
proposed and ongoing activities within
the range of species proposed for listing.
The following activities could
potentially result in a violation of
section 9 of the Act; this list is not
comprehensive:
(1) Unauthorized collecting, handling,
possessing, selling, delivering, carrying,
or transporting of the species, including
import or export across State lines and
international boundaries, except for
properly documented antique
specimens of these taxa at least 100
years old, as defined by section 10(h)(1)
of the Act.
(2) Introduction of nonnative species
that compete with or prey upon the 23
species, such as the introduction of
competing, nonnative plants or animals
to the State of Hawaii.
(3) The unauthorized release of
biological control agents that attack any
life stage of these 23 species.
(4) Unauthorized modification of the
channel or water flow of any stream or
removal or destruction of emergent
aquatic vegetation in any body of water
in which the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
known to occur.
(5) Unauthorized discharge of
chemicals or fill material into any
waters in which the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
known to occur.
Questions regarding whether specific
activities would constitute a violation of
section 9 of the Act should be directed
to the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife
Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT). Requests for copies of the
regulations concerning listed animals
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and general inquiries regarding
prohibitions and permits may be
addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Endangered Species Permits,
Ecological Services, Eastside Federal
Complex, 911 NE. 11th Avenue,
Portland, OR 97232–4181 (telephone
503–231–6158; facsimile 503–231–
6243).
If the 23 species are listed under the
Act, the State of Hawaii’s endangered
species law (Haw. Rev. Stat. sec.195D 1–
32) will be automatically invoked and
provide supplemental protection,
including prohibiting take of these
species and encouraging conservation
by State government agencies. Further,
the State may enter into agreements
with Federal agencies to administer and
manage any area required for the
conservation, management,
enhancement, or protection of
endangered species (Haw. Rev. Stat. sec.
195D–5). Funds for these activities
could be made available under section
6 of the Act (Cooperation with the
States). Thus, the Federal protection
afforded to these species by listing them
as endangered species will be reinforced
and supplemented by protection under
State law.
Proposed Taxonomic Name Changes for
10 Plant Species Since Listing
In 1982 we listed Euphorbia
skottsbergii var. kalaeloana (47 FR
36846; August 24, 1982) as endangered
following the taxonomy of Sherff (1936),
although in 1959 Degener and Degener
had moved this species to Chamaesyce
(Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
kalaeloana). In both publications the
range for this species included only the
‘‘Ewa Plains of Oahu, Hawaii, in the
vicinity of Barbers Point’’ (also known
as Kalaeloa). In 1990, Koutnik (p. 615)
placed Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
kalaeloana in synonymy with C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii. According
to Koutnik, the range for C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii included southwestern
Oahu (the Ewa Plains) and northwestern
Molokai. However, in 2005, based on
genetic analysis, Morden and Gregoritza
(2005, p. 969) found that the Oahu and
Molokai populations of C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii are genetically distinct
and they supported the recognition of
these two populations as distinct
varieties. The authors suggested that the
variety on Molokai should be
recognized by the previously used
variety name, C. skottsbergii var.
audens. The scientific community and
the Service currently accept Morden
and Gregoritza’s taxonomic clarification
of C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, the
range of which includes only
southwestern Oahu.
At the time we listed Alsinidendron
obovatum (56 FR 55770; October 29,
1991), A. trinerve (56 FR 55770; October
29, 1991), Hedyotis coriacea (57 FR
20772; May 15, 1992), H. degeneri (56
FR 55770; October 29, 1991), H. parvula
(56 FR 55770; October 29, 1991), and
Lipochaeta tenuifolia (56 FR 55770;
October 29, 1991) as endangered, we
followed the taxonomic treatment of
Wagner et al. (1990, pp. 343, 501,
1,141–1,142, 1,148–1,150).
Subsequently, Wagner et al. (2005, pp.
57–63) recognized and published new
combinations (new genus and species
names) for Alsinidendron obovatum
(now Schiedea obovata) and A. trinerve
(now Schiedea trinervis) based on
phylogenetic analyses. These new
combinations are currently accepted by
the scientific community and by the
Service. Terrell et al. (2005, pp. 832,
833) published new combinations for
Hedyotis coriacea (now Kadua
coriacea), H. degeneri (now Kadua
46397
degeneri, and includes K. degeneri var.
coprosmifolia and K. degeneri var.
degeneri), and placed Hedyotis parvula
in synonymy with Kadua parvula, an
earlier and validly published name.
Wagner and Robinson (2001, p. 554)
recognized and published new
combinations for several Hawaiian
species of Lipochaeta, including
Lipochaeta tenuifolia (now Melanthera
tenuifolia). At the time we listed
Phlegmariurus nutans (59 FR 14482;
March 28, 1994), we followed Ollgaard’s
Index of the Lycopodiaceae (1989, 135
pp.). Most recently, Palmer placed
Phlegmariurus nutans in synonymy
with Huperzia nutans (Palmer 2003, p.
257). We listed Mariscus pennatiformis
(which included M. pennatiformis ssp.
bryanii and M. pennatiformis ssp.
pennatiformis) as endangered in 1994
(59 FR 56333) following the taxonomic
treatment of Koyama (in Wagner et al.
1990, pp. 1,421–1,422). Since then,
Strong and Wagner (1997, p. 39) and
more recently, Wagner et al. (2003, pp.
52–53) moved all Hawaiian species of
Mariscus to Cyperus. The accepted
epithet for this species is Cyperus
pennatiformis and includes C.
pennatiformis var. bryanii and C.
pennatiformis var. pennatiformis. The
range of the species at the time of listing
and now has not changed.
All of the aforementioned name
changes are currently accepted by the
scientific community, and we are
proposing to accept them for purposes
of the List of Endangered and
Threatened Plants at 50 CFR 17.12 (see
Table 3). These changes would also
require us to make editorial revisions to
a limited number of units and species
descriptions in 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1) and
(b) (Kauai), and 50 CFR 17.99(e)(1) and
(f) (Maui), to adopt the taxonomic
revisions.
TABLE 3—PROPOSED NAME CHANGES FOR 9 LISTED ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS
Listing
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56
56
47
57
56
56
56
59
59
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
55770
55770
36846
20772
55770
55770
55770
14482
56333
Currently listed name
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
Alsinidendron obovatum ............................................
Alsinidendron trinerve ................................................
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana .................
Hedyotis coriacea ......................................................
Hedyotis degeneri ......................................................
Hedyotis parvula ........................................................
Lipochaeta tenuifolia ..................................................
Phlegmariurus nutans ................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis ..............................................
Critical Habitat
Background
Critical habitat is defined in section 3
of the Act as:
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Schiedea obovata.
Schiedea trinervis.
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
Kadua coriacea.
Kadua degeneri.
Kadua parvula.
Melanthera tenuifolia.
Huperzia nutans.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
(i) The specific areas within the
geographical area occupied by a species,
at the time it is listed in accordance
with the Act, on which are found those
physical or biological features
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(I) Essential to the conservation of the
species and
(II) Which may require special
management considerations or
protection; and
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(ii) Specific areas outside the
geographical area occupied by a species
at the time it is listed, upon a
determination that such areas are
essential for the conservation of the
species.
Conservation, as defined under
section 3 of the Act, means the use of
all methods and procedures that are
necessary to bring an endangered or
threatened species to the point at which
the measures provided under the Act
are no longer necessary. Such methods
and procedures include, but are not
limited to, all activities associated with
scientific resources management, such
as research, census, law enforcement,
habitat acquisition and maintenance,
propagation, live trapping,
transplantation, and, in the
extraordinary case where population
pressures within a given ecosystem
cannot otherwise be relieved, may
include regulated taking.
Critical habitat receives protection
under section 7 of the Act through the
prohibition against Federal agencies
carrying out, funding, or authorizing the
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act
requires consultation on Federal actions
that may affect critical habitat. The
designation of critical habitat does not
affect land ownership or establish a
refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or
other conservation area. Such
designation does not allow the
government or public access to private
lands. Such designation does not
require implementation of restoration,
recovery, or enhancement measures by
the landowner. Where a landowner
seeks or requests Federal agency
funding or authorization that may affect
a listed species or critical habitat, the
consultation requirements of section
7(a)(2) of the Act would apply, but even
in the event of a destruction or adverse
modification finding, the Federal action
agency’s and the applicant’s obligation
is not to restore or recover the species,
but to implement reasonable and
prudent alternatives to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat.
For inclusion in a critical habitat
designation, the habitat within the
geographical area occupied by the
species at the time of listing must
contain the physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of
the species, and be included only if
those features may require special
management considerations or
protection. Critical habitat designations
identify, to the extent known using the
best scientific and commercial data
available, habitat areas that provide
essential life cycle needs of the species
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(areas on which are found the physical
or biological features (PBFs) essential
for the conservation of the species).
Under the Act and regulations at 50 CFR
424.12(e), we can designate critical
habitat in areas outside the geographical
area occupied by the species at the time
it is listed only when we determine that
those areas are essential for the
conservation of the species and that
designation limited to those areas
occupied at the time of listing would be
inadequate to ensure the conservation of
the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we
designate critical habitat on the basis of
the best scientific and commercial data
available. Further, our Policy on
Information Standards Under the
Endangered Species Act (published in
the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59
FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act
(section 515 of the Treasury and General
Government Appropriations Act for
Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106–554; H.R.
5658)), and our associated Information
Quality Guidelines, provide criteria,
establish procedures, and provide
guidance to ensure that our decisions
are based on the best scientific data
available. They require our biologists, to
the extent consistent with the Act and
with the use of the best scientific data
available, to use primary and original
sources of information as the basis for
recommendations to designate critical
habitat.
When we are determining which areas
we should designate as critical habitat,
our primary source of information is
generally the information developed
during the listing process for the
species. Additional information sources
may include the recovery plan for the
species, articles in peer-reviewed
journals, conservation plans developed
by States and counties, scientific status
surveys and studies, biological
assessments, or other unpublished
materials and expert opinion or
personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species
may move from one area to another over
time. Furthermore, we recognize that
critical habitat designated at a particular
point in time may not include all of the
habitat areas that we may later
determine to be necessary for the
recovery of the species, as additional
scientific information may become
available in the future. For these
reasons, a critical habitat designation
does not signal that habitat outside the
designated area is unimportant or may
not be required for recovery of the
species.
The information currently available
on the effects of global climate change
and increasing temperatures does not
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make sufficiently precise estimates of
the location and magnitude of the
effects. Nor are we currently aware of
any climate change information specific
to the habitat of any of the species being
addressed in this proposed rule that
would indicate what areas may become
important to the species in the future.
Therefore, we are unable to determine
what additional areas, if any, may be
appropriate to include in the proposed
critical habitat designation for these
species; however, we are specifically
requesting information from the public
on the currently predicted effects of
climate change on the species addressed
in this proposed rule and their habitat.
Furthermore, we recognize that
designation of critical habitat may not
include all of the habitat areas we may
eventually determine, based on
scientific data not now available to the
Service, that are necessary for the
recovery of the species. For these
reasons, a critical habitat designation
does not signal that habitat outside the
designated area is unimportant or may
not be required for recovery of the
species.
Areas that are important to the
conservation of the species, but are
outside the critical habitat designation,
will continue to be subject to
conservation actions we implement
under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. These
areas are also subject to the regulatory
protections afforded by the section
7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as determined
on the basis of the best available
scientific information at the time of the
agency action. Federally funded or
permitted projects affecting listed
species outside their designated critical
habitat areas may still result in jeopardy
findings in some cases. Similarly,
critical habitat designations made on the
basis of the best available information at
the time of designation will not control
the direction and substance of future
recovery plans, habitat conservation
plans (HCPs), section 7 consultations, or
other species conservation planning
efforts if new information available to
these planning efforts calls for a
different outcome.
Prudency Determination for 24 Oahu
Species
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as
amended, and implementing regulations
(50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the
maximum extent prudent and
determinable, the Secretary designate
critical habitat at the time a species is
determined to be endangered or
threatened. Our regulations at 50 CFR
424.12(a)(1) state that designation of
critical habitat is not prudent when one
or both of the following situations exist:
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(1) The species is threatened by taking
or other activity, and the identification
of critical habitat can be expected to
increase the degree of threat to the
species; or (2) the designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the
species.
As we have discussed under the
Factor B analysis, there is currently no
documentation that the 23 species
proposed for listing are threatened by
taking or other human activity. At the
time we listed the plant Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata as endangered,
we found that designation of critical
habitat was not prudent because this
plant was threatened by taking for leimaking, and the publication of critical
habitat descriptions would make this
plant more vulnerable (51 FR 10518;
March 26, 1986). However, we have
examined the best available information
and found no information to indicate
that this plant is currently threatened by
overcollection for lei-making, or is
otherwise used for commercial,
recreational, scientific, or educational
purposes. Moreover, we have no
information to indicate that
identification of critical habitat is
expected to initiate such a threat to any
of the species addressed in this
proposed rule. Accordingly, this
designation will provide information to
individuals, local and State
governments, and other entities engaged
in activities or long-range planning in
areas essential to the conservation of
these species. Conservation of these
species and their essential habitat will
require habitat management, protection,
and restoration, which will be
facilitated by knowledge of habitat
locations and the physical or biological
features of the habitat. Other potential
benefits include: (1) Triggering
consultation under section 7 of the Act
in new areas for actions with a Federal
nexus where it would not otherwise
occur; (2) focusing conservation
activities on the most essential features
and areas; and (3) preventing
individuals from causing inadvertent
harm to the species. Based on this
information, we believe critical habitat
would be beneficial, and have
determined the designation of critical
habitat is prudent for each of the species
addressed in this proposed rule.
The primary regulatory effect of
critical habitat is the section 7(a)(2)
requirement that Federal agencies
refrain from taking any action that
destroys or adversely modifies critical
habitat. We find that the designation of
critical habitat for each of the 23 species
proposed for listing in this proposed
rule and the endangered plants
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
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and Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii will benefit them by serving
to focus conservation efforts on the
restoration and maintenance of
ecosystem functions that are essential
for attaining their recovery and longterm viability. In addition, the
designation of critical habitat serves to
inform management and conservation
decisions by identifying any additional
physical or biological features of the
ecosystem that may be essential for the
conservation of certain species, such as
the availability of sufficient instream
flow for the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies or
specific host plants such as Nestegis
sandwicensis and Sapindus oahuensis
for Korthalsella degeneri. Therefore,
because we have determined that the
designation of critical habitat will not
likely increase the degree of threat to the
species and may provide some measure
of benefit, we find that designation of
critical habitat is prudent for the
following 25 species, as critical habitat
would be beneficial and there is no
evidence that the designation of critical
habitat would result in an increased
threat from taking or other human
activity for these species:
(1) Plants—Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (listed as Euphorbia
skottsbergii var. kaleloana), Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Korthalsella degeneri,
Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense;
(2) Animals—Megalagrion
leptodemas, Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum, and Megalagrion
oceanicum.
Critical Habitat Determinability
As stated above, section 4(a)(3) of the
Act requires the designation of critical
habitat concurrently with the species’
listing ‘‘to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable.’’ Our regulations at
50 CFR 424.12(a)(2) state that critical
habitat is not determinable when one or
both of the following situations exist:
(i) Information sufficient to perform
required analyses of the impacts of the
designation is lacking, or
(ii) The biological needs of the species
are not sufficiently well known to
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permit identification of an area as
critical habitat.
When critical habitat is not
determinable, the Act provides for an
additional year to publish a critical
habitat designation (16 U.S.C.
1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)).
At the time we listed the plant
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (see ‘‘Proposed Taxonomic
Name Changes for 11 Plant Species
Since Listing,’’ above) as endangered,
we were unable to identify the
biological needs of this species, and
therefore were unable to identify areas
essential for its conservation (critical
habitat) (47 FR 36846, August 24, 1982).
We reviewed the information available
(since it was listed in 1982) pertaining
to the biological needs of Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and
available information pertaining to the
biological needs of the 23 species
proposed for listing in this proposed
rule and habitat characteristics where
these species are located. This and other
information represent the best scientific
data available and led us to conclude
that the designation of critical habitat is
both prudent and determinable for these
25 species.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
for 25 Oahu Species and Proposed
Revision of Critical Habitat for 99 Oahu
Plants
In this section, we discuss the
proposed designation of critical habitat
for 25 species. This includes 23 species
identified in the above listing proposal
and the 2 additional plant species
(Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
and Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii) that were previously listed
without designating critical habitat.
This section also discusses the proposed
revision of currently designated critical
habitat for 99 Oahu plant species, based
on new information. This information
represents the best scientific and
commercial information available.
Revision of Critical Habitat for 99 Oahu
Plants
Under section 4(a)(3)(B)(ii) of the Act
we may, as appropriate, revise a critical
habitat designation. In 2003, we
designated critical habitat for 99 Oahu
plants on 55,040 ac (22,274 ha) in 303
units based on their known locations
(68 FR 35950). Based on new
information and scientific data available
since 2003, we are proposing to revise
critical habitat for these 99 plant
species. Approximately 93 percent of
the area being proposed as revised
critical habitat in this proposed rule
overlaps with the area designated in the
2003 final critical habitat rule. In some
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areas, the footprint of the proposed
revision is larger than the 2003
designation, to accommodate the
expansion of species’ ranges within the
particular ecosystem in which they
occur (e.g., expansion into unoccupied
habitat). In other areas, we are
proposing to reduce critical habitat,
based on updated information on the
historic ranges of certain species. The
proposed revision correlates each
species’ physical or biological
requirements with the characteristics of
the ecosystems within which they occur
(e.g., elevation, rainfall, species
associations, etc.), and also includes
areas unoccupied by the species but
essential for their conservation. The
proposed revision will enable managers
to focus conservation management
efforts on common threats that occur
across shared ecosystems and facilitate
the restoration of the ecosystem
function and species-specific habitat
needs for the recovery of each of the 99
species. An added benefit includes the
publication of more comprehensive
critical habitat unit maps that should be
more useful to the public and
conservation managers.
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Background for 99 Listed Oahu Plants
It is our intent to discuss only those
topics directly relevant to the proposed
designation of critical habitat. For
additional information on these 99
Oahu plants, refer to the final critical
habitat rule for Oahu plants published
in the Federal Register on June 17, 2003
(68 FR 35950).
Current Status of Plant Species in this
Proposed Rule
Abutilon sandwicense (no common
name (NCN)), a member of the mallow
family (Malvaceae), is a perennial shrub
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Bates 1999, pp. 873–875). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, the 30 known occurrences
contained an estimated 253 to 263
individuals (68 FR 35951). This species
currently occurs in the Waianae
Mountains in the dry cliff and lowland
mesic ecosystems in 17 to 19
occurrences totaling between 296 and
515 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
(round-leaved chaff flower), a shrub in
the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae),
occurred historically on Oahu, Lanai,
and Molokai. In 1986, at the time of
listing, four occurrences containing
approximately 400 individuals were
known from southwestern and western
Oahu in the coastal ecosystem at
Barbers Point and Kaena Point,
respectively (51 FR 10518, March 26,
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1986; HBMP 2008). Subsequently, three
additional occurrences were
documented in Keawaula, Makaha, and
Waianae Kai (HBMP 2008). Currently,
this species is found in 8 occurrences in
the coastal, lowland dry, and dry cliff
ecosystems totaling approximately 700
individuals (Kane 2004, in litt.;
Phillipson 2007, in litt.; HBMP 2008;
Silbernagle 2010, in litt.).
Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi
fern), a fern in the grammitis family
(Grammitidaceae), occurs on the islands
of Hawaii, Molokai, and Kauai, and was
known historically from the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Palmer 2003, p. 39).
This species is an epiphyte found in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The last
recorded observances of this fern on
Oahu were in the early 1900s (HBMP
2008).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe), a
member of the soapberry family
(Sapindaceae), is a tree found on the
islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,225). This
species is known from two varieties, A.
macrococcus var. auwahiensis (Maui)
and A. macrococcus var. macrococcus
(Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, A. macrococcus var.
macrococcus was known from 82
occurrences on Oahu containing
approximately 300 individuals.
Currently, A. macrococcus var.
macrococcus is found in the Waianae
Mountains in the dry cliff, lowland
mesic, and montane wet ecosystems, in
15 occurrences totaling between 366
and 371 individuals (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). This variety
was historically known from the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains.
Bonamia menziesii (NCN), a perennial
vine in the morning glory family
(Convolvulaceae), is found on Kauai,
Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (Austin
1999, p. 550). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 18 occurrences on Oahu
totaling fewer than 100 individuals.
Currently, this species is declining on
Oahu, with approximately 12 to 13
occurrences totaling fewer than 60
individuals, located in both the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains, in the lowland
dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff
ecosystems (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cenchrus agrimonioides
(kamanomano), a perennial in the grass
family (Poaceae), occurred historically
on Oahu, Lanai, and Maui (O’Connor
1999, pp. 1,511–1,512). This species is
known from two varieties, C.
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides
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(Oahu, Lanai, and Maui) and C.
agrimonioides var. laysanensis (Kure
Atoll, Midway Atoll, and Laysan).
Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
laysanensis may be extinct. At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was
known from 7 occurrences in the
Waianae Mountains on Oahu,
containing between 113 and 118
individuals. This variety is currently
found on Oahu and Maui, and has been
outplanted on Kahoolawe (USFWS
2007a; 2007b). On Oahu, 3 to 6
occurrences totaling approximately 300
wild individuals are found in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; USFWS 2007a; 2007b).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi), an
annual herb in the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), is known from Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and west Maui
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 725). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 2
occurrences in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains, totaling between 60 and 80
individuals. Currently, C. sebaeoides
occurs on Oahu in the coastal ecosystem
at Kaena Point and Halona (Waianae
and Koolau Mountains), in 2
occurrences totaling between 40 and 50
individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana (akoko), a shrub in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to
Oahu (Koutnik 1999, pp. 605–606). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from 15
occurrences containing 569 individuals.
Historically known from both the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains, C.
celastroides var. kaenana is currently
found in the coastal, lowland dry, and
lowland mesic ecosystems only in the
Waianae Mountains, in 8 occurrences
totaling more than 900 individuals
(Makua Implementation Team 2003, pp.
16–32—16–38; U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko), a
perennial subshrub in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Koutnik
1999, p. 607). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from one occurrence of
approximately 50 individuals.
Currently, the same occurrence in the
wet cliff ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains is estimated to contain as
many as 100 individuals (J. Lau, HBMP,
pers. comm. 2006; S. Perlman, NTBG,
pers. comm. 2006; TNC 2007).
Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko), a small
tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Koutnik
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1999, p. 609). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 4 occurrences totaling
between 162 and 164 individuals.
Chamaesyce herbstii is declining in
numbers, and is currently found in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains, in 2
occurrences totaling fewer than 60
individuals (Makua Implementation
Team 2003, pp. 16–39—16–44; U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko), a
shrub in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to Oahu. At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from 5
occurrences containing approximately
2,000 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains, with one individual known
from Mokumanu, an islet off the
windward coast of the Koolau
Mountains (Koutnik 1999, p. 611).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana was found
historically in the coastal and dry cliff
ecosystems, but is currently found only
in the dry cliff ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains in 2 occurrences of
approximately 1,200 individuals (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce rockii (akoko), a shrub or
small tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Koutnik
1999, p. 614). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 20 occurrences containing
between 641 and 733 individuals.
Currently, this species is found in 6
occurrences in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains, totaling between 576 and
710 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (formerly Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. kalaeloana) (Ewa Plains
akoko), a small shrub in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to
Oahu. Historically, this species was
only known from the Ewa Plains on
southwestern Oahu in the vicinity of
Barbers Point (also known as Kalaeloa).
The precise natural range of this taxon
was unknown, but probably did not go
beyond the coralline plains of
southwestern Oahu (47 FR 36846,
August 24, 1982). In 1982, at the time
of listing, this species was known from
4 occurrences containing approximately
1,000 to 1,500 individuals (Char and
Balakrishnan 1979, p. 67; HBMP 2008).
Currently, this species is found in 2
occurrences in coral outcrops in the
lowland dry ecosystem on the Ewa Plain
in southwestern Oahu, totaling
approximately 1,524 individuals
(Guinther and Withrow 2008, pp. 6, 9–
10, Whistler 2008, pp. 7–9).
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Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila), a tree
in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae),
is known from Oahu, Maui, and the
island of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,094). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
found in 5 occurrences in the Waianae
Mountains containing 61 individuals.
Currently, on Oahu, Colubrina
oppositifolia is found in the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains, in 4 occurrences totaling
approximately 50 individuals (U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa), a
medium to large-sized fern in the
spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is
found on all the major islands except
Hawaii. It is possibly now extinct on
Kauai (Palmer 2003, pp. 100–102). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 8 known
occurrences with more than 80
individuals in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu. Currently there are
4 occurrences totaling approximately
100 individuals, in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea acuminata (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 444). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were fewer than 200
individuals in 20 occurrences.
Currently, there are 15 occurrences
totaling between 149 and 175
individuals in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea crispa (NCN), a shrub in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 481–482;
Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 11 occurrences
containing a total of 56 individuals.
Currently, this species is found in 7
occurrences, totaling 56 individuals, in
the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
(haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found on Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Oahu (Lammers 1999,
pp. 451–452). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were seven
occurrences totaling nine individuals in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains.
Currently, there are five to six
individuals in four occurrences in the
lowland mesic and lowland wet
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ecosystems in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha),
a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, pp. 451–452). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 8 occurrences containing 16
individuals. Currently, there are 8
occurrences totaling 41 individuals in
the dry cliff, lowland mesic, and
lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyanea humboldtiana (haha), a shrub
in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst 1999,
p. 1,870). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 9
occurrences totaling between 133 and
239 individuals. Currently, this species
occurs in 9 occurrences totaling
between 160 to 260 individuals in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea koolauensis (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 481; Wagner
and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 42 occurrences with fewer
than 80 individuals. Currently, this
species is found in 15 occurrences with
approximately 100 individuals in the
lowland wet ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyanea longiflora (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
occurs in the Waianae Mountains, and
was historically known from the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p.
484; Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 4
occurrences of fewer than 220
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, there are 4 occurrences
totaling fewer than 170 individuals in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea pinnatifida (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 459). The last
known wild individual died in 2001,
although the species remains in
cultivation, and 70 individuals have
been outplanted within historical range
in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (TNC 2006h, p. 6).
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Cyanea st.-johnii (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 484; Wagner
and Herbst 1999, p. 1,871). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 7 occurrences containing 57
individuals. Currently, 6 occurrences
are found in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems, with approximately 70
individuals, in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea superba (NCN), a palm-like
tree in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
lowland mesic ecosystem of the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 465). This species is known
from two subspecies, Cyanea superba
ssp. regina (southern Koolau
Mountains) and Cyanea superba ssp.
superba (northern Waianae Mountains).
The last known wild individual of
Cyanea superba ssp. superba died in
2002; however, propagules are in
cultivation and more than 400
individuals have been outplanted over
the past 10 years in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently a total of at least
200 mature outplanted individuals of
Cyanea superba ssp. superba survive
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Cyanea
superba ssp. regina has not been
observed since the 1930’s (Lammers
1999, p. 465).
Cyanea truncata (haha), a shrub in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu, in the lowland mesic, lowland
wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (Lammers
1999, p. 466). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were only
two known individuals in the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains. Currently, these individuals
survive along with outplanted
occurrences totaling 14 individuals
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyperus pennatiformis (formerly
Mariscus pennatiformis) (NCN), a
perennial in the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), was found on Kauai,
Oahu, east Maui, the island of Hawaii,
and Laysan Island in the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands. This species is known
from two varieties, C. pennatiformis var.
bryanii (Laysan Island) and C.
pennatiformis var. pennatiformis
(Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii
Island) (Koyama 1999, pp. 1,421–1,422;
Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,900). The
last known individual of C.
pennatiformis var. pennatiformis on
Oahu was observed in the 1930s, in the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
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Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa), a
perennial in the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), was known from Niihau,
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai; and is
currently extant on Niihau, Kauai, and
Oahu (Koyama 1999, p. 1,399). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 6 occurrences totaling
40 individuals on Oahu. Currently,
there are 3 occurrences totaling
approximately 400 individuals in
seasonal wetlands in the coastal and
lowland dry ecosystems in both the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale), a shrub
in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to Oahu, and
is known from both the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 753). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 11
known occurrences totaling 136
individuals. Currently, due to an
increase in survey efforts over the last
6 years in potentially suitable habitat for
this species, there are 6 occurrences
totaling approximately 1,640
individuals in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems of both
mountain ranges, and in the dry cliff
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyrtandra polyantha (haiwale), a
shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
pp. 774–775). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there was one
known occurrence of three individuals.
Currently, there are two occurrences of
seven to nine individuals in the lowland
mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale), a
shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 779). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling 12 individuals.
Currently, there are 3 occurrences
totaling a little more than 100
individuals in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale), a
small shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 780). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 23
occurrences totaling 52 individuals.
Currently, there are 5 occurrences
totaling 75 individuals in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the
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Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Delissea subcordata (oha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is found in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p.
471). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 21 occurrences containing fewer
than 70 individuals, in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, there are 9
occurrences totaling between 28 and 40
individuals in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved
diellia), a fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), occurs on Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Palmer
2003, p. 117). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and
Hawaii, but there was only 1 known
occurrence of 20 individuals on Oahu.
This occurrence on Oahu persists, with
approximately 20 to 30 individuals, in
the lowland mesic ecosystem of the
Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diellia falcata (NCN), a fern in the
spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Palmer 2003, p.
119). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was found
in 30 occurrences totaling fewer than
6,000 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, D. falcata is
found in 13 occurrences (totaling
between 4,000 and 7,000 individuals) in
the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diellia unisora (NCN), a fern in the
spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Palmer 2003, p. 122). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 4
occurrences containing fewer than 800
individuals. Currently, D. unisora is
known from 4 occurrences totaling
approximately 700 individuals in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN), a fern
in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae),
was known from all the major islands
except Hawaii (Wagner and Wagner
1992, p. 33; Palmer 2003, p. 125). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species had not been
documented on Oahu since 1945, and
was present only at one site on east
Maui. On Oahu, this species was known
from the lowland mesic and lowland
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wet ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (Wood 2006, p. 32; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Dubautia herbstobatae (naenae), a
shrub in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Carr 1999, pp. 297–
298). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 12 occurrences totaling fewer than
100 individuals. Currently, D.
herbstobatae is found in 2 occurrences
totaling over 2,000 individuals in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The
increase in the number of individuals is
possibly due to the recent removal of
feral goats from surrounding areas
through fencing and eradication efforts
(Makua Implementation Team 2003, pp.
2–98—2–104).
Eragrostis fosbergii (Fosberg’s
lovegrass), a perennial in the grass
family (Poaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (O’Connor
1999, pp. 1,541–1,542). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were only four occurrences known, each
of a single individual. Currently, these
individuals remain, with no reports of
regeneration, in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi), a small
tree or shrub in the myrtle family
(Myrtaceae), is known from Oahu and
Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 960). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 12 occurrences
totaling fewer than 70 individuals in the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, this species is found in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (2 occurrences) and
in the Koolau Mountains (11
occurrences), totaling approximately
500 mature individuals (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). These
individuals are currently threatened by
Puccinia psidii, a rust fungus that
infests plants in the Myrtaceae family
(Loope and LaRosa 2007, p. 1).
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko), a
small tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is known from Kauai
and Oahu (Koutnik and Huft 1999, p.
619). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 8 occurrences of approximately
134 individuals, in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
6 occurrences totaling 65 individuals in
the lowland dry and lowland mesic
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Flueggea neowawraea
(mehamehame), a tree in the spurge
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family, (Euphorbiaceae) is known from
Oahu, Kauai, Maui, and the island of
Hawaii, and was possibly historically
found on Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999,
pp. 620–621). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
found in the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu, in 23 occurrences with a total of
31 individuals. Currently, there are 18
occurrences totaling 36 individuals in
the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Gardenia mannii (nanu), a tree in the
coffee family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,133). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 49 occurrences in
both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains, totaling between 69 and 80
individuals. Currently, 18 occurrences
are known (totaling 108 to 110
individuals) in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems in both
mountain ranges (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Gouania meyenii (NCN), a shrub in
the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is
known from Oahu and Kauai (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 1,095–1,096; NTBG
Provenance Report, in litt. 1994, 2 pp.).
On Oahu, this species was historically
found in the lowland dry and lowland
mesic ecosystems of the Waianae
Mountains, and the lowland dry
ecosystem at Diamond Head (HBMP
2008). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, the 4 known
occurrences in the Waianae Mountains
contained 63 individuals. Currently,
this species is found in 3 occurrences
totaling fewer than 70 individuals in the
dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Gouania vitifolia (NCN), a climbing
shrub in the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is known from Oahu,
west Maui, and the island of Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,097). This
species is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,097), and was thought to be extirpated
from Oahu in the 1990s. However, at the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, G. vitifolia was found in 2
occurrences totaling 44 individuals in
the Waianae Mountains. Currently,
there are 2 occurrences totaling 58 to 64
individuals, within the lowland dry,
lowland wet, and dry cliff ecosystems in
the Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008).
This species was also historically
known from the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(HBMP 2008).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN), a
small tree in the sunflower family
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46403
(Asteraceae), is found on Maui, Molokai,
and the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, and
was historically found on Lanai (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 325). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 36 occurrences containing between
86 and 93 individuals on Oahu.
Currently, there are 19 occurrences
totaling approximately 130 individuals
in the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN), a
small tree or shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is found on Oahu
and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 325).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 6
occurrences containing between 90 and
92 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
5 occurrences totaling 14 individuals in
the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau
hele), a shrub in the mallow family
(Malvaceae), includes 3 subspecies and
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii
(Bates 1999, p. 883–884). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, H.
brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei was
known from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and
Hawaii. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus was known from Oahu and
Kauai. On Oahu, there were fewer than
206 individuals in 5 occurrences in the
Waianae Mountains. Also at that time,
H. brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was
known from one occurrence of five
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, H. brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus is known from 7
occurrences totaling between 47 and 50
individuals in the lowland dry and
lowland mesic ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007; U.S. Army 2006). Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana is known
from 1 occurrence of 32 individuals in
the lowland dry and lowland mesic
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Huperzia nutans (formerly
Phlegmariurus nutans) (wawaeiole), a
fern ally in the hanging fir-moss family
(Lycopodiaceae), is known from Kauai
and Oahu (Palmer 2003, p. 257). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 3 occurrences
containing 7 individuals in the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
2 occurrences totaling between 10 to 15
individuals in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
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Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka), a
shrub in the violet family (Violaceae), is
known from Kauai and Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,329). This species was
historically known from both the
Koolau and Waianae Mountains in the
lowland mesic ecosystem (HBMP 2008).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling between 22 and 23
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, there are 5 known
occurrences totaling between 24 and 64
individuals in the dry cliff ecosystem in
the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka), a
shrub in the violet family (Violaceae), is
known from Kauai and Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 1,329–1,331). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 7
occurrences totaling 30 individuals in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, there are 4 occurrences
of I. longifolium totaling between 32 and
36 individuals in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho
kula), a shrub in the violet family
(Violaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui,
Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,331). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was no longer extant
on Oahu. Currently, there are no known
occurrences on Oahu; however, I.
pyrifolium was documented in the
lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems in
the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Kadua coriacea (formerly Hedyotis
coriacea) (kioele), a shrub in the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), is known from
Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,141). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known only from
historical occurrences on Oahu.
Currently, there are no known
occurrences on Oahu; however, K.
coriacea is historic to the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Kadua degeneri (formerly Hedyotis
degeneri) (NCN), a shrub in the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 1,141–1,142). Two varieties
have been recognized. Kadua degeneri
var. coprosmifolia occurred in the
lowland mesic ecosystem until the late
1980s; however, this occurrence may no
longer be extant (T. Motley, pers. comm.
2006; HBMP 2008). Kadua degeneri var.
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degeneri was known from 4
occurrences, totaling 60 individuals at
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, and currently there are 4 to 5
occurrences totaling between 280 and
370 individuals, in the lowland mesic
and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Kadua parvula (formerly Hedyotis
parvula) (NCN), a small shrub in the
coffee family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to
the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,149–1,150).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 7 occurrences totaling between 116
and 131 individuals. Currently, K.
parvula is found in 2 occurrences
totaling approximately 240 individuals,
in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2003, pp. 16–91—16–95;
U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008; U.S. Army 2008, p. 2–45).
Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala), a
shrub in the logania family
(Loganiaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 854–855). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, L. cyrtandrae was known from
the Waianae Mountains, in 10
occurrences containing 20 individuals.
Currently, due to an increase in survey
efforts over the last 6 years in
potentially suitable habitat for this
species, there are 3 occurrences totaling
44 individuals in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains;
and one individual in the lowland wet
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains,
with historical occurrences in the
lowland mesic and wet cliff ecosystems
of the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army
2006a; U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3–2–13—
3–2–17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lepidium arbuscula (anaunau), a
shrub in the mustard family
(Brassicaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 406). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 10 occurrences totaling
approximately 1,000 individuals.
Currently, there are 9 occurrences
totaling fewer than 900 individuals in
the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
(nehe), a perennial herb in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 337–338).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 4 occurrences totaling 147
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individuals. Currently, there are 4
occurrences of approximately 150
individuals in the dry cliff ecosystem in
the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
(NCN), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 476). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling fewer than 270
individuals. Currently, this species is
known from 2 occurrences totaling
approximately 280 individuals in bogs
in the lowland wet ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lobelia monostachya (NCN), a shrub
in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 478). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, L. monostachya
was known from one occurrence of
three individuals. Currently, there are
two occurrences (eight individuals) in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
Oahu PEP Program 2007, p. 33; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is known from Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau
(Lammers 1999, pp. 478–479). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 40 occurrences
containing between 362 and 397
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, there are 14
occurrences totaling approximately 400
individuals in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p.
479). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 12 occurrences totaling 42
individuals. Currently, L. oahuensis is
found in 7 occurrences totaling 41
individuals in the lowland wet,
montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains; and in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN), a small
shrub in the primrose family
(Primulaceae; Wagner and Herbst 2003,
p. 67), is found on Kauai and Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,080). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 1
occurrence containing 50 individuals in
the Koolau Mountains of Oahu.
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Currently, L. filifolia is found in 2 to 3
occurrences totaling between 50 and
160 individuals in the wet cliff
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi), a fern in the
water clover fern family (Marsiliaceae),
is known from Niihau, Molokai, and
Oahu (Palmer 2003, pp. 180–182). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from
five occurrences of an unknown number
of individuals on Oahu. Currently, M.
villosa is found in five to six
occurrences of an unknown number of
individuals in seasonal wetlands of the
coastal and lowland dry ecosystems in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; M. Chau,
University of Hawaii, pers. comm.
2009).
Melanthera tenuifolia (formerly
Lipochaeta tenuifolia) (nehe), a
perennial herb in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 343). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 41 occurrences containing
between 759 and 1,174 individuals.
Currently, M. tenuifolia is found in 11
occurrences totaling as many as 4,000
individuals in the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope lydgatei (alani), a small
shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,193). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 18
occurrences containing an unknown
number of individuals. Currently, M.
lydgatei is found in 5 occurrences
totaling 26 individuals in the lowland
mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope pallida (alani), a tree in the
rue family (Rutaceae), is known from
Kauai and Oahu (Stone et al. 1999, pp.
1,198–1,199). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from one individual in the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently,
one individual is found in the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope saint-johnii (alani), a tree in
the rue family (Rutaceae), is endemic to
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,203–
1,204). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were no
individuals in the Koolau Mountains,
and 6 occurrences totaling fewer than
170 individuals in the Waianae
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Mountains. Currently, M. saint-johnii is
found in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems of the Waianae Mountains,
in 2 occurrences totaling as many as 162
individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species also occurred
in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains.
Myrsine juddii (kolea), a shrub in the
myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 940–941).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 3 occurrences with an estimated
5,000 individuals. Currently, there is a
single wide-ranging occurrence,
estimated to contain 3,000 individuals,
in the lowland wet ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2005, p.
16–123; HBMP 2008).
Neraudia angulata (NCN), a shrub in
the nettle family (Urticaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,302–
1,303). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, the two
recognized varieties, N. angulata var.
angulata and N. angulata var. dentata,
were found in 27 occurrences totaling
51 individuals. Currently, there are 4
occurrences (106 individuals)
considered to be N. angulata var.
angulata, and 2 occurrences (3
individuals) considered to be N.
angulata var. dentata. Intermediate
forms of the two varieties are found in
2 occurrences totaling over 100
individuals. The six occurrences are
found in the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains. The numbers of
individuals in each occurrence vary
widely from year to year (U.S. Army
2003, pp. 16–116—16–119; U.S. Army
2006, pp. 3–1–129—3–1–139; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Nototrichium humile (kului), a shrub
in the amaranth family
(Amaranthaceae), is known from Oahu
and east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, pp.
193–194). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 25
occurrences containing between 775
and 995 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
12 occurrences totaling over 1,000
individuals in the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a;
U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3–1–140—3–1–
146; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou), a
perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Kauai,
Molokai, Maui, and Oahu (Constance
and Affolter 1999, p. 208; HBMP 2008).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was found
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in 4 occurrences containing 51
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, there are 2
occurrences totaling 61 individuals in
the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN), a
subshrub or vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 817). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 26 occurrences
totaling between 214 and 227
individuals in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains. Currently, there are 9
occurrences totaling approximately 160
individuals in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems
in both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains; and in the montane wet
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2006b, pp.
3–2–24—3–2–28; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN), an
herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner 1999, p. 270). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 7
occurrences containing fewer than 45
individuals. All of those occurrences (in
the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains)
have since then been extirpated.
However, there are 14 individuals
outplanted in 4 locations in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006, pp. 3–1–
147—3–1–152).
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN), a perennial
herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is
known from Molokai, Maui, and Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 821). This
species was historically known from
both the Koolau and Waianae
Mountains. At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
found in 5 occurrences totaling between
85 and 105 individuals only in the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently,
P. mollis is known from 6 occurrences
totaling between 42 and 92 individuals
in the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN), a
perennial herb in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is known from Oahu,
Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner
et al. 1999, pp. 821–822; Wagner 1999,
p. 273). There are three recognized
varieties: Phyllostegia parviflora var.
glabriuscula is known only from the
island of Hawaii; P. parviflora var.
parviflora is found on Maui and the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu; P.
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parviflora var. lydgatei is known from
Oahu’s Waianae Mountains. At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003, P.
parviflora var. parviflora was known
from 30 individuals in 1 occurrence in
the Koolau Mountains, and P. parviflora
var. lydgatei was known from 4
individuals in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, all four wild individuals of P.
parviflora var. lydgatei in the Waianae
Mountains are extirpated; however, 100
individuals have been outplanted (TNC
1997, p. A–10; D. Sailer, TNC, in litt.
2006). Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora is known from approximately
100 individuals in the lowland wet and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains, and from historic
occurrences in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains
(NTBG 2007; HBMP 2008).
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi),
a small shrub or perennial herb in the
plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and
Molokai, and occurred historically on
the island of Hawaii. Plantago princeps
is subdivided into four varieties: P.
princeps var. anomala (Kauai), P.
princeps var. laxifolia (Molokai, Maui,
Hawaii), P. princeps var. longibracteata
(Kauai and Oahu), and P. princeps var.
princeps (Oahu). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, P.
princeps var. longibracteata, known
from the lowland wet ecosystem, was no
longer extant on Oahu (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). Plantago princeps var.
princeps was known from 11
occurrences containing between 130
and 180 individuals. Currently, only P.
princeps var. princeps is extant on
Oahu, in 7 occurrences totaling between
159 and 232 individuals, in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains,
and in the lowland wet and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains.
This taxon historically also occurred in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Platanthera holochila (NCN), an herb
in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,474). This
species was last collected on Oahu in
1938, in bog hummocks in the lowland
wet ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN), a terrestrial fern
in the maidenhair fern family
(Adiantaceae), is known from Maui,
Molokai, and Oahu (Wagner 1949, p.
445; Palmer 2003, pp. 227–229). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was found in 9
occurrences totaling 13 individuals in
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the Koolau Mountains of Oahu.
Currently, there are 5 occurrences
totaling between 17 and 24 individuals
in the lowland wet ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Sanicula mariversa (NCN), a
perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Constance and
Affolter, pp. 209–210). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 4 occurrences
containing approximately 170
individuals. Currently, S. mariversa is
found in 2 occurrences totaling as many
as 188 individuals in the lowland mesic
and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a; U.S.
Army 2006b, pp. 3–1–169—3–1–174;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Sanicula purpurea (NCN), a stout
perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Maui and
Oahu (Constance and Affolter 1999, p.
210). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling 21 individuals in
the Koolau Mountains. Currently, S.
purpurea is found in 5 occurrences
totaling 24 individuals in bogs in the
lowland wet ecosystem and in the wet
cliff ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Schiedea hookeri (NCN), a perennial
herb in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from Oahu
and from a fragmentary collection from
Maui that may represent a different
species (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 514). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from 17
occurrences containing between 328
and 378 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, S.
hookeri is found in 17 occurrences
totaling approximately the same number
of individuals, in the lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff,
and wet cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Schiedea kaalae (NCN), a nearly
stemless plant in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 515). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 7
occurrences totaling 49 individuals in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains.
Currently, S. kaalae is found in 9
occurrences totaling 40 individuals, in
the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains, and in the lowland mesic
and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
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Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Schiedea kealiae (maolioli), a
subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 515). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 4 occurrences
totaling between 265 and 315
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, S. kealiae is found in 1
occurrence totaling between 50 and 100
individuals, in the lowland dry
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Historic occurrences were known
from the coastal ecosystem (HBMP
2008).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN), a subshrub
in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 517–519).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was found
in 7 occurrences with 49 individuals in
the Waianae Mountains. Currently,
there are 2 occurrences totaling between
41 and 54 individuals in the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). Historical
occurrences of this species were also
known from the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea obovata (formerly
Alsinidendron obovatum) (NCN), a
subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 501). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, S.
obovata was known from 6 occurrences
containing 8 to 10 individuals in the
Waianae Mountains. Currently, this
species is found in 2 to 3 occurrences,
totaling between 14 and 44 individuals,
in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2006b, pp.
3–1–190—3–1–197; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Schiedea trinervis (formerly
Alsinidendron trinerve) (NCN), a
subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 501). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 13 occurrences
totaling between 18 and 34 individuals.
Currently, S. trinervis is found in 2
occurrences, totaling 192 individuals, in
the montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2005, pp.
16–151—16–153; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
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Sesbania tomentosa (ohai), a shrub in
the pea family (Fabaceae), is known
from all of the main Hawaiian Islands,
and from the Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands of Necker and Nihoa (Geesink et
al. 1999, pp. 704–705). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, Hawaii,
Nihoa, and Necker. On Oahu, S.
tomentosa was found in 3 occurrences
totaling 55 individuals. Currently on
Oahu, there are 2 outplanted
occurrences totaling approximately 30
individuals in the coastal ecosystem at
Kaena Point and Kaohikaipu islet (U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Silene lanceolata (NCN), a subshrub
in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai,
Molokai, and Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 523). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 4
occurrences with a total of 62
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, S. lanceolata is
found in 3 occurrences totaling between
100 and 130 individuals, in the dry cliff
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Silene perlmanii (NCN), a subshrub in
the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 523–524).
Historical occurrences of this species
were known from the lowland mesic
and dry cliff ecosystems (HBMP 2008).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was
presumed extirpated. Currently, S.
perlmanii is in propagation, and 15
individuals were outplanted in the
Honouliuli Preserve between 2003 and
2006. However, as of 2007, only three
plants were extant (D. Sailer, TNC, pers.
comm. 2007).
Solanum sandwicense (popolo
aiakeakua), a shrub in the nightshade
family (Solanaceae), is known from
Kauai and the lowland mesic ecosystem
in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains
of Oahu (Symon 1999, p. 1,275). This
species was last observed on Oahu in
2000, in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, there are at least six
outplantings of this species totaling an
unknown number of individuals in the
Waianae Mountains (PEP Program 2007,
p. 27; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN), an
annual herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Oahu and
Maui (Constance and Affolter 1999, p.
212). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 6
occurrences totaling between 110 and
910 individuals in the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains (Diamond Head), in
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the lowland dry and dry cliff
ecosystems (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP
2008). Currently, S. hawaiiensis is
found in 4 occurrences totaling several
hundred to thousands of individuals,
depending on annual weather
conditions (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN), a vine
in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Weller and Sakai 1999, pp. 838–
839). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from a recently extirpated occurrence of
two individuals, and a newly
discovered occurrence (in 2000) of one
to six individuals in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, the occurrence discovered in
2000 is no longer extant; however,
another individual was discovered in
2004, and may persist at this time (U.S.
Army 2005, pp. 16–155—16–157; U.S.
Army 2006a; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN), a
dwarf shrub in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 366). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 21
occurrences containing 253 individuals.
Currently, this species is found in the
dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains, in 6 occurrences totaling
almost 3,000 individuals (U.S. Army
2006b, pp. 3–1–198—3–1–204; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). The large increase
in the number of individuals is likely
due to an increase in survey efforts over
the past 6 years in potentially suitable
habitat for this species (U.S. Army
2006b, p. 3–1–202).
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum (NCN), a shrub in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known
from Lanai, Maui, and Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 367). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 5 occurrences of approximately 15
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, this species is found
in 3 occurrences totaling 65 individuals,
in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (ohe
ohe), a tree in the ginseng family
(Araliaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu, and was
historically known from one location in
the Waianae Mountains (Lowry 1999, p.
234). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 30
occurrences totaling fewer than 100
individuals in the Koolau Mountains.
Currently, there are 13 occurrences
totaling approximately 140 individuals
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in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN), a
shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 488). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 3
occurrences totaling 165 individuals.
Currently, T. singularis is found in 4
occurrences totaling approximately 360
individuals in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Urera kaalae (opuhe), a small tree or
shrub in the nettle family (Urticaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,313–
1,314). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 12
occurrences containing 41 individuals.
Currently, U. kaalae is found in 4
occurrences totaling between 49 and 60
individuals, in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN), a twining
annual or perennial herb in the pea
family (Fabaceae), is known from
Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii (Geesink
et al. 1999, p. 720). The last collection
from Oahu was made on the Mokulua
Islets and North Islet, off Oahu’s
northeastern coast, in 1938, in the
coastal ecosystem (HBMP 2008). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were no known occurrences,
and currently, there are still no known
occurrences on Oahu’s offshore islets
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana (pamakani), a shrub in
the violet family (Violaceae), is endemic
to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,333). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 15 occurrences
containing 59 individuals. Currently,
this species is found in 8 occurrences
totaling slightly more than 600
individuals in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3–1–
205—3–1–210; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Viola oahuensis (NCN), a subshrub in
the violet family (Violaceae), is endemic
to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,336). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 18 occurrences totaling
fewer than 200 individuals. Currently,
there are 8 occurrences totaling
approximately 170 individuals in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in
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history requirements of the species, and
include, but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and
Methods
population growth and for normal
As required by section 4(b) of the Act, behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or
we used the best scientific data
available in determining those areas that other nutritional or physiological
requirements;
contain the physical or biological
(3) Cover or shelter;
features essential to the conservation of
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction,
the 124 species, and for which
rearing (or development) of offspring,
designation of critical habitat is
germination, or seed dispersal; and
considered prudent, by identifying the
(5) Habitats that are protected from
occurrence data for each species and
determining the ecosystems upon which disturbance or are representative of the
historical geographical and ecological
they depend. This information was
distributions of a species.
developed by using:
(6) For plant species, ecosystems that
• The known locations of the 124
provide appropriate seasonal wetland
species, including site-specific species
and dry land habitats, host species,
information from the HBMP database
pollinators, soil types, and associated
(HBMP 2008), the Army Environmental
Division database (U.S. Army 2006), and plant communities are taken into
consideration when determining the
our own rare plant database;
physical or biological features essential
• Species information from the plant
for a species.
database housed at NTBG;
Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act
• Oahu map of important habitat for
we may, as appropriate, revise a critical
the recovery of plants protected under
habitat designation. For the reasons
the Act (Service 1999, p. F–7);
described above, we are proposing to
• The Nature Conservancy’s
Ecoregional Assessment of the Hawaiian revise critical habitat for 99 Oahu plants
High Islands (2006) and ecosystem maps based on new information received
since 2003 and the need to designate
(2007);
unoccupied habitat to conserve the
• Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital
species. In addition, the Recovery Plan
aerial photographs for the Hawaiian
for the Oahu Plants (Service 1998, p. vii)
Islands (April to May 2005);
• Island-wide Geographic Information identifies several actions needed to
recover these species, including: (1)
System (GIS) coverage (e.g., Gap
Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation data Protection of habitat and controlling
threats; (2) expanding existing wild
of 2005;
• 1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics populations; (3) conducting essential
research; (4) developing and
of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
maintaining monitoring plans; (5)
topographic quadrangles;
• Geospatial data sets associated with reestablishing wild populations within
the historic range; and (6) validating and
parcel data from Honolulu County
revising recovery criteria. We have
(2008);
• Final critical habitat designation for derived the specific physical or
biological features required for each of
listed plant species on the island of
the 99 Oahu plants based on studies of
Oahu (June 17, 2003, 68 FR 35950);
their habitat, ecology, and life history;
• Recent biological surveys and
information in the 2003 critical habitat
reports; and
designations; and new scientific
• Discussions with qualified
information that has become available
individuals familiar with these species
since that time.
and ecosystems (HBMP 2008; TNC
In 2003, the physical or biological
2007; NTBG 2007; PEP 2007; D.
features for each plant species were
Polhemus, pers. comm. 2008; A.
defined on the basis of the habitat
Bakutis, in litt. 2006).
features of the areas actually occupied
Physical or Biological Features
by the plants, which included plant
community, associated native plant
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i)
species, locale information (e.g., steep
and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and the
rocky cliffs, talus slopes, gulches,
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in
stream banks), and elevation (68 FR
determining which areas within the
35950; June 17, 2003). No unoccupied
geographical area occupied at the time
habitat was designated as critical habitat
of listing to propose as critical habitat,
in the 2003 final rule. In this proposed
we consider the physical or biological
rule, we are proposing critical habitat in
features essential to the conservation of
areas occupied by the species as well as
the species and which may require
areas currently unoccupied by the
special management considerations or
species but determined to be essential
protection. These physical or biological
for their conservation (i.e., areas
features provide the essential life-
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necessary to bring the species to the
point at which the measures provided
under the Act are no longer necessary).
The physical or biological features have
also been more precisely identified, and
now include elevation, precipitation,
substrate, canopy, subcanopy, and
understory characteristics. Since 2003,
we have found that many areas where
these species are currently or recently
reported are marginal habitat; the
species occurs in these areas due to
remoteness or inaccessibility to feral
ungulates.
Since the 2003 critical habitat
designations were limited to occupied
areas only, the designation did not
include all of the geographic areas
essential for the conservation of the
species. For occupied areas, the
essential physical or biological features
are the focus for necessary special
management considerations or
protections, whereas for unoccupied
habitat, the area itself is the focus for
conservation actions. We have
determined that the physical or
biological features described in 2003
can be improved to better identify
special management considerations that
may be necessary, based on new
information that has become available.
The currently proposed physical or
biological features for occupied areas, in
conjunction with the unoccupied areas
needed to expand and reestablish wild
populations within the historic range,
provide a more comprehensive view of
the recovery needs and relevant
geographic areas for each species. We
believe this information will be helpful
to federal agencies and our other
partners, as we collectively work to
recover these imperiled species.
Under the Act and its implementing
regulations, we are required to identify
the physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the 124
species for which we are proposing
critical habitat. We identify these
features in areas occupied by the species
at the time of listing, focusing on the
features’ primary constituent elements.
We consider the primary constituent
elements (PCEs) to be the elements of
physical and biological features that,
when laid out in the appropriate
quantity and spatial arrangement to
provide for a species’ life-history
processes, are essential to the
conservation of the species. The
appropriate quantity and spatial
arrangement defined for this proposed
rule takes into consideration the
ecosystems in which each species
occurs and reflects a distribution that
we believe achieves the species’
recovery needs within those ecosystems.
In this proposal, PCEs for each of the
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124 species are defined based on those
physical or biological features essential
to support the successful functioning of
the ecosystem upon which each species
depends, and which may require special
management considerations or
protection. As the conservation of each
species is dependent upon a functioning
ecosystem to provide its fundamental
life requirements, such as a certain soil
type, minimum level of rainfall, or
suitable water quantity (damselflies), we
consider the physical or biological
features present in the ecosystems
described in this proposed rule to
provide the necessary PCEs for each
species in this proposal. The
ecosystems’ features collectively
provide the suite of environmental
conditions within each ecosystem
essential to meeting the requirements of
each species, including the appropriate
microclimatic conditions for
germination and growth of the plants
(e.g., light availability, soil nutrients,
hydrologic regime, temperature);
adequate instream flows and upland
habitat for cover and foraging for the
damselfly species; maintenance of
upland habitat so that it provides for the
proper ecological functioning of streams
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for the damselflies (e.g., water quality,
water temperature); and in all cases,
space within the appropriate habitats for
population growth and expansion, as
well as to maintain the historical,
geographical, and ecological
distribution of each species. In many
cases, due to our limited knowledge of
the specific life-history requirements for
these species, which are little-studied
and occur in remote and inaccessible
areas, the more general description of
the physical or biological features that
provide for the successful function of
the ecosystem that is essential to the
conservation of the species represents
the best scientific information available.
Accordingly, for purposes of this
proposed rule, the physical or biological
features of a properly functioning
ecosystem are the physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of
the 124 species at issue here that occur
in those ecosystems.
Table 4 identifies the physical or
biological features of a functioning
ecosystem for each of the ecosystem
types identified in this proposed rule,
and each species identified in this
proposed rule requires the physical or
biological features for each ecosystem in
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which that species occurs, as noted in
Table 5. These physical or biological
features provide the PCEs for the
individual species in each ecosystem.
The physical or biological features are
defined here by elevation, annual levels
of precipitation, substrate type and
slope, and the characteristic native plant
genera that are found in the canopy,
subcanopy, and understory levels of the
vegetative community where applicable.
If further information is available
indicating additional, specific lifehistory requirements for some species,
PCEs relating to these requirements are
described separately, and are termed
‘‘unique PCEs for species,’’ and are
identified in Table 5. The PCEs for each
species are therefore composed of the
physical or biological features found in
its functioning ecosystem(s) in
combination with additional unique
requirements, if any, as shown in Table
5. Note that the PCEs identified in Table
5 for each species are directly related to
the physical or biological features
presented in detail in Table 4; thus, both
Tables 4 and 5 must be read together to
fully describe all of the PCEs for each
species.
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Some of the species addressed in this
proposed rule occur in more than one
ecosystem. The PCEs for these species
are described separately for each
ecosystem in which they occur. The
reasoning behind this approach is that
each species requires a different suite of
environmental conditions depending
upon the ecosystem in which it occurs.
For example, Cyanea calycina will
occur in association with different
native plant species, and other
attributes, depending on whether it is
found within the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane wet, or wet cliff
ecosystems. Each of the physical or
biological features described in each
ecosystem in which the species occurs
are essential to the conservation of the
species, to retain its geographical and
ecological distribution across the
different ecosystem types in which it
may occur. Each physical or biological
feature is also essential to retaining the
genetic representation that allows this
species to successfully adapt to different
environmental conditions in various
native ecosystems. Although some of
these species occur in multiple native
ecosystems, their declining abundance
in the face of ongoing threats, such as
increasing numbers of nonnative plant
competitors, indicates that they are not
such broad habitat generalists as to be
able to persist in highly altered habitats.
Based on an analysis of the best
available scientific information,
functioning native ecosystems provide
the fundamental biological requirements
for the narrow-range endemics
addressed in this proposed rule.
Some examples may help to clarify
our approach to describing the PCEs for
each individual species. If we want to
determine the PCEs for the plant
Zanthoxylum oahuense, we look at
Table 5 to see that the PCEs for Z.
oahuense are provided by the physical
or biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem. Table 4 indicates that the
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem include
elevations of less than 3,281 ft (1,000
m); annual precipitation of more than 75
in (190 cm); clays, ashbeds, deep welldrained soils, and lowland bogs; and
one or more genera of the subcanopy
and understory plants Alyxia, Cibotium,
Claoxylon, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Kadua, Machaerina,
Melicope, Microlepia; and one or more
of the genera of the canopy species
Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine,
Pisonia, and Psychotria. As we do not
specifically know the unique PCEs for
Z. oahuense, and this plant is found
only in the lowland wet ecosystem, we
believe that the physical or biological
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features for the lowland wet ecosystem
best approximate the PCEs for Z.
oahuense. Thus, the physical or
biological features provided in the
ecosystem in which Z. oahuense is
found are the PCEs for Z. oahuense.
As another example, Table 5 indicates
the physical or biological features for
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly include
the physical or biological features for
the lowland wet or wet cliff ecosystems,
depending on the location, and also that
this species has a species-specific PCE,
which is a perennial stream with slow
reaches. The PCEs for the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly are thus composed
of the physical or biological features for
each of the two ecosystems it occupies,
as described in Table 4 for the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems, as well as
perennial streams with slow reaches
(i.e., stream areas with no riffles or
rapids). Table 5 is read in a similar
fashion in conjunction with Table 4 to
describe the PCEs for each of the 124
species for which we are proposing to
designate critical habitat in this
proposed rule.
Criteria Used To Identify Critical
Habitat Boundaries
We considered several factors in the
selection and proposal of specific
boundaries for critical habitat for these
124 species. We propose to designate
critical habitat on lands that contain the
physical or biological features essential
to conserving multiple species, based on
their shared dependence on the
functioning ecosystems they have in
common. Because each of the seven
ecosystems addressed in this proposed
rule does not form a single contiguous
area, the ecosystems are divided into
geographic units. The 7 ecosystem areas
are divided into 66 critical habitat units.
The proposed critical habitat is a
combination of areas currently occupied
by the species in that ecosystem, as well
as areas that may be currently
unoccupied. Due to the extremely
remote and inaccessible nature of some
of the areas, surveys are relatively
infrequent and may be limited in scope;
therefore, it is difficult to say with
certainty whether individual
representatives of a rare species may or
may not be present. However, the best
available scientific information suggests
that these species are or have occupied
these habitats. A properly functioning
ecosystem provides the life-history
requirements of the species that make
up that ecosystem, and the physical and
biological features found in such an
ecosystem are the PCEs essential for the
conservation of the species that occur
there. In other words, the occupied
areas provide the physical or biological
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features essential to the conservation of
the species occurring in the ecosystems
we analyzed, by providing for the
successful functioning of the ecosystem
on which the species depend. However,
due to the small population sizes, few
numbers of individuals, and reduced
geographic range of each of the 124
species for which critical habitat is here
proposed, we have determined that a
designation limited to known present
range of each species would be
inadequate to achieve the conservation
of those species. The areas believed to
be unoccupied have been determined to
be essential for the conservation and
recovery of the species and will promote
conservation actions to restore their
historical, geographical, and ecological
representation on Oahu. For seven of
the plant species reported from Oahu
and other Hawaiian Islands,
Adenophorus periens (extant on Kauai,
Molokai, Hawaii), Cyperus
pennatiformis var. pennatiformis
((Mariscus pennatiformis), extant on
Maui and Kauai), Diplazium
molokaiense (extant on Maui),
Isodendrion pyrifolium (extant on
Hawaii), Kadua coriacea ((Hedyotis
coriacea), extant on Maui, Kauai),
Platanthera holochila (extant on Kauai,
Molokai, and Maui), and Vigna owahuensis (extant on Hawaii,
Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Maui), we
are proposing to designate unoccupied
areas only, as these species are not
believed to be extant on Oahu. For
Cyrtandra waiolani, a plant known only
from Oahu, we are proposing to
designate potentially unoccupied areas
only, because the identity of a plant
observed in 2005, and believed to
possibly be this species, cannot be
confirmed until flowers or fruit are
available. Critical habitat boundaries for
all species were delineated to clearly
depict and promote the recovery and
conservation of these species by
incorporating the functioning
ecosystems on which they depend.
With the exception of the seven above
plant species believed to no longer be
extant on Oahu, and Cyrtandra
waiolani, which may no longer be
extant in the wild, each of the critical
habitat units in these ecosystems
contain both occupied areas and areas
that are currently unoccupied but
essential for the conservation of the
species. Because of their small numbers
or low population sizes, each of the 124
species requires suitable habitat and
space for the expansion of existing
populations to achieve a level that could
approach recovery. For example,
although Cyanea calycina is found in
multiple critical habitat units across
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four ecosystem types, its entire
distribution is comprised of only 325 to
339 individuals (U.S. Army 2006;
HBMP 2008). The unoccupied areas
within each unit where the species
occurs are essential for the expansion of
this species to achieve viable population
numbers and maintain its historical
geographical and ecological
distribution.
Current and historical species
location information was used to
develop initial critical habitat
boundaries (polygons) in each of the 7
ecosystems that would provide for the
conservation of the 124 species
addressed in this proposed rule. While
all 3 damselfly species are historically
known from both the Koolau and
Waianae Mountains, 85 of the 121 plant
species for which we propose critical
habitat are historically known from only
one mountain range on Oahu. Fortynine plant species (Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens,
Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, C. pinnatifida, Cyanea superba,
Cyperus pennatiformis var.
pennatiformis, C. trachysanthos, Diellia
unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niiahuensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
christophersenii, M. makahae, M.
pallida, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
recovery and conservation of the 124
species, including that needed for
expansion of reduced populations. The
approximate size of each of the 66 plant
critical habitat units and the 40
damselfly critical habitat units, and the
status of their land ownership, are
identified in Tables 5A and 5B,
respectively. The species that currently
occupy each of the 66 plant and 40
damselfly units are identified in Table
7A, along with areas determined to be
exempt from critical habitat designation
under section 4(a)(3) of the Act (for
summary of exemptions, see Table 7B;
see also Exemptions, below, for further
information). Table 7A also identifies
the areas designated for Cyrtandra
waiolani (a species that may no longer
be extant in the wild) that may be
currently unoccupied by this species.
All 40 damselfly critical habitat units
overlap areas that are also proposed for
designation as plant critical habitat.
When determining critical habitat
boundaries within this proposed rule,
we made every effort to avoid including
developed areas such as buildings,
paved areas, and other structures that
lack the physical or biological features
essential for the conservation of the 124
species. The scale of the maps we
prepared under the parameters for
publication within the Code of Federal
Regulations may not reflect the
exclusion of such developed areas. Any
such structures and the land under them
inadvertently left inside critical habitat
boundaries shown on the maps of this
proposed rule have been excluded by
text in the proposed rule and are not
proposed for designation as critical
habitat. Therefore, Federal actions
involving these areas would not trigger
section 7 consultation with respect to
critical habitat unless the specific action
would affect the adjacent critical habitat
or its primary constituent elements.
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri,
S. kealiae, S. obovata, S. trinervis,
Silene lanceolata, S. perlmanii,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium
filiforme, T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum,
Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana) are known only
from the Waianae Mountains. Thirty-six
plant species (Adenophorus periens,
Chamaesyce deppeana, C. rockii,
Cyanea crispa, C. humboldtiana, C.
koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C.
polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata,
C. viridiflora, C. waiolani, Diellia erecta,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Huperzia nutans,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. monostachya, Lysimachia filifolia,
Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, T.
lydgatei, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense) are known only from the
Koolau Mountains. For these species,
we are proposing to designate critical
habitat only in ecosystems within the
mountain range of their historical
occurrence. The initial polygons were
superimposed over digital topographic
maps of the island of Oahu and further
evaluated. In general, land areas that
were identified as highly degraded were
removed from the proposed critical
habitat units, and natural or manmade
features (e.g., ridge lines, valleys,
streams, coastlines, roads, obvious land
features, etc.) were used to delineate the
proposed critical habitat boundaries.
The critical habitat areas described
below constitute our best assessment of
the habitat containing the physical or
biological features essential for the
TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 121 OAHU PLANT SPECIES
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Land ownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
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Size of unit
in hectares
958
12
15
3
12
9
67
10
84
74
20
11
388
5
6
1
5
4
27
4
34
30
8
5
Oahu—Coastal
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
—Unit 12 ..........................................................................
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957
12
15
3
12
9
67
10
84
0
0
0
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county
Federal
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
02AUP2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74
20
11
Private
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 121 OAHU PLANT SPECIES—Continued
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Land ownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
—Unit 15 ..........................................................................
24
4
34
10
2
14
0
0
0
0
2
31
19
0
0
4
2
2
TOTAL Coastal .........................................................
1,339
542
1,169
33
124
10
Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
102
29
25
18
8
287
15
292
40
43
166
41
12
10
7
3
116
6
118
16
17
67
49
29
0
0
0
287
15
207
1
43
0
0
0
25
18
8
0
0
0
17
0
166
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
84
3
0
0
TOTAL Lowland Dry .................................................
1,025
413
631
234
20
141
Oahu—Lowland Mesic
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
4,450
1,063
353
20
29
247
1,669
1,801
430
143
8
12
100
676
3,564
1,063
353
20
29
12
683
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
583
0
0
0
0
0
130
303
0
0
0
0
235
857
TOTAL Lowland Mesic .............................................
7,831
3,170
5,724
0
713
1,395
Oahu—Lowland Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
—Unit 12 ..........................................................................
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
—Unit 15 ..........................................................................
—Unit 16 ..........................................................................
541
20
29
27
76
790
1,790
3,041
15,728
124
124
53
161
478
407
2,507
219
8
12
11
31
320
724
1,231
6,365
50
50
21
65
193
165
1,014
428
20
29
27
74
0
1,501
1,385
2,921
0
0
0
13
282
407
1,534
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
4,510
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
112
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
148
0
124
27
96
196
0
365
0
0
0
0
0
790
289
1,656
8,148
124
0
26
0
0
0
607
TOTAL Lowland Wet ................................................
25,896
10,479
8,621
4,564
1,068
11,640
Oahu—Montane Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
370
150
353
0
17
0
TOTAL Montane Wet ................................................
370
150
353
0
17
0
Oahu—Dry Cliff
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
49
412
450
108
26
255
208
259
20
167
182
44
10
103
84
105
49
321
101
26
0
150
96
259
0
0
0
82
26
105
113
0
0
91
349
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Proposed critical habitat area
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 121 OAHU PLANT SPECIES—Continued
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Land ownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
TOTAL Dry Cliff ........................................................
1,767
715
1,002
326
440
0
Oahu—Wet Cliff
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
235
7
16
23
43
151
144
4,649
95
3
6
9
17
61
58
1,881
167
5
16
23
23
151
144
1,666
0
2
0
0
20
0
0
5
68
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,280
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,698
TOTAL Wet Cliff .......................................................
5,268
2,130
2,195
27
1,348
1,698
TOTAL ALL UNITS ...................................................
43,491
17,603
19,695
5,184
3,730
14,884
Proposed critical habitat area
State
City and
county
Federal
Private
TABLE 6B—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 3 OAHU DAMSELFLY SPECIES
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Landownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
790
1,790
3,041
15,728
124
124
53
161
478
407
2,507
320
724
1,231
6,365
50
50
21
65
193
165
1,014
0
1,501
1,385
2,921
0
0
0
13
282
407
1,534
0
0
0
4,510
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
148
0
124
27
96
196
0
365
790
289
1,656
8,148
124
0
26
0
0
0
607
TOTAL Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland
Wet ........................................................................
25,203
10,198
8,043
4,562
956
11,640
Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Wet Cliff
—Unit 12 ..........................................................................
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
151
144
4,649
61
58
1,881
151
144
1,666
0
0
5
0
0
1,280
0
0
1,698
TOTAL Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Wet Cliff .....
4,944
2,000
1,961
5
1,280
1,698
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
790
1,790
3,041
15,728
124
124
53
161
478
407
2,507
320
724
1,231
6,365
50
50
21
65
193
165
1,014
0
1,501
1,385
2,921
0
0
0
13
282
407
1,534
0
0
0
4,510
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
148
0
124
27
96
196
0
365
790
289
1,656
8,148
124
0
26
0
0
0
607
TOTAL Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland
Wet ........................................................................
25,203
10,198
8,043
4,562
956
11,640
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Mesic
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
247
100
12
0
0
235
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
TABLE 6B—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 3 OAHU DAMSELFLY SPECIES—Continued
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Landownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland
Mesic .....................................................................
247
100
12
0
0
235
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Wet
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
—Unit 12 ..........................................................................
790
1,790
3,041
15,728
124
124
53
161
478
407
2,507
320
724
1,231
6,365
50
50
21
65
193
165
1,014
0
1,501
1,385
2,921
0
0
0
13
282
407
1,534
0
0
0
4,510
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
148
0
124
27
96
196
0
365
790
289
1,656
8,148
124
0
26
0
0
0
607
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Wet
25,203
10,198
8,043
4,562
956
11,640
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Wet Cliff
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
—Unit 15 ..........................................................................
151
144
4,649
61
58
1,881
151
144
1,666
0
0
5
0
0
1,280
0
0
1,698
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Wet Cliff ......
4,944
2,000
1,961
5
1,280
1,698
Proposed critical habitat unit
State
City and
county
Federal
Private
TABLE 7A—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS PROPOSED FOR DESIGNATION IN EACH ECOSYSTEM, AND SECTION
4(a)(3) EXEMPT AREAS
[See discussion below]
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Species
PLANTS
Abutilon sandwicense ...........
Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata.
Adenophorus periens ...........
Alectryon macrococcus ........
Bidens amplectens ...............
Bonamia menziesii ...............
Cenchrus agrimonioides .......
Centaurium sebaeoides ........
Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana.
Chamaesyce deppeana ........
Chamaesyce herbstii ............
Chamaesyce kuwaleana ......
Chamaesyce rockii ...............
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii.
Colubrina oppositifolia ..........
Ctenitis squamigera ..............
Cyanea acuminata ................
Cyanea calycina ...................
Cyanea crispa .......................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae.
Cyanea humboldtiana ...........
Cyanea koolauensis .............
Cyanea lanceolata ................
Cyanea longiflora ..................
Cyanea pinnatifida ................
Cyanea purpurellifolia ...........
Cyanea st.-johnii ...................
Cyanea superba ...................
Cyanea truncata ...................
Cyperus pennatiformis ..........
Cyperus trachysanthos .........
VerDate Mar<15>2010
Coastal
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
XW
Dry cliff
Wet cliff
XW
XW
Critical habitat
ac (ha)
Exempt from
critical habitat ac
(ha) under
4(a)(3)
Total critical
habitat plus
exempt ac (ha)
XK–H
XW,
XW
XW
XW
K–H
XW
XW, K
XW
169 (68)
0 (0)
7,802 (3,157)
3,510 (1,423)
XK–H
XW
7,633 (3,089)
3,510 (1,423)
30,147 (12,198)
9,968 (4,035)
1,140 (461)
9,780 (3,958)
7,633 (3,089)
1,275 (517)
8,971 (3,631)
0 (0)
169 (68)
16 (7)
583 (236)
169 (68)
0 (0)
53 (21)
30,147 (12,198)
10,137 (4,103)
1,156 (468)
10,363 (4,194)
7,802 (3,157)
1,275 (517)
9,024 (3,652)
XK
XW
4,944 (2,000)
7,633 (3,089)
2,084 (844)
30,147 (12,198)
548 (221)
0 (0)
169 (68)
0 (0)
5,254 (2,126)
0 (0)
4,944 (2,000)
7,802 (3,157)
2,084 (844)
35,401 (14,324)
548 (221)
5,866 (2,374)
7,831 (3,170)
39,365 (15,929)
39,365 (15,929)
32,112 (12,994)
33,727 (13,649)
0 (0)
811 (328)
7,183 (2,906)
6,588 (2,665)
5,306 (2,147)
0 (0)
5,866 (2,374)
8,642 (3,498)
46,548 (18,835)
45,953 (18,594)
37,418 (15,141)
33,727 (13,649)
8,326 (3,370)
1,567 (634)
9,893 (4,004)
30,147 (12,198)
25,203 (10,198)
27,168 (10,994)
7,831 (3,170)
5,866 (2,374)
30,147 (12,198)
30,147 (12,198)
5,866 (2,374)
32,112 (12,994)
5,866 (2,374)
181 (74)
5,306 (2,147)
5,893 (2,385)
5,298 (2,144)
125 (51)
0 (0)
5,298 (2,144)
5,298 (2,144)
693 (280)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
35,453 (14,345)
31,096 (12,583)
32,466 (13,138)
7,956 (3,221)
5,866 (2,374)
35,445 (14,342)
35,445 (14,342)
6,559 (2,654)
32,112 (12,994)
5,866 (2,374)
181 (74)
XW
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW
XW,
K–H
XW
XW
XW
XK–H
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW, K–H
XW, K
XW, K
XK
XW, K
XW
XW, K
XW
XW, K
XW, K
XK
XW, K
XW
XW, K
XK
XW
XW
XK
XK
XK
XK
XK
XW, K–H
XW–H
XK
XK
XW
XK
XW–H
XW, K
18:05 Aug 01, 2011
XK
XK
XK–H
XK–H
XW, K
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
TABLE 7A—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS PROPOSED FOR DESIGNATION IN EACH ECOSYSTEM, AND SECTION
4(a)(3) EXEMPT AREAS—Continued
[See discussion below]
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Species
Cyrtandra dentata .................
Cyrtandra gracilis ..................
Cyrtandra kaulantha .............
Cyrtandra polyantha .............
Cyrtandra sessilis .................
Cyrtandra subumbellata .......
Cyrtandra viridiflora ..............
Cyrtandra waiolani* ..............
Delissea subcordata .............
Diellia erecta .........................
Diellia falcata ........................
Diellia unisora .......................
Diplazium molokaiense .........
Doryopteris takeuchii ............
Dubautia herbstobatae .........
Eragrostis fosbergii ...............
Eugenia koolauensis ............
Euphorbia haeleeleana .........
Flueggea neowawraea .........
Gardenia mannii ...................
Gouania meyenii ...................
Gouania vitifolia ....................
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arbuscula ....
Hibiscus brackenridgei .........
Huperzia nutans ...................
Isodendrion laurifolium .........
Isodendrion longifolium .........
Isodendrion pyrifolium ..........
Kadua coriacea .....................
Kadua degeneri ....................
Kadua parvula ......................
Korthalsella degeneri ............
Labordia cyrtandrae ..............
Lepidium arbuscula ..............
Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla.
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis.
Lobelia monostachya ............
Lobelia niihauensis ...............
Lobelia oahuensis .................
Lysimachia filifolia .................
Marsilea villosa .....................
Melanthera tenuifolia ............
Melicope christophersenii .....
Melicope hiiakae ...................
Melicope lydgatei ..................
Melicope makahae ...............
Melicope pallida ....................
Melicope saint-johnii .............
Myrsine juddii ........................
Neraudia angulata ................
Nototrichium humile ..............
Peucedanum sandwicense ...
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..............
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ........
Phyllostegia mollis ................
Phyllostegia parviflora var.
lydgatei.
Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora.
Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata.
Plantago princeps var.
princeps.
Platanthera holochila ............
Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta.
Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens.
Pleomele forbesii ..................
Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis.
Pteralyxia macrocarpa ..........
Pteris lidgatei ........................
VerDate Mar<15>2010
Coastal
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
XW, K
XK
XK–H
XW, K–H
XK
XW, K–H
XW
XW–H
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
XW, K
XK
XK
XK
XK
XK
XK
XK–H
Dry cliff
Wet cliff
XW
XW
XW,
XW
K–H
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW
XW
XK
XW
XK
XW
XW, K
XW–H
XW–H
K–H
XW
XW
XW
XW, K
XW, K
XW
XW, K
XW
XW
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW, K
XW, K
18:05 Aug 01, 2011
XW, K
XW
XW
XW
XW, K
XK
XW
XW
XK
XW
XW
XW,
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW
K–H
XW
XK
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW, K–H
XW–H
XK–H
XW, K
XW
XW, K
XW
XW
XK
XK
XK–H
XW,
K–H
XW, K
XW
XK
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW, K
XW, K
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XW
XK
XW
XW, K
XK
XW
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XK
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XW, K
5,468 (2,213)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
595 (241)
5,306 (2,147)
0 (0)
693 (280)
0 (0)
1,406 (569)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
583 (236)
0 (0)
125 (51)
53 (21)
1,406 (569)
5,298 (2,144)
0 (0)
0 (0)
5,298 (2,144)
0 (0)
18 (7)
5,901 (2,388)
0 (0)
595 (241)
0 (0)
0 (0)
170 (69)
583 (236)
412 (167)
7,183 (2,906)
690 (280)
0 (0)
44,463 (17,992)
25,203 (10,198)
30,147 (12,198)
27,168 (10,994)
30,147 (12,198)
30,742 (12,439)
35,453 (14,345)
27,168 (10,994)
8,524 (3,450)
1,965 (796)
11,004 (4,454)
7,633 (3,089)
6,559 (2,655)
302 (122)
8,216 (3,325)
7,633 (3,089)
7,956 (3,221)
6,101 (2,468)
9,039 (3,658)
39,025 (15,793)
8,117 (3,284)
8,508 (3,443)
38,332 (15,512)
6,559 (2,655)
6,066 (2,454)
36,048 (14,586)
9,598 (3,885)
34,322 (13,890)
1,949 (788)
7,831 (3,170)
7,803 (3,158)
8,216 (3,325)
2,179 (882)
46,548 (18,835)
2,457 (995)
1,767 (715)
595 (241)
25,798 (10,439)
1,965 (796)
7,633 (3,089)
31,210 (12,629)
4,944 (2,000)
181 (74)
7,815 (3,162)
694 (280)
25,203 (10,198)
27,168 (10,994)
8,326 (3,370)
5,866 (2,374)
9,598 (3,885)
25,203 (10,198)
7,815 (3,162)
7,815 (3,162)
1,767 (715)
39,365 (15,929)
7,633 (3,089)
8,524 (3,451)
5,866 (2,374)
0 (0)
583 (236)
642 (259)
0 (0)
0 (0)
753 (305)
481 (194)
5,298 (2,144)
5,298 (2,144)
583 (236)
0 (0)
0 (0)
5,298 (2,144)
1,406 (569)
193 (78)
0 (0)
7,183 (2,906)
0 (0)
801 (324)
0 (0)
1,965 (796)
8,216 (3,325)
31,852 (12,888)
4,944 (2,000)
181 (74)
8,568 (3,467)
1,175 (474)
30,501 (12,342)
32,466 (13,138)
8,909 (3,606)
5,866 (2,374)
9,598 (3,885)
30,501 (12,342)
9,221 (3,731)
8,008 (3,240)
1,767 (715)
46,548 (18,835)
7,633 (3,089)
9,325 (3,775)
5,866 (2,374)
32,112 (12,994)
0 (0)
32,112 (12,994)
0 (0)
25,203 (10,198)
40,438 (16,364)
896 (352)
41,334 (16,716)
0 (0)
5,893 (2,385)
25,203 (10,198)
31,096 (12,583)
7,633 (3,089)
XW–H
38,995 (15,779)
25,203 (10,198)
30,147 (12,198)
27,168 (10,994)
30,147 (12,198)
30,147 (12,198)
30,147 (12,198)
27,168 (10,994)
7,831 (3,170)
1,965 (796)
9,598 (3,885)
7,633 (3,089)
6,559 (2,655)
302 (122)
7,633 (3,089)
7,633 (3,089)
7,831 (3,170)
6,048 (2,447)
7,633 (3,089)
33,727 (13,649)
8,117 (3,284)
8,508 (3,443)
33,034 (13,368)
6,559 (2,655)
6,048 (2,447)
30,147 (12,198)
9,598 (3,885)
33,727 (13,649)
1,949 (788)
7,831 (3,170)
7,633 (3,089)
7,633 (3,089)
1,767 (715)
39,365 (15,929)
1,767 (715)
1,767 (715)
25,203 (10,198)
25,203 (10,198)
XW
XW
XK
XW–H,
XW
XW
Total critical
habitat plus
exempt ac (ha)
25,203 (10,198)
XK
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW, K–H
XW, K
Exempt from
critical habitat ac
(ha) under
4(a)(3)
25,203 (10,198)
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW–H
XW, K
XW
XW
Critical habitat
ac (ha)
1,406 (569)
9,039 (3,658)
10,473 (4,239)
30,147 (12,198)
753 (305)
5,306 (2,147)
11,226 (4,544)
35,453 (14,345)
40,762 (16,494)
25,203 (10,198)
1,174 (718)
5,893 (2,385)
42,536 (17,212)
31,096 (12,583)
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TABLE 7A—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS PROPOSED FOR DESIGNATION IN EACH ECOSYSTEM, AND SECTION
4(a)(3) EXEMPT AREAS—Continued
[See discussion below]
Species
Coastal
Sanicula mariversa ...............
Sanicula purpurea ................
Schiedea hookeri ..................
Schiedea kaalae ...................
Schiedea kealiae ..................
Schiedea nuttallii ..................
Schiedea obovata .................
Schiedea trinervis .................
Sesbania tomentosa .............
Silene lanceolata ..................
Silene perlmanii ....................
Solanum sandwicense ..........
Spermolepis hawaiiensis ......
Stenogyne kanehoana ..........
Tetramolopium filiforme ........
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum.
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei ........
Trematolobelia singularis ......
Urera kaalae .........................
Vigna o-wahuensis ...............
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana.
Viola oahuensis ....................
Zanthoxylum oahuense ........
ANIMALS
blackline Hawaiian damselfly
crimson Hawaiian damselfly
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
Proposed CH ac (ha) ...........
Exempt Area ac (ha) ............
Total Area Considered Proposed CH (including Exempt Area) ac (ha).
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
XW
XW
XW
Dry cliff
Critical habitat
ac (ha)
Wet cliff
XW
XK
XW
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW–H,
K–H
XW, K
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XK
XK
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW–H,
XK
XK
K–H
XW
XW
XK
XK
XK
1,339
(542)
0
(0)
1,025
(413)
18
(7)
XK
7,831
(3,170)
989
(400)
XW–H, K
XW–H, K
XW–H, K
25,896
(10,479)
6,054
(2,450)
1,339
(542)
1,041
(421)
8,819
(3,569)
31,948
(12,929)
370
(150)
399
(161)
1,767
(715)
547
(222)
XK
XK
5,268
(2,130)
90
(36)
769
(311)
2,314
(937)
125 (51)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
583 (236)
32,237 (13,045)
1,965 (796)
30,147 (12,198)
6,559 (2,655)
6,219 (2,517)
8,216 (3,325)
595 (241)
5,893 (2,385)
25,798 (10,439)
31,096 (12,583)
25,203 (10,198)
30,147 (12,198)
30,394 (12,298)
XW
XW
8,216 (3,325)
36,048 (14,586)
9,898 (4,004)
14,675 (5,938)
1,140 (461)
8,695 (3,519)
7,802 (3,157)
2,955 (1,194)
1,140 (461)
2,179 (882)
7,633 (3,089)
8,471 (3,429)
2,251 (910)
6,506 (2,633)
2,179 (882)
7,633 (3,089)
25,203 (10,198)
25,203 (10,198)
XW, K
583 (236)
5,901 (2,388)
1,066 (431)
883 (357)
0 (0)
864 (349)
169 (68)
494 (199)
0 (0)
412 (167)
0 (0)
640 (259)
0 (0)
640 (259)
412 (167)
0 (0)
32,112 (12,994)
1,965 (796)
30,147 (12,198)
6,559 (2,655)
6,219 (2,517)
7,633 (3,089)
XW
K–H
XW
Total critical
habitat plus
exempt ac (ha)
7,633 (3,089)
30,147 (12,198)
8,832 (3,573)
13,792 (5,581)
1,140 (461)
7,831 (3,170)
7,633 (3,089)
2,461 (995)
1,275 (517)
1,767 (715)
7,633 (3,089)
7,831 (3,170)
2,251 (910)
5,866 (2,374)
1,767 (715)
7,633 (3,089)
XK
XW
XW, K
XW
XW,
XW
Exempt from
critical habitat ac
(ha) under
4(a)(3)
5,893 (2,385)
5,901 (2,388)
5,306 (2,147)
31,096 (12,583)
36,048 (14,586)
35,700 (14,445)
5,358
(2,168)
W = occurs within indicated ecosystem in the Waianae Mountain caldera complex.
K = occurs within indicated ecosystem in the Koolau Mountain caldera complex.
W–H = known historically (last observed > 20 yrs ago) from indicated ecosystem in the Waianae Mountain caldera complex.
K–H = known historically (last observed > 20 yrs ago) from indicated ecosystem in the Koolau Mountain caldera complex.
The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides area essential to the conservation of all of the species that occur in that
particular ecosystem. Unoccupied habitat provides space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as seed dispersal and reproduction that will
serve to expand the existing populations.
* This species may no longer occur in the wild.
Note: Total number of species in table is greater than 124 because we identify the applicable ecosystems and section 4(A)(3) exempt areas for the Oahu varieties
of Phyllostegia parviflora and Plantago princeps.
TABLE 7B—AREAS BY ECOSYSTEM DETERMINED TO BE EXEMPT FROM DESIGNATION UNDER SECTION 4(a)(3) OF THE
ACT
Proposed critical habitat
Acres (hectares) exempt
from critical habitat
Ecosystem
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ac
Coastal .............................................................................
Lowland Dry .....................................................................
Lowland Mesic .................................................................
Lowland Wet ....................................................................
Montane Wet ....................................................................
Dry Cliff ............................................................................
Wet Cliff ...........................................................................
Special Management Considerations or
Protections
The term critical habitat is defined in
section 3(5)(A) of the Act, in part, as
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ha
1,339
1,025
7,831
25,896
370
1,767
5,268
542
413
3,170
10,479
150
715
2,130
ac
0
18
989
6,054
399
547
90
geographic areas on which are found the
physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of the species and
‘‘which may require special
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ha
0
7
400
2,450
161
222
36
Total area considered
ac
ha
1,339
1,041
8,820
31,950
769
2,314
4,739
542
421
3,570
12,929
311
937
1,917
management considerations or
protection.’’
In identifying critical habitat in
occupied areas, we determine whether
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those areas that contain the features
essential to the conservation of the
species require any special management
actions. Although the determination
that special management may be
required is not a prerequisite to
designating critical habitat in
unoccupied areas, special management
is needed throughout all of the proposed
critical habitat units. The following
discussion of special management needs
is therefore applicable to each of the 124
Oahu species for which we are herein
proposing to designate critical habitat.
The 124 Oahu species for which we
are proposing to designate critical
habitat include 116 species that are
currently found in the wild on Oahu; 7
plant species found currently only on
other Hawaiian Islands, but which were
historically found on Oahu; and 1 plant
species, Cyrtandra waiolani, which may
not be extant in the wild. For each of the
123 species currently found in the wild,
we have determined the features
essential to their conservation are those
required for the successful functioning
of the ecosystem(s) in which they occur
(see Tables 4 and 5). As described
earlier, in some cases, additional
species-specific primary constituent
elements were also identified (see Table
5). Special management considerations
or protections are necessary throughout
the critical habitat areas proposed here
to avoid further degradation or
destruction of those features essential to
their conservation. The primary threats
to the physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of all of
these species include habitat
destruction and modification by feral
ungulates, competition with nonnative
species, hurricanes, landslides,
rockfalls, flooding, fire, drought, and
climate change. The Hawaiian
damselflies are additionally threatened
by destruction and modification of their
aquatic habitat due to conversion and
fill for agriculture and development,
and stream alterations (diversions,
channelization, and dewatering). The
reduction of these threats will require
the implementation of special
management actions within each of the
critical habitat areas identified in this
proposed rule.
All proposed critical habitat, except
that in the coastal ecosystem on Oahu,
requires active management to address
the ongoing degradation and loss of
native habitat caused by feral ungulates
(pigs and goats). Feral ungulates also
impact the habitat through predation
and trampling. Without this special
management, habitat containing the
features that are essential for the
conservation of these species will
continue to be degraded and destroyed.
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All proposed critical habitat requires
active management to address the
ongoing degradation and loss of native
habitat caused by nonnative plants.
Special management is also required to
prevent the introduction of new alien
plant species into native habitats.
Particular attention is required during
nonnative plant control efforts to avoid
creating additional disturbances that
may facilitate the further introduction
and establishment of invasive plant
seeds. Precautions are also required to
avoid the inadvertent trampling of listed
plant species in the course of
management activities.
The active control of nonnative plant
species will help to address the threat
posed by fire to 29 of the proposed
ecosystem critical habitat units in
particular: Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
7, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit
2, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8. This
threat is largely a result of the presence
of nonnative plant species such as the
grasses Cenchrus ciliaris and Melinus
minutiflora that increase the fuel load
and quickly regenerate after a fire. These
nonnative grass species can outcompete
native plants that are not adapted to fire,
creating a grass-fire cycle that alters
ecosystem functions (D’Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, pp. 64–66; Brooks et al.
2004, p. 680).
Thirty-five of the proposed ecosystem
critical habitat units (Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
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Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8) may
require special management to reduce
the threat of landslides, rockfalls, and
flooding. These threaten to further
degrade habitat conditions in these
units and have the potential to eliminate
some populations of 24 plants (e.g.,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
lanceolata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Huperzia nutans, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope makahae,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora var. lydgatei, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, P. cornuta var.
decurrens, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea kealiae, S. obovata, Solanum
sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana) and 3 damselfly
species found on steep slopes and cliffs,
or in narrow gulches. In addition,
perennial streams in 40 of the
overlapping ecosystem units (blackline
Hawaiian damselfly Lowland Wet units
1–11; crimson Hawaiian damselfly
Lowland Wet units 1–11 and Wet Cliff
units 12–14; and oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly critical habitat units 1–
Lowland Mesic, Lowland Wet units 2–
12, and Wet Cliff units 13–15) may
require special management to reduce
the threats to the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies from
diversions, dewatering, vertical wells,
and stream channelization.
In summary, we find that each of the
areas we are proposing as critical habitat
contains features essential for the
conservation of the species that may
require special management
considerations or protection to ensure
the conservation of the 124 Oahu
species. These special management
considerations and protections are
required to preserve and maintain the
essential features provided to these
species by the ecosystems upon which
they depend. The specific areas
proposed for critical habitat that are
outside the geographical area occupied
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by these species have been determined
to be essential for their conservation.
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Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
We are proposing 43,491 ac (17,600
ha) as critical habitat in 7 ecosystem
types for 124 species. The proposed
critical habitat is comprised of 66
critical habitat units for the plants, and
40 critical habitat units for the
damselflies (see Tables 5A and 5B,
above, for details). The proposed critical
habitat includes land under State, City
and County of Honolulu, Federal
(Department of Defense—Navy;
Department of Homeland Security—
Coast Guard; Department of Interior—
Fish and Wildlife Service), and private
ownership. The critical habitat units we
describe below constitute our current
best assessment of those areas that meet
the definition of critical habitat for the
124 species of plants and animals.
Descriptions of Proposed Critical
Habitat Units
The unit descriptions presented here
represent the 7 essential ecosystem
areas that we have identified for all 124
species. Critical habitat for the 121
Oahu plant species and critical habitat
for the 3 Oahu damselflies are published
in separate sections of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR); critical
habitat is published in 50 CFR 17.99(i)
for Oahu plants and in 50 CFR 17.95(i)
for the three damselfly species.
However, the same geographic area
represents proposed critical habitat for
both plants and damselflies in some
portions of Oahu. For example, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6 (represented by
map 26 in our proposed revision to 50
CFR 17.99(i)) and oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 1—Lowland Mesic
(represented by map 2 for this species
in 50 CFR 17.95(i)) correspond to the
same geographic area. Therefore,
because the unit boundaries are the
same, we are describing them only once
to avoid redundancy and reduce
publication costs for this proposed rule,
as indicated by ‘‘(and)’’ following the
unit name.
As provided under section 4(b)(2) of
the Act, all or portions of each of these
areas may be considered for exclusion
from critical habitat when this rule is
finalized. Exclusions are considered
based on the relative costs and benefits
of designating critical habitat, including
information provided during the public
comment period on potential economic
impacts of this proposed critical habitat
designation, and are made at the
discretion of the Secretary. The
consideration of potential economic
impacts applies solely to the
designation of critical habitat, and is not
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15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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a factor in our assessment of whether a
species warrants listing as endangered
or threatened under the Act.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1 consists of
958 ac (388 ha) in the coastal ecosystem
along the northwestern coast of Oahu
from Kaena Point east to Kauhao Pali
and southeast to Keawaula. This unit is
State-owned, and partially within Kaena
Point State Park. It is occupied by the
plants Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, and Sesbania tomentosa, and
includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Schiedea kealiae, or Vigna
o-wahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical
range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2 consists of 12
ac (5 ha) in the coastal ecosystem on
Mokuaula, an islet east of Kalanai Point
on the northeastern coast of Oahu. This
unit is State-owned and is classified as
a State Seabird Sanctuary. It includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see
Table 4). Although this unit is not
currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3 consists of 15
ac (6 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
the larger of two islets (Moku Manu) off
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46441
the windward coast of Oahu near
Mokapu Peninsula. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as PCEs
in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although this unit is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4 consists of 3
ac (1 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, the
smaller of two islets (Moku Manu) off
the windward coast Oahu near Mokapu
Peninsula. This unit is State-owned,
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary,
and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4 is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5 consists of 12
ac (5 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, the
larger of two islands (Mokulua Islands)
off the windward coast of Oahu near
Wailea Point. This unit is State-owned,
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary,
and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although this
unit is not currently occupied by
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
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conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 consists of 9
ac (4 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
the smaller of two islands (Mokulua
Islands) off the windward coast of Oahu
near Wailea Point. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 is not
currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7 consists of 67
ac (27 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
the larger of two islands (Manana
Island) off the windward coast of Oahu
near Makapuu Point. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7 is not
currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8 consists of 10
ac (4 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
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the smaller of two islands (Kaohikaipu
Island) off the windward coast of Oahu
near Makapuu Point. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit is occupied by the plant Sesbania
tomentosa and contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 8 is not currently occupied by
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, and Vigna o-wahuensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9 consists of 84
ac (34 ha) of State land and 0.02 ac (0.01
ha) of privately owned land in the
coastal ecosystem on the leeward side of
Makapuu Point (Puuokipahulu). This
unit is occupied by the plants Cyperus
trachysanthos and Marsilea villosa, and
includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem, as well as the unique species
PCEs for the plants C. trachysanthos and
M. villosa (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 9 is not currently occupied by
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
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Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10 consists of
74 ac (30 ha) in the coastal ecosystem,
owned by the City and County of
Honolulu at Halona Point on the
leeward side of Koko Crater, extending
from Sandy Beach to Kahauloa. It is
occupied by the plant Centaurium
sebaeiodes and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10 is not known
to be occupied by Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11 consists of
20 ac (8 ha) of City and County of
Honolulu land in the coastal ecosystem,
at Ihiihilauakea on Koko Head
(Kaihuokapuaa). This unit is occupied
by the plant Marsilea villosa, and
includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem, as well as the unique species
PCEs for this species (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11 is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
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population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 consists of
11 ac (5 ha) of City and County land in
the coastal ecosystem, at Nonoula on
Koko Head (Kaihuokapuaa). This unit is
occupied by the plant Marsilea villosa,
and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem, as well as the unique species
PCEs for this species (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13 consists of
24 ac (10 ha) in the coastal ecosystem,
on City, County and private land at
Kalaeloa. This unit is occupied by the
plant Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13 is not known
to be occupied by Bidens amplectens,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea
kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
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Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14 consists of 4
ac (2 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
private and federal (U.S. Coast Guard)
land at Kalaeloa. This unit is occupied
by the plant Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14 is not known
to be occupied by Bidens amplectens,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea
kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15 consists of
34 ac (14 ha) in the coastal ecosystem,
on State, private, and federal (Pearl
Harbor NWR) land at Kalaeloa. This unit
is occupied by the plant Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see
Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15 is not known to be occupied by
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 consists
of 102 ac (41 ha) in the lowland dry
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Sfmt 4702
46443
ecosystem, on State and privately
owned land in the Waianae Mountains,
extending from Haili Gulch to
Kawaipahai. This unit is occupied by
the plants Bidens amplectens, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Nototrichium humile,
and Schiedea kealiae, and includes the
dry forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Pleomele
forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 consists
of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland dry
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains,
on State-owned land within Kaena Point
State Park. This unit is occupied by the
plants Bonamia menziesii, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Nototrichium humile, and
Pleomele forbesii, and includes the dry
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Neraudia, Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae,
or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have
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determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3 consists
of 25 ac (10 ha) in the lowland dry
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains,
on Federal land (U.S. Navy) in Lualualei
Valley, south of Mailiili Stream. This
unit is occupied by the plant Marsilea
villosa, and includes the dry forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland dry ecosystem, as well as
unique PCEs for this species (see Table
4). This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G.
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Neruadia angulata var.
angulata, N. angulata var. dentata,
Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4 consists
of 18 ac (7 ha) in the lowland dry
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains,
on Federal land (U.S. Navy) in Lualualei
Valley, along Paakea Road. This unit is
occupied by the plant Marsilea villosa,
and includes the dry forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland dry ecosystem, as well as
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unique PCEs for this plant (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G.
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 consists
of 8 ac (3 ha) in the lowland dry
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains,
on Federal land (U.S. Navy) in Lualualei
Valley, northeast of Paakea Road. This
unit is occupied by the plant Cyperus
trachysanthos and includes the dry
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for this plant
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 5 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Marsilea villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kealiae, or Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland dry
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
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wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6 consists
of 287 ac (116 ha) of State land in the
lowland dry ecosystem, on the outer rim
of Leahi (Diamond Head) Crater within
Diamond Head State Monument. This
unit is occupied by the plants
Doryopteris takeuchii and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, and includes the dry forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 6 is not known to be
occupied by the plant Gouania meyenii,
we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and
recovery of this lowland dry species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to its small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes,
this species requires suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7 consists
of 15 ac (6 ha) of State land in the
lowland dry ecosystem, in Leahi
(Diamond Head) Crater within Diamond
Head State Monument. This unit is
occupied by the plant Cyperus
trachysanthos and includes the dry
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for this plant
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Doryopteris
takeuchii, Gouania meyenii, Marsilea
villosa, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
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species, and the unique PCEs for the
species M. villosa. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 consists
of 292 ac (118 ha) of State and private
land in the lowland dry ecosystem, at
Barbers Point Harbor. Although Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species, and the unique PCEs for the
species C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9 consists
of 40 ac (16 ha) of City and County,
State, private, and federal (Pearl Harbor
NWR) land in the lowland dry
ecosystem at Kalaeloa. This unit is
occupied by the plant Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, and includes
the dry forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland dry
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
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Jkt 223001
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species, and the unique PCEs for the
species C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10
consists of 43 ac (17 ha) of State land
(Department of Hawaiian Homelands
(DHHL)) in the lowland dry ecosystem
at Kalaeloa. This unit is occupied by the
plant Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii and includes the dry forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland dry ecosystem, as well as
unique PCEs for this plant (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although DHHL Lowland
Dry—Unit 10 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species, and the unique PCEs for the
species C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
consists of 166 ac (67 ha) of federal land
(U.S. Navy) in the lowland dry
ecosystem, at Kalaeloa. This unit is
occupied by the plant Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and
includes the dry forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland dry
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ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
this plant (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species, and the unique PCEs for the
species C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1
consists of 4,450 ac (1,801 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains, encompassing a
large area including the north slopes of
Mt. Kaala, from the Pahole Natural Area
Reserve (NAR) to the Kaala NAR, and
south to the Waianae Kai Forest Reserve
(FR), on State, City and County of
Honolulu, and privately owned land.
This unit is occupied by the plants
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus var. macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, C.
calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. longiflora,
C. superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hesperomannia
arborescens, H. arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
I. longifolium, Kadua degeneri, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, M. pallida,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kaalae, S. nuttallii, S. obovata, and
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Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana, and includes the mesic
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyperus pennatiformis,
Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,, Kadua
coriacea, K. parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Melicope saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora var. lydgatei, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Sanicula
mariversa, Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, or Urera kaalae, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2
consists of 1,063 ac (430 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains, from Puuhapapa south to
Puukaua. This area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Cyanea calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. obatae, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
falcata, Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. kaalaensis, P. mollis,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kaalae, Solanum sandwicense,
Stenogyne kanehoana, and Urera
kaalae, and includes the mesic forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4).
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This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
longiflora, C. pinnatifida, C. superba,
Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hesperomannia
arborescens, H. arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
I. longifolium, Kadua coriacea, K.
degeneri, K. parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia niihauense,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. pallida, M. saint-johnii,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
lydgatei, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
nuttallii, S. obovata, Silene perlmanii,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, or Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3
consists of 353 ac (143 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains, from Pohakea Pass to
Kaiakuakai Gulch. This area was part of
the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This
unit is occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus var. macrococcus,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Melicope
saint-johnii, Phyllostegia mollis, P.
parviflora var. lydgatei, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea kaalae, Silene perlmanii, and
Urera kaalae, and includes the mesic
forest and shrubland, the moisture
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regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
C. herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
C. longiflora, C. pinnatifida, C. superba,
Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, K. degeneri, K. parvula,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauense, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, M. pallida,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P.
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. nuttallii, S.
obovata, Solanum sandwicense,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4
consists of 20 ac (8 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem on the windward side
of the Koolau Mountains, between the
Waipilopilo and Hanaimoa gulches, on
State-owned land within the Hauula
Forest Reserve. This unit includes the
lowland mesic forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4 is not
known to be occupied by the plants
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Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
lanceolata, C. longiflora, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. polyantha, C.
waiolani, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
erecta, D. falcata, Eugenia koolauensis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, I.
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea kaalae, S. nuttallii, Solanum
sandwicense, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, or T. lydgatei, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5
consists of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem on the windward side
of the Koolau Mountains, in Maakua
Gulch and ridge; is State-owned; and is
within the Hauula FR. This unit
includes the mesic forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5 is not
known to be occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus s, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
lanceolata, C. longiflora, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. polyantha, C.
waiolani, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
erecta, D. falcata, Eugenia koolauensis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, I.
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea kaalae, S. nuttallii, Solanum
sandwicense, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, or T. lydgatei, we have
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determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6 (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 1—
Lowland Mesic
This area consists of 247 ac (100 ha)
in the lowland mesic ecosystem on the
windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, inland of Kaaawa Point, on
State and privately owned land, and is
partially within Ahupuaa O Kahana
State Park. This area is occupied by the
plants Cyanea acuminata, C. crispa, C.
truncata, Gardenia mannii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Schiedea kaalae; and
the invertebrate, the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly. This area includes the
lowland mesic forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
the damselfly (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly are dispersed in the lowland
mesic ecosystem, the lowland mesic
ecosystem physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
because they provide for the proper
ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
known to be occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. lanceolata, C. longiflora, Cyrtandra
dentata, C. polyantha, C. waiolani,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, D.
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia monostachya, Melicope
lydgatei, M. saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. mollis, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, or T.
lydgatei, we have determined this area
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to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland mesic species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7
consists of 1,669 ac (676 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the
leeward side of the Koolau Mountains,
on State and privately owned land, on
Waialae Nui ridge. This unit is occupied
by the plants Bonamia menziesii,
Cyanea acuminata, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra
polyantha, Diellia erecta, Lobelia
monostachya, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and includes
the mesic forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 7 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea calycina, C. crispa, C. longiflora,
C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
waiolani, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Schiedea kaalae,
S. nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense, or
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 consists
of 541 ac (219 ha) owned by the State
of Hawaii and City and County of
Honolulu, in the lowland wet ecosystem
on the windward side of the Waianae
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Mountains, and partially within the
Mokuleia and Waianae Kai Forest
Reserves. This unit is occupied by the
plants Gouania vitifolia, Melicope
makahae, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, and Urera kaalae, and includes
the wet forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
P. mollis, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pterlyxia macrocarpa, or
Schiedea kaalae, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
lowland wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 consists
of 20 ac (8 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the
Waianae Mountains at Puuhapapa. This
area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
is occupied by the plants Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. mollis, and Urera kaalae, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
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vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, or S.
kaalae, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3 consists
of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the
Waianae Mountains at Puukanehoa.
This area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
is occupied by the plants Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. mollis, and Schiedea hookeri,
and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, or Urera
kaalae, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4 consists
of 27 ac (11 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the
Waianae Mountains on State land at
Puukaua. A portion of this area was part
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of the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This
unit is occupied by the plant
Phyllostegia mollis and includes the wet
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 4 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, or Urera
kaalae, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 consists
of 74 ac (29 ha) owned by the State of
Hawaii and 2 ac (1 ha) of Federal land
owned by the U.S. Navy (Lualualei) in
the lowland wet ecosystem, on the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains at Palikea. A portion of this
area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
is occupied by the plants Cyanea
calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, and
Schiedea kaalae, and includes the wet
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5 is not known to be
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occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyrtandra dentata,
Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, or Urera kaalae, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 1—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 1—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 790 ac (320 ha)
in the lowland wet ecosystem, on
privately owned land on the windward
side of the Koolau Mountains, and
includes Kahawainui, Ihiihi, Wailele,
and Koloa gulches. This area is
occupied by the plant Hesperomannia
arborescens and by the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to the
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
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viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P.
princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, Zanthoxylum oahuense, or
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 2—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 3—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,790 ac (724 ha)
in the lowland wet ecosystem on the
windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, on State and privately
owned land within the Kaipapau and
Haula Forest Reserves and Sacred Falls
State Park, from Puukainapuaa to
Kaluanui (Sacred Falls). This unit is
occupied by the plants Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. humboldtiana, C. purpurellifolia, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Viola
oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum oahuense,
and by the blackline and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies. This unit
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
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46449
biological features are essential to the
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. The streams, foraging
areas, and cover areas that are occupied
contain the essential PCEs, and the
streams and upland areas that are not
occupied are essential to the
conservation of the species because they
support the proper ecological
functioning of the occupied areas within
the ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Cyanea crispa, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra
dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C.
polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata,
C. waiolani, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L.
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, P. princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Sanicula purpurea, Trematolobelia
singularis, or the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 3—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 3—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 4—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 3,041 ac (1,231
ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem on the
windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, on State and private land
partially within the Ahupuaa O Kahana
State Park, including Waihoi Springs,
and Punaluu, Kahana, Waikane,
Waikeekee, and Uwao streams. This
area is occupied by the plant Cyrtandra
kaulantha and by the invertebrates, the
blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies. This area includes the wet
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
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lowland wet ecosystem, as well as
unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the blackline and
crimson Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to the
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope
hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine juddii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, P. princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, Zanthoxylum
oahuense, or the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 4—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 4—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 15,728 ac (6,365
ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem on the
leeward side of the Koolau Mountains,
on Federal (U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service), State, City and County of
Honolulu, and privately owned land,
partially within the Ewa FR Waimano
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Section and the Oahu Forest National
Wildlife Refuge. This area extends along
the Koolau summit from Waipio to
Manaiki Stream, and is occupied by the
plants Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
koolauensis, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra
viridiflora, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Pteris
lidgatei, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense, and by the blackline and
crimson Hawaiian damselflies. This area
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the blackline and
crimson Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to the
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Cyanea acuminata, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis,
C. kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis,
C. subumbellata, C. waiolani, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
Myrsine juddii, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Platanthera holochila,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
purpurea, Trematolobelia singularis, or
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
PO 00000
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Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 5—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) in
the lowland wet ecosystem on private
land on the windward side of the
Koolau Mountains, along Kaalaea
Stream. This area is occupied by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly (see Table 4).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to this
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P.
princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, Zanthoxylum oahuense, or
the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
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population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 6—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 7—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) in
the lowland wet ecosystem, owned by
the City and County of Honolulu on the
windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, along Waihee Stream. This
area is occupied by the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to these
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P.
princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, Zanthoxylum oahuense, or
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland wet species because it
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provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 7—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 7—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 8—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 53 ac (21 ha) in
the lowland wet ecosystem on privately
owned land on the windward side of the
Koolau Mountains, along Kahaluu
Stream and tributary. This area is
occupied by the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly, and includes the wet forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
this Hawaiian damselfly (see Table 4).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to this
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P.
princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, Zanthoxylum oahuense, or
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46451
the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 8—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 8—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 9—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 161 ac (65 ha) in
the lowland wet ecosystem in Federal
and City and County of Honolulu land
on the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, along Heeia Stream and
tributaries. This area is occupied by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for this
Hawaiian damselfly (see Table 4).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to this
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P.
princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
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oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, Zanthoxylum oahuense, or
the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 14 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 9—
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 9—Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 10—
Lowland Wet
This area consists of 478 ac (193 ha)
in the lowland wet ecosystem on State
and City and County of Honolulu land
on the leeward side of the Koolau
Mountains, extending from the Wilson
Tunnel area southeast to Moole Stream.
This area is occupied by the plant
Cyanea koolauensis, and by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselfly (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed in the
lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland
wet ecosystem physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope
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hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine juddii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, P. princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, Zanthoxylum
oahuense, or the crimson and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 15 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit
10—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 10—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 11—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 407 ac (165 ha)
in the lowland wet ecosystem on State
of Hawaii Department of Land and
Natural Resources Land Division land
on the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains in Maunawili Valley,
including Omao and Maunawili streams
and Kapakahi and Pikoakea Springs.
This area is occupied by the plant
Cyanea crispa, and the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly, and includes the
wet forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as
unique PCEs for the Hawaiian damselfly
(see Table 4). Because the streams and
upland foraging and cover areas
required by the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly are dispersed in the lowland
wet ecosystem, the lowland wet
ecosystem physical or biological
features are essential to this damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. humboldtiana, C.
koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C.
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purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope
hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine juddii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, P. princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, Zanthoxylum
oahuense, or the crimson and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly—Unit
11—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 11—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 12—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 2,507 ac (1,014
ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem on
State, City and County of Honolulu, and
private land on the leeward side of the
Koolau Mountains, partly within the
Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve,
extending from the eastern side of
Nuuanu Valley southeast along the
Koolau summit to Kulepeamoa Ridge.
This area is occupied by the plants
Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C.
crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. polyantha, C. sessilis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
aborescens, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Sanicula purpurea, and
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa. This area
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem
(see Table 4). This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs (including the
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unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselfly) necessary for the expansion
of the existing wild populations.
Although this area is not currently
occupied by Adenophorus periens,
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, C. truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, C. kaulantha, C. subumbellata,
C. viridiflora, C. waiolani, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L.
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P.
princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Trematolobelia
singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the
blackline, crimson or oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1 consists
of 370 ac (150 ha) in the montane wet
ecosystem at the summit of the Waianae
Mountains at Kaala, on City and County
of Honolulu and State land, and
partially within the Mokuleia Forest
Reserve and the Kaala Natural Area
Reserve. This unit is occupied by the
plants Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Melicope
christophersenii, and Schiedea trinervis,
and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the montane wet
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Montane
Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus var. macrococcus, Lobelia
oahuensis, or Phyllostegia hirsuta, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these montane wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
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individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 consists of
49 ac (20 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem,
on the leeward side of the Waianae
Mountains, along the rim of Makua
Valley. This unit is on State land within
the Pahole Natural Area Reserve, and
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
is occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Kadua degeneri, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, and Schiedea
obovata. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1 is not currently occupied
by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Dubautia
herbtsobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua
parvula, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, S. perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 consists of
412 ac (167 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem, on the leeward side of the
Waianae Mountains, along the ridge
from Keaau to Ohikilolo. This unit is on
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State and City and County of Honolulu
land almost entirely within the Makua
Keaau Forest Reserve, and includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Dry Cliff—Unit
2 is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Gouania
vitifolia, Kadua parvula, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lobelia niihauensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
hookeri, Tetramolopium filiforme, and
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
S. perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
or Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 consists of
450 ac (182 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem on the leeward side of the
Waianae Mountains, along the eastern
rim of Makaha Valley along Kamaileunu
Ridge. This unit is on State and City and
County of Honolulu land partially
within the Waianae Kai Forest Reserve,
and includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
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identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see
Table 4). This unit is occupied by the
plants Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Silene
lanceolata, Tetramolopium filiforme,
and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia unisora,
Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula,
Melicope saint-johnii, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 consists of
108 ac (44 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem
on the leeward side of the Waianae
Mountains, along Kauaopuu ridge,
which divides Waianae Kai and
Lualualei valleys. This unit is on State
and Federal land partially within the
Waianae Kai Forest Reserve, and
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
is occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
and Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is
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essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4 is not currently occupied
by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M. saintjohnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri,
S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, S. perlmanii,
Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, or Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
dry cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 consists of
26 ac (10 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem,
on the leeward side of the Waianae
Mountains in Federal land (U.S. Navy)
between Kolekole Pass and Puuhapapa,
and includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see
Table 4). This unit is occupied by the
plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Flueggea neowawraea,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Nototrichium
humile, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, and
Schiedea hookeri. This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5 is not currently occupied
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by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C.
kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia
falcata, D. unisora, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, S. perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 consists of
255 ac (103 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem on the leeward side of the
Waianae Mountains, on State and
Federal (U.S. Navy) land along the rim
of Lualualei Valley from Puukanehoa to
Puukaua. A portion of this area was part
of the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This
unit includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see
Table 4), and is occupied by the plants
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Diellia
unisora, Flueggea neowawraea,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melicope saint-johnii,
Neraudia angulata, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6 is not currently occupied
by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
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Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
S. perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 consists of
208 ac (84 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem
on the leeward side of the Waianae
Mountains, on State and Federal (U.S.
Navy) land along the rim of Lualualei
Valley from Pohakea to Palikea. A small
portion of this area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). It is
occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Diellia unisora, Flueggea
neowawraea, Kadua parvula, Lepidium
arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii,
Neraudia angulata, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Silene
perlmanii, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana. This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7 is not currently occupied
by Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
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Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, or T.
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
dry cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8 consists of
259 ac (105 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem on the leeward side of the
Waianae Mountains, on State land along
the rim of Nanakuli Valley from Palehua
to Puumanawanua, and partially within
the Nanakuli Forest Reserve. A small
portion of this area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). It is
occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii,
Flueggea neowawraea, Lobelia
niihauensis, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, and Pleomele
forbesii. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. saint-johnii, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
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Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
S. perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, or Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
dry cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 consists of
235 ac (95 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem
on State and City and County of
Honolulu land in the Waianae
Mountains, near the summit of Kaala,
and partially within the Mokuleai and
Waianae Kai FRs and the Kaala Natural
Area Reserve. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1 is occupied by the plants
Cyanea calycina, Melicope
christophersenii, and Schiedea trinervis.
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1 is not currently occupied
by Cyanea acuminata, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, or S.
kaalae, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 consists of 7
ac (3 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem on
State and Federal land (U.S. Navy) in
the Waianae Mountains at Puuhapapa,
partially within a small area that was
part of the Honouliuli Preserve,
managed by The Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii, and was recently acquired by
the State. This unit includes the
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shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 2 is occupied by the plants
Cyanea calycina and Melicope
christophersenii. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 2 is not currently occupied
by Cyanea acuminata, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kaalae, or S. trinervis, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
wet cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 consists of
16 ac (6 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem
on State land in the Waianae Mountains
at Puukanehoa, partially within an area
that was part of the Honouliuli Preserve,
managed by The Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii, and was recently acquired by
the State. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 is not
currently occupied by Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kaalae, or S. trinervis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 consists of
23 ac (9 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem
on State land in the Waianae Mountains
at Puukaua, partially overlapping an
area that was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
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Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the wet
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). It is
occupied by the plants Phyllostegia
hirsuta and Schiedea hookeri. This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4 is not currently occupied
by Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, or S.
trinervis, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 consists of
43 ac (17 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem
on State and Federal (U.S. Navy) land in
the Waianae Mountains, at Palikea and
north of Palikea. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 is not
currently occupied by Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kaalae, or S. trinervis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6 (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 12—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 13—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 151 ac (61 ha) in
the wet cliff ecosystem on State land on
the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains in Kaipapau Gulch, entirely
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within the Kaipapau Forest Reserve.
This area includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem, as
well as the unique species PCEs for the
Hawaiian damselflies (see Table 4).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the wet cliff
ecosystem, the wet cliff ecosystem’s
physical or biological features are
essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper
ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area is occupied by Cyanea crispa,
Huperzia nutans, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, and the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly. This area
also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, or the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
wet cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7 (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 13—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 14—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 144 ac (58 ha) in
the wet cliff ecosystem on State land on
the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains in Hauula Gulch, entirely
within the Hauula Forest Reserve. This
unit includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem, as
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well as the unique species PCEs for the
crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the crimson and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the wet cliff ecosystem, the
wet cliff ecosystem’s physical or
biological features are essential to the
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area is occupied by
Cyanea crispa, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Schiedea kaalae, and the
crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce deppeana, C.
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. humboldtiana, C. purpurellifolia, C.
st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata,
C. viridiflora, Huperzia nutans,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, or Viola
oahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the crimson and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the wet cliff ecosystem, the
wet cliff ecosystem’s physical or
biological features are essential to the
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area is occupied by
the plants Cyanea acuminata, C.
calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata,
C. viridiflora, Huperzia nutans,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola
oahuensis. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus
periens, Chamaesyce deppeana, C.
rockii, Cyanea crispa, C. truncata,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Schiedea kaalae, or the crimson or
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
wet cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 14—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 15—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 4,649 ac (1,881
ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem on State,
City and County of Honolulu, State of
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources Land Division, and private
land, along the summit of the Koolau
Mountains, overlapping portions of
Sacred Falls State Park, the Waiahole FR
(Waiahole and Iolekaa sections), the
Kaneohe and Honolulu Watershed FRs,
and the Nuuana Pali State Wayside.
This unit includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem, as
well as the unique species PCEs for the
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
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Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act, as
amended, requires Federal agencies,
including the Service, to ensure that
actions they fund, authorize, or carry
out are not likely to destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat. Decisions by the
Fifth and Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
have invalidated our definition of
‘‘destruction or adverse modification’’
(50 CFR 402.02) (see Gifford Pinchot
Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004)
and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434,
442F (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely
on this regulatory definition when
analyzing whether an action is likely to
destroy or adversely modify critical
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46457
habitat. Under the statutory provisions
of the Act, we determine destruction or
adverse modification on the basis of
whether, with implementation of the
proposed Federal action, the affected
critical habitat would remain functional
(or retain those physical or biological
features that relate to the current ability
of the area to support the species) to
serve its intended conservation role for
the species.
If a species is listed or critical habitat
is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act
requires Federal agencies to ensure that
activities they authorize, fund, or carry
out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to
destroy or adversely modify its critical
habitat. If a Federal action may affect a
listed species or its critical habitat, the
responsible Federal agency (action
agency) must enter into consultation
with us. As a result of this consultation,
we document compliance with the
requirements of section 7(a)(2) through
our issuance of:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal
actions that may affect, but are not
likely to adversely affect, listed species
or critical habitat; or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal
actions that may affect, and are likely to
adversely affect, listed species or critical
habitat.
If we issue a biological opinion
concluding that a project is likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of a
listed species or destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to
the project, if any are identifiable. We
define ‘‘reasonable and prudent
alternatives’’ at 50 CFR 402.02 as
alternative actions identified during
consultation that:
• Can be implemented in a manner
consistent with the intended purpose of
the action;
• Can be implemented consistent
with the scope of the Federal agency’s
legal authority and jurisdiction;
• Are economically and
technologically feasible; and
• Would, in the Director’s opinion,
avoid jeopardizing the continued
existence of the listed species or
destroying or adversely modifying
critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can
vary from slight project modifications to
extensive redesign or relocation of the
project. Costs associated with
implementing a reasonable and prudent
alternative are similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require
Federal agencies to reinitiate formal
consultation on previously reviewed
actions in instances where we have
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listed a new species or subsequently
designated critical habitat that may be
affected and the Federal agency has
retained discretionary involvement or
control over the action (or the agency’s
discretionary involvement or control is
authorized by law). Consequently,
Federal agencies may sometimes need to
request reinitiation of consultation with
us on actions for which formal
consultation has been completed, if
those actions with discretionary
involvement or control may affect
subsequently listed species or
designated critical habitat.
Federal activities that may adversely
affect the species included in this
proposed rule or their designated
critical habitat require section 7
consultation under the Act. This
includes activities on State, tribal, local,
or private lands requiring a Federal
permit (such as a permit from the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers under section
404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C.
1251 et seq.), a permit from us under
section 10 of the Act), or activities
involving some other Federal action
(such as funding from the Federal
Highway Administration, Federal
Aviation Administration, or the Federal
Emergency Management Agency). These
types of activities are subject to the
section 7 consultation process. Federal
actions not affecting listed species or
critical habitat, and actions on State,
tribal, local, or private lands that are not
federally funded, authorized, or
permitted, do not require section 7
consultations.
Application of the Jeopardy and
Adverse Modification Standards
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Application of the Jeopardy Standard
The jeopardy analysis usually
expresses the survival and recovery
needs of a listed species in a qualitative
fashion without making distinctions
between what is necessary for survival
and what is necessary for recovery.
Generally, the jeopardy analysis focuses
on the status of a species, the factors
responsible for that condition, and what
is necessary for the species to survive
and recover. An emphasis is also placed
on characterizing the condition of the
species in the area affected by the
proposed Federal action. That context is
then used to determine the significance
of adverse and beneficial effects of the
proposed Federal action and any
cumulative effects for purposes of
making the jeopardy determination. The
jeopardy analysis also considers any
conservation measures that may be
proposed by a Federal action agency to
minimize or compensate for adverse
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project effects to the species or to
promote its recovery.
Application of the Adverse Modification
Standard
The analytical framework described
in the Director’s December 9, 2004,
memorandum is used to complete
section 7(a)(2) analysis for Federal
actions affecting critical habitat. The key
factor related to the adverse
modification determination is whether,
with implementation of the proposed
Federal action, the affected critical
habitat would continue to serve its
intended conservation role for the
species, or would retain its current
ability for the essential features to be
functionally established. Activities that
may destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat are those that alter the essential
features to an extent that appreciably
reduces the conservation value of
critical habitat for the 124 species
identified in this proposed rule.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us
to briefly evaluate and describe, in any
proposed or final regulation that
designates critical habitat, activities
involving a Federal action that may
destroy or adversely modify such
habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation. Activities that, when
carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may destroy or
adversely modify critical habitat for the
124 species, and therefore may be
affected by this proposed designation,
include, but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that might appreciably
degrade or destroy the physical or
biological features for the species
including, but not limited to, the
following: Overgrazing; maintaining or
increasing feral ungulate levels; clearing
or cutting native live trees and shrubs
(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing,
construction, road building, mining,
herbicide application); and taking
actions that pose a risk of fire.
(2) Activities that may alter watershed
characteristics in ways that would
appreciably reduce groundwater
recharge or alter natural, wetland,
aquatic, or vegetative communities.
Such activities include new water
diversion or impoundment, excess
groundwater pumping, and
manipulation of vegetation through
activities such as the ones mentioned in
(1) above
(3) Recreational activities that may
appreciably degrade vegetation.
(4) Mining sand or other minerals.
(5) Introducing or encouraging the
spread of nonnative plant species.
(6) Importing nonnative species for
research, agriculture, and aquaculture,
and releasing biological control agents.
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Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
The Sikes Act Improvement Act of
1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a)
required each military installation that
includes land and water suitable for the
conservation and management of
natural resources to complete an
integrated natural resources
management plan (INRMP) by
November 17, 2001. An INRMP
integrates implementation of the
military mission of the installation with
stewardship of the natural resources
found on the base. Each INRMP
includes:
• An assessment of the ecological
needs on the installation, including the
need to provide for the conservation of
listed species;
• A statement of goals and priorities;
• A detailed description of
management actions to be implemented
to provide for these ecological needs;
and
• A monitoring and adaptive
management plan.
Among other things, each INRMP must,
to the extent appropriate and applicable,
provide for fish and wildlife
management; fish and wildlife habitat
enhancement or modification; wetland
protection, enhancement, and
restoration where necessary to support
fish and wildlife; and enforcement of
applicable natural resource laws.
The National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. L. 108–
136) amended the Act to limit areas
eligible for designation as critical
habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i)
of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i))
provides: ‘‘The Secretary shall not
designate as critical habitat any lands or
other geographical areas owned or
controlled by the Department of
Defense, or designated for its use, that
are subject to an integrated natural
resources management plan prepared
under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16
U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary determines
in writing that such plan provides a
benefit to the species for which critical
habitat is proposed for designation.’’
We consult with the military on the
development and implementation of
INRMPs for installations with listed
species. We analyzed INRMPs
developed by military installations
located within the areas that were being
considered for critical habitat
designation during the development of
this proposed rule to determine if these
installations may warrant consideration
for exemption under section 4(a)(3) of
the Act. Each of the Department of
Defense (DOD) installations identified
below owns or manages such lands,
which have been analyzed for
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exemption under the authority of
section 4(a)(3) of the Act.
Approved INRMPs
The U.S. Army has six training
installations under its jurisdiction on
the island of Oahu: Dillingham Military
Reservation (DMR), Kawailoa Training
Area (KLOA), Kahuku Training Area
(KTA), Makua Military Reservation
(MMR), Schofield Barracks Military
Reservation (SBMR), and Schofield
Barracks Military Reservation—East
Range (SBER). These lands are
administered by the Army Garrison
Hawaii for various types of military
training. In our 2003 final rule to
designate critical habitat for 99 plant
species on Oahu (68 FR 35950), we did
not designate critical habitat on areas
managed by the Army that met the
following criteria: (1) The area was
subject to a current and final INRMP
that provides a conservation benefit to
the species; (2) there were assurances
the conservation management strategies
will be implemented; and (3) there were
assurances the conservation
management strategies will be effective.
These determinations were based
primarily on section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Our previous analysis determined the
ongoing and proposed management
activities described in the 2002 INRMP
provide a conservation benefit to the
plant species, and that the INRMP
provided assurances the conservation
plan would be implemented and
effective (68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003).
After applying the above three critera,
we determined in the 2003 final rule
that 26,946 ac (10,905 ha) of Army lands
were exempt from critical habitat
designation. Our exclusion analysis of
Army lands determined that the benefits
of excluding these lands based on
impacts to national security and other
relevant factors outweighed the benefits
of designating these lands as critical
habitat. The exclusion of Army lands in
the 2003 final rule was based on our
review and analysis of the Army’s
INRMP (Army 2002), Ecosystem
Management Plan (Army 1998), and
Endangered Species Management Plan
(Research Corporation of Hawaii 1998).
We also evaluated the monthly and
annual summary reports describing
natural resources management projects
performed under the Ecosystems
Management Programs for each of the
six Oahu installations, and we reviewed
the Army’s Wildland Fire Management
Plan for Makua Military Installation
(Army 2000) and the Draft Wildland
Fire Management Plan for the other five
Oahu installations (Army 2003).
Subsequent to publication of the 2003
final rule, the National Defense
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Authorization Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108–
136) was enacted, which amended the
Act. The Army’s 2001 INRMP was
updated in 2010 (see below), and we
have reevaluted the conservation and
management activities for the species
that occur on Army lands within this
statutory framework for purposes of this
proposed rule.
The Army recently updated their 2001
INRMP, which was finalized in August,
2010 (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii,
2010). The INRMP identifies
management actions during 2010–2014
for threatened, endangered, and
candidate species, and critical habitat,
for the Oahu elepaio (an endangered
flycatcher) on all of their Oahu training
installations (U.S. Army Garrison
Hawaii 2010, p. 4–1). The INRMP
incorporates management actions
developed as Implementation Plans by a
team of biologists and field experts from
State, Federal, and private agencies and
organizations, who are familiar with the
species and their habitats (U.S. Army
Garrision Hawaii 2003; 2008,
Addendum; U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii,
2005). The Implementation Plans and
Addendum were prepared under the
terms of biological opinions issued by
the Service (USFWS 1999; USFWS
2003, 356 pp; USFWS 2007, 776 pp.).
Species conservation/management
activities conducted under the Army
INRMP include (1) Propagation and
outplanting of plants to augment
existing populations and reintroduce
species and populations to areas where
they no longer occur; (2) construction of
fences to protect plants from feral
ungulates; (3) nonnative rodent, slug,
and snail control to protect plants from
fruit and seed predation and reduce
predation of elepaio nests (by rats); (4)
habitat restoration (e.g., restoration of
fire-altered native habitats to native
vegetation, erosion control); (5) control
of nonnative plants, nonnative
invertebrates (e.g., black-twig borer),
and feral ungulate populations; (6)
surveys and monitoring of rare plants
and animals; (7) monitoring for weeds;
and (8) monitoring fenced areas for
ungulate activity (U.S. Army Garrison
Hawaii 2010, pp. 4–3—4–29). In
addition, the Army contracts with field
experts to monitor rare plants and
conduct predator control on their lands,
and supports several important research
projects (e.g., developing methods to
control nonnative slugs and snails;
developing methods to restore
nonnative, highly flammable grasslands
to native forest vegetation; and
determining home range and density of
rats (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii 2010,
p. 4–28)).
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The Army provides monthly and
annual summary reports to the Service
regarding the natural resources
management projects implemented
under to the Implementation Plans and
the Addendum, which are integrated in
the INRMP for the six installations.
These summary reports provide
information on management actions
implemented and whether they have
proven beneficial to listed species and
species proposed for listing. Examples
of ecosystem management activities that
protect rare species habitat and provide
conservation benefits include fence
construction; removal of feral ungulates
from within fenced areas; and
minimizing the threat of fire through the
control and eradication of fire-tolerant
nonnative plant species, construction of
fuel breaks, maintenance of existing
roads, roadside weed clearing, and
investing in firefighting equipment and
training fire crews (U.S. Army Garrison
Hawaii 2010, p. 4–14 and pp. 4–65—4–
66).
In 2003, the Army completed an
integrated wildland fire management
plan (WFMP) for all of its Oahu training
installations, which is integrated in the
2010 INRMP (U.S. Army 2010, p. 4–65).
The goal of the WFMP is to reduce the
threat of wildfire, which represents a
threat to listed and other rare species,
including 6 of the 23 species proposed
for listing and 34 previously listed plant
species that occur on one or more of
Oahu’s six Army training installations.
Specific conservation/management
activities for individual plant species
are detailed in the Implementation
Plans and the Addendum, and
integrated in the INRMP (U.S. Army
Garrison Hawaii 2010, pp. 4–20—4–22
and Appendix 4). Each of these
documents is available online at ‘‘U.S.
Army Garrison Hawaii Natural Resource
Program Reports,’’ https://
manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/dpw.htm.
We reviewed the management activities
described in these plans and have
determined that they provide
conservation benefits to the 14 plant
species proposed for listing and 63
previously listed plant species that have
been reported on one or more of Oahu’s
six Army training installations.
Accordingly, we have determined that
8,098 ac (3,277 ha) of land on Oahu’s six
Army training installations (see Figures
1–4) are exempt from critical habitat
designation in accordance with section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. The conservation
actions identified in the 2010–2014
INRMP for the Army’s Oahu
installations, which incorporates the
2003 and 2008 Implementation Plans,
the 2005 Addendum (USFWS 2003, 356
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pp; U.S. Army Garrison 2005; USFWS
2007, 776 pp.), and the 2003 WFMP,
provide conservation benefits to 14
plant species proposed for listing that
occur within the six Oahu training
areas, which include Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia,
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae, M.
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
and Zanthoxylum oahuense. The 2010–
2014 INRMP also provide conservation
benefits to 63 previously listed plant
species that occur within the six Oahu
training areas, which include Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
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agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, C. herbstii, C. rockii,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
longiflora, C. st.-johnii, C. superba,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, H.
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. niihauensis, L.
oahuensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
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humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pritchardia kaalae, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula mariversa, S. purpurea,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, S. nuttallii,
S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and
V. oahuensis (see Table 7A and B,
above) (U.S. Army Garrison 2003, 2005,
2008, 2010; USFWS 2003, 356 pp.;
USFWS 2007, 776 pp.). Figures 1–4
identify the above areas on Armymanaged lands that were evaluated
under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act.
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Lands Under U.S. Navy Jurisdiction
The U.S. Navy (Navy) owns or leases
much of Lualualei Valley, on Oahu’s
leeward coast, which is operated as a
naval magazine and transmitting
facility. The Navy lands at Lualualei are
composed of two contiguous facilities,
Naval Station Pearl Harbor (NAVMAG
PH) Lualualei Branch and Naval Radar
Transmittal Facility at Lualualei (NRTF
Lualualei). Twenty-one listed plants,
which include Abutilon menziesii,
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus var. macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Diellia unisora, Flueggea
neowawraea, Kadua parvula, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis,
Marsilea villosa, Melicope saint-johnii,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Schiedea hookeri, Silene perlmanii,
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Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana, and four species
proposed for listing in this proposed
rule, which include Cyanea calycina,
Melicope christophersenii, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, and Pleomele
forbesii, occur on NAVMAG PH
Lualualei Branch. Three listed plants,
which include Abutilon menziesii,
Cyperus trachysanthos, and Marsilea
villosa occur on NRTF Lualualei.
In our 2003 final rule (68 FR 35950)
to designate critical habitat for 99 plant
species on Oahu, we designated
approximately 972 ac (approximately
393 ha) of Navy lands as critical habitat
for 21 species (Abutilon sandwicense, C.
kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Gouania meyenii, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Kadua parvula, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Marsilea villosa, Melicope
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46463
pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Schiedea
hookeri, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana). We
determined that the benefits of
designating Navy lands as critical
habitat outweighed the benefits of
excluding these lands under section
4(b)(2) of the Act.
Subsequent to publication of our 2003
final rule, the Navy developed a draft
revision (December 2009) to their 2001
INRMPs, which has not been finalized.
Accordingly, we conducted an analysis
of the Navy’s 2001 INRMPs to determine
whether they provide a conservation
benefit to the 44 plant species that occur
on Navy lands or for which these lands
are essential for their conservation, for
purposes of section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the
Act, which include Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus,
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Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C.
kuwaleana, Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii, Cyanea acuminata, C.
calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia falcata,
D. unisora, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Kadua parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, L. oahuensis,
Marsilea villosa, Melicope
christophersenii, M. pallida, M. saintjohnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri,
S. kaalae, S. trinervis, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
The proposed management,
protection, and conservation measures
for rare plants at NAVMAG PH
Lualualei Branch include protecting
native communities, monitoring
threatened and endangered plants and
plants with special conservation status,
and controlling the spread of invasive
plant species through the use of
cooperative agreements and
partnerships. The 2001 INRMP states
that to protect native plants, the Navy
will control feral goats in partnership
with other Federal, State, and private
organizations, with the goal of
eradication in Lualualei Valley. A
proposed funding schedule for goat
control efforts is included in the
INRMP, although the specific goals and
objectives for each funding year are not
identified. A fenced exclosure was
constructed in the Halona Management
Area to protect a small population of
Abutilon sandwicense from feral
ungulates (U.S. Navy 2001a, p. 4–44),
and another fenced exclosure was
constructed at Puu Hapapa Management
Area to protect ‘‘about five’’ listed
species (U.S. Navy 2001a, p. 4–44),
which include Abutilon sandwicense,
Bonamia menziesii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, and Nototrichium humile
(68 FR 35950). Only 1.5 ac (0.61 ha) of
these two management areas, which
total 310 ac (125.5 ha), have been fenced
and are weeded. In addition, the 2001
INRMP does not address other
nonnative animals that may predate
native plants, such as rats, slugs, snails,
and insects (e.g., black-twig borer). The
2001 INRMP states that existing
exclosures should be maintained as
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needed, but does not require the
construction of new fenced exclosures
to protect native vegetation or native
plant communities.
The leeward coast of the Waianae
Mountains (which includes Lualualei
Valley) is dangerously prone to forest
and range fires during the dry season,
however there have been few fires on
the installation’s valley floor because of
effective firebreaks, the presence of a
fire station on site and a fire
management plan. However, wildfire is
a major threat to the forested, less
accessible areas in the higher elevations
where most of the critical habitat is
proposed on Navy lands. The 2001
INRMP refers to the 1997 Management
Plan (U.S. Navy 2001a, p. 3–14) for
information regarding where fire
incidents are likely to negatively impact
sensitive natural resources on the
installation, and states the onsite
Federal fire station would respond to
fires on the installation. However, the
plan does not include actions to reduce
the threat of wildfire, which adversely
affects listed and other rare species and
their habitat on the higher elevation
Navy lands.
To address plant monitoring needs,
the 2001 INRMP states that regular
monitoring of listed plant species is
necessary to ensure their protection and
recovery and that ‘‘endangered plants
and animals should be monitored as
part of the implementation of the
monitoring program.’’ However, the
2001 INRMP does not describe how
monitoring will be implemented, nor
does it identify the species to be
monitored over the 5-year
implementation timeframe (U.S. Navy
2001a, pp. 1–2, 6–7). The plan
acknowledges that nonnative, invasive
plants threaten native plant
communities and should be
‘‘occasionally controlled,’’ ‘‘especially
in fenced areas where alien plants are
competing with endangered plants’’
(U.S. Navy 2001a, p. 4–45). The plan
does not include a schedule or identify
where nonnative plant control will be
implemented, other than ‘‘within
fenced-in areas as needed’’ over the
plan’s 5-year implementation timeframe
(U.S. Navy 2001a, pp. 1–2 and 6–7). The
endangered aquatic fern, Marsilea
villosa, occurs in the northwest corner
of the installation in a cattle grazing
outlease area, and on NRTF Lualualei
lands. The 2001 INRMP does not
identify beneficial management actions
for this species, although the Navy
considers it to be adequately protected
on NAVMAG PH lands and not
adversely affected under the terms of
the grazing lease (M. Kaku, Department
of the Navy, in litt. 2001).
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The proposed management,
protection, and conservation measures
for rare plants at NRTF Lualualei,
includes mowing nonnative grasses and
other vegetation during the dry season
to prevent their incursion into the areas
where Marsilea villosa occurs,
monitoring known populations of rare
plants, conducting flora surveys, and
monitoring feral ungulate populations
(U.S. Navy 2001b, pp. 6–7¥6–11). In
addition, the 2001 INRMP recommends
that managers evaluate the benefits of
controlling nonnative grasses and other
plants with ‘‘controlled’’ grazing rather
than mowing in the areas where
Marsilea villosa occurs (U.S. Navy
2001b, p. 6–5). Mowing nonnative
grasses and other nonnative vegetation
to prevent their incursion into the
Marsilea areas contributes to the
maintenance of these individuals in
these areas.
Since the 2001 INRMPs were
finalized, five subpopulations of
Marsilea villosa have been reported on
Navy lands at Lualualei (NAVMAG PH
Lualualei and NRTF Lualualei) (U.S.
Navy 2009, in litt. p. 4–49). Three of the
subpopulations on NRTF Lualualei are
in areas that are regularly mowed, and
one is in an area that is not managed for
this species. The Navy has posted signs
near four of the five subpopulations to
avoid inadvertent negative impacts from
activities such as mowing when areas
are flooded and Marsilea is likely to be
growing, and to avoid construction and
other vehicle traffic (U.S. Navy 2009, in
litt. p. 4–49). However, no additional
management measures have been
developed to protect the species in the
cattle grazing outlease area (U.S. Navy
2009, in litt. p. 4–27).
While the Navy’s 2001 INRMPs
describe management actions such as
protective fencing for some individuals
of listed plants, which include Abutilon
sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii,
Flueggea neowawraea, Lipochaeta
lobata var. leptophylla, and
Nototrichium humile, and mowing
restrictions for Marsilea villosa, these
actions contribute only to maintenance
of these individuals, that is, avoiding
extirpation rather than improving the
potential for their recovery on Navy
lands. In addition, the 2001 INRMPs do
not address the conservation needs of
the other 39 of the 44 species for which
we are proposing critical habitat on
Navy lands. Therefore, based on our
analysis discussed above, we have
determined the Navy’s 2001 INRMPs do
not provide an adequate conservation
benefit for 39 previously listed species
for which critical habitat is being
revised. These species include Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens
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var. rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C.
kuwaleana, C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Cyanea acuminata, C.
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Diellia falcata, D.
unisora, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Kadua parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, L.
oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope
pallida, M. saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, S. trinervis,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. The
INRMP also does not provide an
adequate conservation benefit for the 5
plant species proposed for listing as
endangered with critical habitat in this
proposed rule: Cyanea calycina,
Melicope christophersenii, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, and Pteralyxia macrocarpa.
Therefore, we are proposing to designate
a total of 567 ac (228 ha) of habitat on
Navy lands at NAVMAG PH Lualualei
Branch, NRTF Lualualei, and Barber’s
Point as critical habitat for 45 species.
Of the 567 ac (228 ha) of proposed
critical habitat, approximately 393 ac
(159.2 ha) or 69 percent of the proposed
critical habitat on Navy lands is already
designated critical habitat (for plants
and a bird, the Oahu elepaio).
We will encourage the Navy to work
collaboratively with the Service to
develop appropriate special
management considerations or
protections for the 44 species, in light of
section 7(a)(1) of the Act and our shared
conservation opportunities under
section 4(a)(3) of the Act. Examples of
activities that would likely satisfy the
requirements under section 4(a)(3) of
the Act include (but are not limited to)
substantially increasing efforts to reduce
fragmentation of habitat; establishing,
maintaining, or increasing rare plant
populations; eradicating ungulates;
installing fencing around sensitive
areas; controlling the spread of
nonnative species; enhancing and
restoring habitats; monitoring and
reporting habitat conditions and rare
plant population status; and similar
types of conservation actions. We are
available and prepared to work closely
with, and provide technical assistance,
to the Navy in this regard. We will fully
consider all special management
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considerations or protective measures
included in the Navy’s revised INRMP
in our final critical habitat rule,
provided the revised INRMP is finalized
within a timeframe consistent with the
rulemaking schedule for this regulatory
action.
Exclusions
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that
the Secretary must designate and revise
critical habitat on the basis of the best
available scientific data after taking into
consideration the economic impact,
national security impact, and any other
relevant impact of specifying any
particular area as critical habitat. The
Secretary may exclude an area from
critical habitat if he determines that the
benefits of such exclusion outweigh the
benefits of specifying such area as part
of the critical habitat, unless he
determines, based on the best scientific
data available, that the failure to
designate such area as critical habitat
will result in the extinction of the
species. The Secretary may exclude an
area from designated critical habitat
based on economic impacts, impacts on
national security, or any other relevant
impacts.
In considering whether to exclude a
particular area from the designation, we
must identify the benefits of including
the area in the designation, identify the
benefits of excluding the area from the
designation, and evaluate whether the
benefits of exclusion outweigh the
benefits of inclusion. If based on this
analysis, the Secretary makes this
determination, then he can exercise his
discretion to exclude the area only if
such exclusion would not result in the
extinction of the species.
When considering the benefits of
inclusion for an area, we consider the
additional regulatory benefits under
section 7 of the Act the area would
receive from the protection from adverse
modification or destruction as a result of
actions with a Federal nexus, the
educational benefits of mapping
essential habitat for recovery of the
listed species, and any benefits that may
result from a designation due to State or
Federal laws that may apply to critical
habitat. Benefits could include public
awareness of the presence of listed
species and the importance of habitat
protection, and in cases where a Federal
nexus exists, increased habitat
protection due to the protection from
adverse modification or destruction of
critical habitat.
When considering the benefits of
excluding an area from critical habitat,
we consider whether exclusion is likely
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to result in conservation; the
continuation, strengthening, or
encouragement of partnerships; or
implementation of a management plan
that provides equal to or more
conservation than a critical habitat
designation would provide.
In evaluating the existence of a
conservation plan when considering the
benefits of exclusion, we consider a
variety of factors, including, but not
limited to, whether the plan is finalized;
how it provides for the conservation of
essential physical or biological features;
whether there is a reasonable
expectation that the conservation
management strategies and actions
contained in the plan are likely to be
implemented into the future; whether
the conservation strategies in the plan
are likely to be effective; and whether
the plan contains a monitoring program
or adaptive management to ensure that
the conservation measures are effective
and can be adapted in the future in
response to new information.
After evaluating the benefits of
inclusion and the benefits of exclusion,
the two sides are carefully weighed to
determine whether the benefits of
exclusion outweigh those of inclusion.
If they do, we then determine whether
exclusion of the particular area would
result in the extinction of the species. If
exclusion of an area from critical habitat
will result in extinction, it will not be
excluded from the designation.
Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we
consider the economic impacts of
specifying any particular area as critical
habitat. In order to consider economic
impacts, we are preparing an analysis of
the probable economic impacts of the
proposed critical habitat designation
and related factors.
We will announce the availability of
the draft economic analysis as soon as
it is completed, at which time we will
seek public review and comment. At
that time, copies of the draft economic
analysis will be available for
downloading from the Internet at the
Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://
www.regulations.gov, or by contacting
the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife
Office directly (see FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT section). During
the development of a final designation,
we will consider economic impacts,
public comments, and other new
information, and as an outcome of our
analysis of this information, we may
exclude areas from the final critical
habitat designation under section 4(b)(2)
of the Act and our implementing
regulations at 50 CFR 424.19.
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Exclusions Based on National Security
Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we
consider whether there are lands owned
or managed by the Department of
Defense (DOD) where a national security
impact might exist. In preparing this
proposal, we have exempted from the
designation of critical habitat those
Department of Defense lands with
completed INRMPs determined to
provide a benefit to the 124 species. We
have determined that certain lands
within the proposed designation of
critical habitat are owned or managed
by the DOD (Department of the Navy),
at NAVMAG PH Lualualei Branch and
NRFT Lualualei. There are also lands
owned or managed at six Department of
the Army training installations (see
discussion under ‘‘Approved INRMPs’’);
however, those lands are not being
proposed as critical habitat pursuant to
section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. At this
time, we are unaware of any potential
impacts to national security on any DOD
lands; therefore, we do not propose to
exclude any areas from the final
designation based on impacts to
national security, but will fully consider
all comments in this regard in the final
critical habitat designation.
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Exclusions Based on Other Relevant
Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we
consider any other relevant impacts, in
addition to economic impacts and
impacts on national security. We
consider a number of factors including
whether the landowners have developed
any conservation plans or other
management plans for the area, or
whether there are conservation
partnerships that would be encouraged
by designation of, or exclusion from,
critical habitat. We also consider any
social impacts that might occur because
of the designation.
In preparing this proposed rule, we
have determined that the landowners
have not developed conservation plans
or other management plans for the 99
previously listed plant species, the two
previously listed plant species without
designated critical habitat, or the 23
species proposed for listing as
endangered. In addition, we have
determined there are no conservation
partnerships that would be encouraged
by the exclusion from critical habitat.
We anticipate no impact to
partnerships, or habitat conservation
plans (HCPs) or other management
plans from this proposed critical habitat
designation. Accordingly, we do not
propose to exert our discretion to
exclude any areas from the final
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designation based on other relevant
impacts.
However, as stated under the Public
Comments section above, we request
specific comments on whether any
specific areas proposed for designation
for the 124 species should be excluded
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act from the
final designation. Based on public
comments on the draft economic
analysis or the proposed designation
itself, the Secretary may exclude any
area proposed as critical habitat in this
rule under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Peer Review
In accordance with our joint policy
published in the Federal Register on
July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we will seek
the expert opinions of at least three
appropriate and independent specialists
regarding this proposed rule. The
purpose of such review is to ensure that
our critical habitat designation is based
on scientifically sound data,
assumptions, and analyses. We have
posted our peer review plan on our Web
site at https://www.fws.gov/
informationquality. We will invite these
peer reviewers to comment, during the
public comment period, on the specific
assumptions and conclusions regarding
the proposed designation of critical
habitat.
We will consider all comments and
information we receive during the
comment period on this proposed rule
during our preparation of a final
rulemaking. Accordingly, our final
decision may differ from this proposal.
Public Hearings
The Act provides for one or more
public hearings on this proposal, if
requested. Requests for public hearings
must be made in writing within 45 days
of the publication of this proposal (see
DATES section). We will schedule public
hearings on this proposal, if any are
requested, and announce the dates,
times, and place of those hearings, in
the Federal Register and local
newspapers at least 15 days before the
first hearing.
Persons needing reasonable
accommodations to attend and
participate in a public hearing should
contact the Pacific Islands Fish and
Wildlife Office at 808–792–9400 as soon
as possible. To allow sufficient time to
process requests, please call no later
than one week before the hearing date.
Information regarding this proposal is
available in alternative formats upon
request.
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Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review—
Executive Order 12866
The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) has determined that this rule is
not significant under Executive Order
12866 (E.O. 12866). OMB bases its
determination upon the following four
criteria:
(1) Whether the rule will have an
annual effect of $100 million or more on
the economy or adversely affect an
economic sector, productivity, jobs, the
environment, or other units of the
government.
(2) Whether the rule will create
inconsistencies with other Federal
agencies’ actions.
(3) Whether the rule will materially
affect entitlements, grants, user fees,
loan programs, or the rights and
obligations of their recipients.
(4) Whether the rule raises novel legal
or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601
et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
(RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended
by the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of
1996), whenever an agency must
publish a notice of rulemaking for any
proposed or final rule, it must prepare
and make available for public comment
a regulatory flexibility analysis that
describes the effects of the rule on small
entities (small businesses, small
organizations, and small government
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory
flexibility analysis is required if the
head of the agency certifies the rule will
not have a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small
entities. SBREFA amended RFA to
require Federal agencies to provide a
statement of the factual basis for
certifying that the rule will not have a
significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
At this time, we lack all of the
available economic information
necessary to provide an adequate factual
basis for the required RFA finding.
Therefore, we defer the RFA finding
until completion of the draft economic
analysis prepared under section 4(b)(2)
of the Act and E.O. 12866. The draft
economic analysis will provide the
required factual basis for the RFA
finding. Upon completion of the draft
economic analysis, we will announce
availability of the draft economic
analysis in the Federal Register and
reopen the public comment period for
the proposed designation. We will
include with this announcement, as
appropriate, an initial regulatory
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flexibility analysis or a certification that
the rule will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities accompanied
by the factual basis for that
determination.
Small entities include small
organizations, such as independent
nonprofit organizations; small
governmental jurisdictions, including
school boards and city and town
governments that serve fewer than
50,000 residents; as well as small
businesses. Small businesses include
manufacturing and mining concerns
with fewer than 500 employees,
wholesale trade entities with fewer than
100 employees, retail and service
businesses with less than $5 million in
annual sales, general and heavy
construction businesses with less than
$27.5 million in annual business,
special trade contractors doing less than
$11.5 million in annual business, and
agricultural businesses with annual
sales less than $750,000. To determine
if potential economic impacts to these
small entities are significant, the draft
economic analysis will consider the
types of activities that might trigger
regulatory impacts under this rule, as
well as the types of project
modifications that may result. In
general, the term ‘‘significant economic
impact’’ is meant to apply to a typical
small business firm’s business
operations.
To determine if a designation of
critical habitat could significantly affect
a substantial number of small entities,
we consider the number of small
entities affected within particular types
of economic activities (e.g., housing
development, grazing, oil and gas
production, timber harvesting). We
apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test
individually to each industry to
determine if certification is appropriate.
However, the SBREFA does not
explicitly define ‘‘substantial number’’
or ‘‘significant economic impact.’’
Consequently, to assess whether a
‘‘substantial number’’ of small entities is
affected by this designation, this
analysis considers the relative number
of small entities likely to be impacted in
an area. In some circumstances,
especially with critical habitat
designations of limited extent, we may
aggregate across all industries and
consider whether the total number of
small entities affected is substantial. In
estimating the number of small entities
potentially affected, we also consider
whether their activities have any
Federal involvement.
Under the Act, designation of critical
habitat only affects activities carried
out, funded, or permitted by Federal
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agencies. Some kinds of activities are
unlikely to have any Federal
involvement and so will not be affected
by critical habitat designation. However,
in some states there are state laws that
limit activities in designated critical
habitat even where there is no federal
nexus. If there is a Federal nexus,
Federal agencies will be required to
consult with us under section 7 of the
Act on activities they fund, permit, or
carry out that may affect critical habitat.
If we conclude, in a biological opinion,
that a proposed action is likely to
destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat, we can offer ‘‘reasonable and
prudent alternatives.’’ Reasonable and
prudent alternatives are alternative
actions that can be implemented in a
manner consistent with the scope of the
Federal agency’s legal authority and
jurisdiction, that are economically and
technologically feasible, and that would
avoid destroying or adversely modifying
critical habitat.
A Federal agency and an applicant
may elect to implement a reasonable
and prudent alternative associated with
a biological opinion that has found
adverse modification of critical habitat.
An agency or applicant could
alternatively choose to seek an
exemption from the requirements of the
Act or proceed without implementing
the reasonable and prudent alternative.
However, unless an exemption were
obtained, the Federal agency or
applicant would be at risk of violating
section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to
proceed without implementing the
reasonable and prudent alternatives. We
may also identify discretionary
conservation recommendations
designed to minimize or avoid the
adverse effects of a proposed action on
critical habitat, help implement
recovery plans, or to develop
information that could contribute to the
recovery of the species.
Within the proposed critical habitat
designation, the types of actions or
authorized activities that we have
identified to date as potential concerns
and that may be subject to consultation
under section 7 if there is a Federal
nexus are: (1) Activities that might
degrade or destroy the primary
constituent elements for the species,
including, but not limited to (a) grazing,
(b) maintaining or increasing feral
ungulate levels, (c) clearing or cutting
native live trees and shrubs, (d)
bulldozing, (e) construction, (f) road
building, (g) mining, (h) herbicide
application, and (i) taking actions that
pose a risk of fire; (2) activities that may
alter watershed characteristics in ways
that would reduce groundwater recharge
or alter natural, wetland, aquatic, or
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46467
vegetative communities (e.g., new water
diversion or impoundment activities,
groundwater pumping, and
manipulation of vegetation through
activities such as the ones mentioned
above); (3) recreational activities that
may degrade vegetation; (4) mining sand
or other minerals; (5) introducing or
encouraging the spread of nonnative
plant species; (6) importing nonnative
species for research, agriculture, and
aquaculture; and (7) releasing biological
control agents.
We are specifically aware of some
potential development actitities in the
Barber’s Point area, which could
potentially affect the following
proposed critical habitat units: Oahu—
Coastal 13, Oahu—Coastal 14, Oahu—
Coastal 15, Oahu—Lowland Dry 8,
Oahu—Lowland Dry 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry 10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry 11.
These potential development activities
will be evaluated in the draft economic
analysis we will prepare for this
proposed rule. None of the other
proposed critical habitat units contains
significant residential, commercial,
industrial, or golf-course projects; crop
farming; or intensive livestock
operations, and few projects are planned
for locations in the other proposed
critical habitat areas. This situation
reflects the fact that:
(1) Most of the land is unsuitable for
development, farming, or other
economic activities due to the rugged
mountain terrain, lack of access, and
remote locations; and
(2) Existing land-use controls severely
limit development and most other
economic activities in the mountainous
interior of Oahu.
Existing and planned projects, land
uses, and activities that could affect the
proposed critical habitat but have no
Federal involvement would not require
section 7 consultation with the Service,
so they are not restricted by the
requirements of the Act. Further,
although some existing and continuing
activities involve the operation and
maintenance of existing manmade
features and structures in certain areas,
these areas do not contain the PCEs for
the species, and would not be impacted
by the designation. Finally, for the
anticipated projects and activities that
will have Federal involvement, many
are conservation efforts that will not
negatively impact the species or their
habitats, so they will not be subject to
a minimal level of informal section 7
consultation. We anticipate that a
developer or other project proponent
could modify a project or take measures
to protect the 124 Oahu species. The
kinds of actions that may be included if
future reasonable and prudent
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alternatives become necessary include
conservation set-asides, management of
competing nonnative species,
restoration of degraded habitat, and
regular monitoring. These measures are
not likely to result in a significant
economic impact to project proponents,
because nearly all of the lands proposed
for critical habitat designation are
unsuitable for development, as well as
for most commercial projects, land uses,
and activities. This is due to their
remote location, lack of access, and
rugged terrain.
In addition, Federal agencies may also
need to reinitiate a previous
consultation if discretionary
involvement or control over the Federal
action has been retained or is authorized
by law and the activities may affect
critical habitat. Since critical habitat
was designated on Oahu in June 2003
(for 99 Oahu plants), and, most recently
in December 2008 (for 12 picture-wing
flies, 73 FR 73795), we have conducted
28 formal consultations and 137
informal consultations on this island, in
addition to consultations on Federal
grants to State wildlife programs that do
not affect small entities. Of these, 13
formal consultations and 34 informal
consultations were primarily
consultations regarding Federal permits
to Service employees to implement
conservation actions for listed species.
The remainder, 15 formal consultations
and 103 informal consultations,
involved the U.S. Army, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Marine Corps,
U.S. Marine Corps Base of Hawaii, U.S.
Navy, U.S. Air Force, Department of
Commerce, Department of Homeland
Security, Environmental Protection
Agency, Federal Aviation
Administration, Federal Highways
Administration, Department of
Agriculture (USDA–Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS); USDA–
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service), General Services
Administration, Housing and Urban
Development, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Geological Survey, Hawaii Department
of Transportation, State of Hawaii,
Housing and Community Development
Corporation of Hawaii, and the
University of Hawaii. The majority of
formal consultations were related to
project effects on seabird flyways,
nesting by endangered waterbirds,
human disturbance such as fire from
military training exercises, and research
permits. The majority of informal
consultations were related to project
effects on seabird flyways and nesting
by endangered waterbirds. About a
quarter of the informal consultations
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were conducted with the USDA–NRCS
for proposed funding for habitat
restoration projects under the auspices
of the Wildlife Habitat Incentives
Program.
Seven of the formal consultations
concerned designated critical habitat,
and we concurred with each agency’s
determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely
affect critical habitat. Of these seven
formal consultations, one was
conducted on behalf of the Navy in
upper Halawa Valley, one was
conducted on behalf of the Army
regarding routine military training and
transformation of the 2nd Brigade 25th
Infantry (Light) at six Army
installations, and five were conducted
on behalf of the Army regarding
reinitiation for routine military training
at Makua Military Reservation. The
Navy consultation involved a retrieval
of remains from a remote area crash site
in designated plant critical habitat, and
although it was carried out in an area
that is also proposed for critical habitat
in this rule, it was a single, one-time
action that is not ongoing. The project
regarding training at six Army
installations on Oahu is being
implemented on lands that we are not
exempting from critical habitat in this
rule. Five of the Army consultations,
those that involve routine military
training at Makua Military Reservation,
involve actions that are still ongoing.
Because these five Federal actions were
subject to previous section 7
consultations, there may be a
requirement to reinitiate consultation
for ongoing Federal projects on these
lands.
Sixteen of the 103 informal
consultations concerned designated
critical habitat, and in all cases we
concurred with each agency’s
determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely
affect critical habitat. These projects
were evenly divided between
conservation actions that would benefit
listed species, changes in labeling on
pesticides for use throughout the State
to manage conservation areas, and
effects on listed species by routine
training actions on the Army’s Makua
Military Reservation. For the 87
informal consultations that did not
concern designated critical habitat, we
concurred with each agency’s
determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely
affect listed species.
In this rule, we are proposing to
designate critical habitat on a total of
43,491 ac (17,600 ha) of land. Ninetythree percent (40,447 ac (16,369 ha)) of
this proposed critical habitat
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designation is already designated
critical habitat for one or more species,
and seven percent (3,044 ac (1,231 ha))
of the proposed designation is on land
newly proposed as critical habitat. Some
of the Federal actions that were subject
to previous section 7 consultation are on
the lands we are proposing as critical
habitat in this rule. Therefore, there may
be a requirement to reinitiate
consultation for some ongoing Federal
projects.
In the 2001, 2002, and 2008 economic
analyses of the designation of critical
habitat for the Oahu elepaio, 99 species
of Oahu plants, and 12 picture-wing
flies, we evaluated the potential
economic effects on small business
entities resulting from the protection of
these species and their habitats related
to the proposed designation of critical
habitat and determined that it would
not have a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small
entities. The RFA defines ‘‘small
governmental jurisdiction’’ as the
government of a city, county, town,
school district, or special district with a
population of less than 50,000. By this
definition, Honolulu County is not a
small governmental jurisdiction because
its population was 876,156 residents in
2000. Certain State agencies, such as the
Department of Land and Natural
Resources and the State Department of
Transportation, may be affected by the
proposed critical habitat designation.
However, for the purposes of the RFA,
State governments are considered
independent sovereigns, not small
governments. The significant overlap
between the critical habitat designations
for the Oahu elepaio, 99 plant species,
and the 12 picture-wing flies and this
proposed critical habitat designation
may be an indication that this proposal
will not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small
entities. This potential issue will be
fully examined in our draft economic
analysis.
We have concluded that deferring the
RFA finding until completion of the
draft economic analysis is necessary to
meet the purposes and requirements of
the RFA. Deferring the RFA finding in
this manner will ensure that we make a
sufficiently informed determination
based on adequate economic
information and provide the necessary
opportunity for public comment.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
(2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et
seq.), we make the following findings:
(a) This rule will not produce a
Federal mandate. In general, a Federal
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mandate is a provision in legislation,
statute, or regulation that would impose
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or
tribal governments, or the private sector,
and includes both ‘‘Federal
intergovernmental mandates’’ and
‘‘Federal private sector mandates.’’
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C.
658(5)–(7). ‘‘Federal intergovernmental
mandate’’ includes a regulation that
‘‘would impose an enforceable duty
upon State, local, or tribal governments’’
with two exceptions. It excludes ‘‘a
condition of Federal assistance.’’ It also
excludes ‘‘a duty arising from
participation in a voluntary Federal
program,’’ unless the regulation ‘‘relates
to a then-existing Federal program
under which $500,000,000 or more is
provided annually to State, local, and
tribal governments under entitlement
authority,’’ if the provision would
‘‘increase the stringency of conditions of
assistance’’ or ‘‘place caps upon, or
otherwise decrease, the Federal
Government’s responsibility to provide
funding,’’ and the State, local, or tribal
governments ‘‘lack authority’’ to adjust
accordingly. At the time of enactment,
these entitlement programs were:
Medicaid; Aid to Families with
Dependent Children work programs;
Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social
Services Block Grants; Vocational
Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster Care,
Adoption Assistance, and Independent
Living; Family Support Welfare
Services; and Child Support
Enforcement. ‘‘Federal private sector
mandate’’ includes a regulation that
‘‘would impose an enforceable duty
upon the private sector, except (i) a
condition of Federal assistance or (ii) a
duty arising from participation in a
voluntary Federal program.’’
The designation of critical habitat
does not impose a legally binding duty
on non-Federal Government entities or
private parties. Under the Act, the only
regulatory effect is that Federal agencies
must ensure that their actions do not
jeopardize the continued existence of
the species, or destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat under section 7.
While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits,
or that otherwise require approval or
authorization from a Federal agency for
an action, may be indirectly impacted
by the designation of critical habitat, the
legally binding duty to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat rests squarely on the
Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are
indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate
in a voluntary Federal aid program, the
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Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would
not apply, nor would critical habitat
shift the costs of the large entitlement
programs listed above onto State
governments.
(b) We do not believe that this rule
would significantly or uniquely affect
small governments. The lands we are
proposing for critical habitat
designation are owned by the City and
County of Honolulu, the State of
Hawaii, private citizens, and the Federal
government. None of these entities fit
the definition of ‘‘small governmental
jurisdiction.’’ Therefore, a Small
Government Agency Plan is not
required. However, we will further
evaluate this issue as we conduct our
economic analysis, and review and
revise this assessment as warranted.
Takings—Executive Order 12630
In accordance with E.O. 12630
(Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private
Property Rights), we have analyzed the
potential takings implications of
designating critical habitat for each of
the 124 species in a takings implications
assessment. The takings implications
assessment concludes that this
designation of critical habitat for each of
these species does not pose significant
takings implications for lands within or
affected by the proposed designation.
Federalism—Executive Order 13132
In accordance with E.O. 13132
(Federalism), this rule does not have
significant Federalism effects. A
Federalism assessment is not required.
In keeping with Department of the
Interior and Department of Commerce
policy, we requested information from,
and coordinated development of, this
proposed critical habitat designation
with appropriate State resource agencies
in Hawaii. The critical habitat
designation may have some benefit to
these governments because the areas
that contain the features essential to the
conservation of the species are more
clearly defined, and the essential
features themselves are specifically
identified. While making this definition
and identification does not alter where
and what federally sponsored activities
may occur, it may assist local
governments in long-range planning
(rather than having them wait for caseby-case section 7 consultations to
occur).
Where State and local governments
require approval or authorization from a
Federal agency for actions that may
affect critical habitat, consultation
under section 7(a)(2) would be required.
While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits,
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46469
or that otherwise require approval or
authorization from a Federal agency for
an action, may be indirectly impacted
by the designation of critical habitat, the
legally binding duty to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat rests squarely on the
Federal agency.
Civil Justice Reform—Executive Order
12988
In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil
Justice Reform), the Office of the
Solicitor has determined that the rule
does not unduly burden the judicial
system and that it meets the
requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2)
of the Order. We have proposed
designating critical habitat in
accordance with the provisions of the
Act. This proposed rule uses standard
property descriptions and identifies the
physical and biological features within
the designated areas to assist the public
in understanding the habitat needs of
each of the species being considered in
this proposed rule.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This proposed rule does not contain
any new collections of information that
require approval by OMB under the
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not
impose recordkeeping or reporting
requirements on State or local
governments, individuals, businesses, or
organizations. An agency may not
conduct or sponsor, and a person is not
required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA)
It is our position that, outside the
jurisdiction of the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to
prepare environmental analyses as
defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.) in connection with designating
critical habitat under the Act. We
published a notice outlining our reasons
for this determination in the Federal
Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR
49244). This position was upheld by the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth
Circuit (Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48
F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied
516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).
Clarity of the Rule
We are required by Executive Orders
12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1,
1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we
publish must:
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(a) Be logically organized;
(b) Use the active voice to address
readers directly;
(c) Use clear language rather than
jargon;
(d) Be divided into short sections and
sentences; and
(e) Use lists and tables wherever
possible.
If you feel that we have not met these
requirements, send us comments by one
of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES
section. To better help us revise the
rule, your comments should be as
specific as possible. For example, you
should tell us the numbers of the
sections or paragraphs that are unclearly
written, which sections or sentences are
too long, the sections where you feel
lists or tables would be useful, etc.
Government-to-Government
Relationship with Tribes
In accordance with the President’s
memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations
with Native American Tribal
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175,
and the Department of the Interior’s
manual at 512 DM 2, we readily
acknowledge our responsibility to
communicate meaningfully with
recognized Federal Tribes on a
government-to-government basis. In
accordance with Secretarial Order 3206
of June 5, 1997, ‘‘American Indian
Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust
Responsibilities, and the Endangered
Species Act,’’ we readily acknowledge
our responsibilities to work directly
with Tribes in developing programs for
healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that
tribal lands are not subject to the same
controls as Federal public lands, to
remain sensitive to Indian culture, and
to make information available to Tribes.
We have determined that there are no
tribal lands occupied at the time of
listing that contain the features essential
for the conservation, and no tribal lands
that are essential for the conservation, of
the 124 Oahu species. Therefore, we
have not proposed designation of
critical habitat for any of the 124 species
on tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
On May 18, 2001, the President issued
an Executive Order (E.O. 13211; Actions
Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use) on regulations that
significantly affect energy supply,
distribution, and use. E.O. 13211
requires agencies to prepare Statements
of Energy Effects when undertaking
certain actions. This proposed rule to
designate critical habitat for 124 species
is not a significant regulatory action
under E.O. 12866 and we do not expect
it to significantly affect energy supplies,
distribution, or use because these areas
are not presently used for energy
production, and we are unaware of any
future plans in this regard. Therefore,
this action is not a significant energy
action, and no Statement of Energy
Effects is required. However, we will
further evaluate this issue as we
conduct our economic analysis, and
review and revise this assessment as
warranted.
References Cited
A complete list of references cited in
this proposed rule is available on the
Species
Vertebrate population where endangered or threatened
Historic range
Common name
*
INSECTS
Scientific name
*
*
*
internet at https://www.regulations.gov
and upon request from the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above).
Authors
The primary authors of this document
are the staff members of the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species,
Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements,
Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend
part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title
50 of the Code of Federal Regulations,
as set forth below:
PART 17—[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17
continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C.
1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99–
625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. Amend § 17.11(h), the List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by
adding entries for ‘‘Damselfly, blackline
Hawaiian’’, ‘‘Damselfly, crimson
Hawaiian’’, and ‘‘Damselfly, oceanic
Hawaiian’’, in alphabetical order under
INSECTS, to read as follows:
§ 17.11 Endangered and threatened
wildlife.
*
Status
*
*
(h) * * *
*
When listed
*
*
Critical
habitat
*
Special
rules
*
*
Megalagrion
nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
NA ...........................
*
E
*
....................
17.95(i)
NA
.
Damselfly, crimson
Hawaiian.
Megalagrion
leptodemas.
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
NA ...........................
E
....................
17.95(i)
NA
*
Damselfly, oceanic
Hawaiian.
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*
Damselfly, blackline
Hawaiian.
*
Megalagrion
oceanicum.
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
NA ...........................
*
E
*
....................
17.95(i)
*
*
*
3. Amend § 17.12(h), the List of
Endangered and Threatened Plants, as
follows:
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*
*
a. By removing the entries for
Alsinidendron obovatum,
Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. kalaeloana, Hedyotis
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*
*
*
NA
*
coriacea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis
parvula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, and
Mariscus pennatiformis under
FLOWERING PLANTS;
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b. By revising the entry for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
under FLOWERING PLANTS to read as
set forth below;
c. By adding entries for Bidens
amplectens, Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyperus pennatiformis,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
waiolani, Kadua coriacea, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea obovata, Schiedea trinervis,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense in alphabetical
order under FLOWERING PLANTS to
read as set forth below;
d. By removing the entry for
Phlegmariurus nutans under FERNS
AND ALLIES; and
e. By adding entries for Doryopteris
takeuchii and Huperzia nutans in
alphabetical order under FERNS AND
ALLIES to read as set forth below.
§ 17.12
*
Endangered and threatened plants.
*
*
(h) * * *
Species
Historic range
Scientific name
Family
Status
When listed
Common name
*
*
Critical
habitat
Special
rules
FLOWERING PLANTS
*
Round-leaved chaff
flower.
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Amaranthaceae ......
E
*
Bidens amplectens
*
Kookoolau ..............
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Asteraceae .............
E
*
Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii.
*
Ewa Plains akoko ..
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Euphorbiaceae .......
E
*
Cyanea calycina .....
*
Haha .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Campanulaceae .....
E
*
Cyanea lanceolata ..
*
Haha .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Campanulaceae .....
E
*
Cyanea
purpurellifolia.
*
Haha .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Campanulaceae .....
E
*
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Cyperaceae ............
E
*
Cyrtandra gracilis ...
Cyrtandra kaulantha
*
Haiwale ..................
Haiwale ..................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Gesneriaceae .........
Gesneriaceae .........
E
E
*
Cyrtandra sessilis ...
*
Haiwale ..................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Gesneriaceae .........
E
*
Cyrtandra waiolani ..
*
Haiwale ..................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Gesneriaceae .........
E
*
Kadua coriacea ......
*
Kioele .....................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rubiaceae ..............
E
*
Kadua degeneri ......
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*
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata.
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rubiaceae ..............
E
*
Kadua parvula ........
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rubiaceae ..............
E
*
Korthalsella
degeneri.
*
Hulumoa .................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Viscaceae ...............
E
*
Melanthera
tenuifolia.
*
Nehe .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Asteraceae .............
E
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*
*
*
220 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
120 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
559 17.99(a)(1),
(e)(1), (g),
and (i).
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
*
NA
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
NA
NA
NA
NA
*
467 17.99(e)(1)
and (i).
*
*
448 17.99(i) .........
*
*
448 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
448 17.99(i) .........
*
*
*
*
NA
*
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
Species
Historic range
Scientific name
Family
Status
Critical
habitat
When listed
Common name
*
Melicope
christophersenii.
*
Alani .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rutaceae ................
E
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
Melicope hiiakae .....
*
Alani .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rutaceae ................
E
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
Melicope makahae
*
Alani .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rutaceae ................
E
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta.
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens.
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rutaceae ................
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
E
None .......................
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
Rutaceae ................
E
....................
*
Pleomele forbesii ....
*
Hala pepe ...............
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Asparagaceae ........
E
*
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis.
*
Kopiko ....................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rubiaceae ..............
E
*
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa.
*
Kaulu ......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Apocynaceae .........
E
*
Schiedea obovata ...
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Caryophyllaceae ....
E
*
Schiedea trinervis ...
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Caryophyllaceae ....
E
*
Tetraplasandra
lydgatei.
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Araliaceae ..............
E
*
Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
*
Ae ...........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Rutaceae ................
E
*
FERNS AND ALLIES
*
*
*
Special
rules
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
None .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Pteridaceae ............
E
*
Huperzia nutans .....
*
Wawaeiole ..............
*
U.S.A. (HI) ..............
*
Lycopodiaceae .......
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*
*
4. Amend § 17.95 paragraph (i), by
adding critical habitat for ‘‘Blackline
Hawaiian Damselfly (Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum)’’,
‘‘Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly
(Megalagrion leptodemas)’’, and
‘‘Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum)’’, in the same
alphabetical order as these species occur
in the table at § 17.11(h), to read as set
forth below.
§ 17.95
*
*
Critical habitat—fish and wildlife.
*
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*
*
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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*
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*
*
448 17.99(i) .........
*
*
448 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
*
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
467 17.99(e)(1) ...
*
*
Sfmt 4702
NA
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
(i) Insects.
*
*
*
*
*
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted
for Honolulu County, Hawaii, on the
maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements. The
primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum) are:
17.99(i) .........
*
E
*
*
NA
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
Doryopteris
takeuchii.
NA
*
*
*
NA
*
.................... 17.99(i) .........
*
*
NA
*
NA
NA
*
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
ll(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium,
Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
ll(vi) Understory: Alyxia,
Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(vii) Perennial streams.
(viii) Slow reaches of streams.
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features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a
consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or in
adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were
created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM
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Zone 4, units in meters using North
American datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
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EP02AU11.031
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(ix) Pools.
(3) Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, do not contain one or
more of the physical and biological
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(6) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 1—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (790 ac; 320
ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 2—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,790 ac; 724
ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 3—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (3,041 ac;
1,231 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for
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the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
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Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 1—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 3—
Lowland Wet follows:
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(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat for
the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
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(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 4—
Lowland Wet follows:
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(7) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 4—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (15,728 ac;
6,365 ha).
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(8) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum–Unit 5—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50
ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 6—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50
ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 7—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat for
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the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
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Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 7—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.034
46476
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
46477
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat for
the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
(v) Note: Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 8—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 9—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit
10—Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit
11—Lowland Wet follows:
Crimson Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion leptodemas)
(i) In units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
and 11, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the
crimson Hawaiian damselfly are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted
for Honolulu County, Hawaii, on the
maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
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E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.035
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(9) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 8—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (161 ac; 65
ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 9—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193
ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 10—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (407 ac; 165
ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 11—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (2,507 ac;
1,014 ha).
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Slow reaches of streams or ponds.
(ii) In units 12, 13, and 14, the
primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
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15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Slow reaches of streams or ponds.
(3) Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, do not contain one or
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more of the physical and biological
features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a
consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or
physical or biological features in
adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were
created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM
Zone 4, units in meters using North
American datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion leptodemas) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.036
46478
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(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat
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for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 1—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 3—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.037
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(6) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 1—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(790 ac; 320 ha); Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 2—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,790 ac; 724
ha); and Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
3—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (3,041 ac; 1,231 ha).
46479
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(7) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 4—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(15,728 ac; 6,365 ha).
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(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for the
crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
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(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 4—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.038
46480
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(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat for
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat
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for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 5—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 7—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.039
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(8) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(124 ac; 50 ha); Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 6—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50
ha); and Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
7—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha).
46481
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(9) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 8—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(161 ac; 65 ha); Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 9—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193
ha); Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
10—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (407 ac; 165 ha); and
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 11—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(2,507 ac; 1,014 ha)
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(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat for
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
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(iv) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(v) Note: Map of Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 8—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 9—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 10—Lowland Wet,
and Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
11—Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.040
46482
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(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 12.] This unit is critical habitat for
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 13.] This unit is critical habitat
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for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(iii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 12—Wet Cliff and
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 13—Wet
Cliff follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.041
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(10) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
12—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(151 ac; 61 ha) and Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 13—Wet Cliff,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (144 ac; 58
ha).
46483
46484
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for the
crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas.
(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 14—Wet Cliff
follows:
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted
for Honolulu County, Hawaii, on the
maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In unit 1, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Swift-flowing sections and riffles
of streams.
(ii) In units 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, and 12, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Swift-flowing sections and riffles
of streams.
(iii) In units 13, 14, and 15, the
primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
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E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.042
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(11) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
14—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(4,649 ac; 1,881 ha).
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(3) Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, do not contain one or
more of the physical and biological
features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a
consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or
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physical and biological features in
adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were
created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM
Zone 4, units in meters using North
American datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum; Map 1)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.043
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(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(I) Swift-flowing sections and riffles of
streams.
46485
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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(6) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 1—
Lowland Mesic, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (247 ac; 100 ha).
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(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
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(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 1—Lowland Mesic
(Map 2) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
ep02au11.044
46486
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Jkt 223001
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat
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for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 2—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 3—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 4—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
ep02au11.045
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(7) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(790 ac; 320 ha); Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 3—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,790 ac; 724
ha); and Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
4—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (3,041 ac; 1,231 ha).
46487
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(8) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(15,728 ac; 6,365 ha).
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15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
PO 00000
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(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 5—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
ep02au11.046
46488
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Jkt 223001
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat
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for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 6—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 7—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 8—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
ep02au11.047
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(9) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(124 ac; 50 ha); Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 7—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50
ha); and Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
8—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha).
46489
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(10) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
9—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (161 ac; 65 ha); Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 10—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193
ha); Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 11—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(407 ac; 165 ha); and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 12—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (2,507 ac;
1,014 ha).
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat for
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
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(iv) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 12.] This unit is critical habitat
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(v) Note: Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 9—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 10—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 11—Lowland Wet,
and Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 12—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
ep02au11.048
46490
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Jkt 223001
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 13.] This unit is critical habitat for
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 14.] This unit is critical habitat
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for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
(iii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 13—Wet Cliff and
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 14—Wet
Cliff follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
ep02au11.049
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(11) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
13—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(151 ac; 61 ha) and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 14—Wet Cliff,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (144 ac; 58
ha).
46491
46492
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
BILLING CODE 4310–55–C
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
*
*
*
VerDate Mar<15>2010
*
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 15.] This unit is critical habitat for
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum.
5. Amend § 17.99 as follows:
*
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
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(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 15—Wet Cliff follows:
a. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
ep02au11.050
(12) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
15—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(4,649 ac; 1,881 ha).
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
Paragraph designation
Remove
(a)(1)(civ), the introductory text ..........................
(a)(1)(ccxl), the introductory text ........................
Kauai 10—Phlegmariurus nutans—a ..............
Kauai 11—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ............
b. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by
removing the maps in paragraphs
(a)(1)(civ)(B) and (a)(1)(ccxl)(B), and
adding in their place the maps set forth
below.
Add
c. In paragraph (a)(1)(cdlix), amend
the Table of Protected Species Within
Each Critical Habitat Unit for Kauai, by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
Column heading
Unit name ...........................................................
Species unoccupied ...........................................
Unit name ...........................................................
Species unoccupied ...........................................
Kauai 10—Phlegmariurus nutans—a ..............
Phlegmariurus nutans ......................................
Kauai 11—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ............
Mariscus pennatiformis ....................................
Kauai 10—Huperzia nutans—a.
Kauai 11—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
Remove
d. Amend paragraph (b)(1) by
removing the words listed in the
Add
‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places
that they appear and adding in their
Kauai 10—Huperzia nutans—a.
Huperzia nutans.
Kauai 11—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’
column below:
Remove
Add
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ................................
Kauai 11—Mariscus pennatiformis—a .....................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis .............................................................................
e. Amend paragraph (b)(2) by
removing the words listed in the
Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN).
Kauai 11—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places
that they appear and adding in their
place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’
column below:
Remove
Add
Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) ....................
Kauai 10—Phlegmariurus nutans—a .......................................................
Phlegmariurus nutans. ..............................................................................
f. Amend paragraph (e)(1) by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
Family Lycopodiaceae: Huperzia nutans (wawaeiole).
Kauai 10—Huperzia nutans—a.
Huperzia nutans.
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
Paragraph designation
Remove
(e)(1)(xii), the introductory text ...........................
(e)(1)(civ), the introductory text ..........................
(e)(1)(cv), the introductory text ...........................
Maui 6—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—a ......................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—b ......................
g. Amend paragraph (e)(1) by
removing the maps in paragraphs
(e)(1)(xii)(B), (e)(1)(civ)(B), and
(e)(1)(cv)(B), and adding in their place
the maps set forth below.
Add
h. In paragraph (e)(1)(cxxxviii),
amend the Table of Protected Species
Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for
Maui, by removing the words listed in
the ‘‘Remove’’ column below and
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Column heading
Unit name ...........................................................
Species occupied ...............................................
Unit name ...........................................................
Species occupied ...............................................
Unit name ...........................................................
Species unoccupied ...........................................
Maui 6—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ................
Mariscus pennatiformis ....................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—a ......................
Hedyotis coriacea ............................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—b ......................
Hedyotis coriacea ............................................
Maui 6—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—a.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—b.
adding in their place the words listed in
the ‘‘Add’’ column below:
Remove
i. Amend paragraph (f)(1) by removing
the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’
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46493
Add
column below in all places that they
appear and adding in their place the
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Maui 6—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—a.
Kadua coriacea.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—b.
Kadua coriacea.
words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column
below:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
46494
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
Remove
Add
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ................................
Maui 6—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ........................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis .............................................................................
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea (kioele) .........................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—a ...............................................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—b ...............................................................
Hedyotis coriacea .....................................................................................
j. Amend paragraph (g) by removing
the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’
column below and adding in their place
Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN).
Maui 6—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
Family Rubiaceae: Kadua coriacea (kioele).
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—a.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—b.
Kadua coriacea.
the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column
below:
Paragraph designation
Remove
Add
(g)(7), the introductory text .................................
Laysan 1–Mariscus pennatiformis–entire island.
Laysan 1–Cyperus pennatiformis–entire island.
k. Amend paragraph (g) by removing
the map in paragraph (g)(7)(ii), and
adding in its place the map set forth
below.
l. In paragraph (g)(9), amend the Table
of Protected Species Within Each
Critical Habitat Unit for the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, by
Column heading
Remove
Species—Occupied ............................................
Mariscus pennatiformis ....................................
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
m. Amend paragraph (h) by removing
the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’
Add
column below in all places that they
appear and adding in their place the
Cyperus pennatiformis.
words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column
below:
Remove
Add
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ................................
Laysan 1–Mariscus pennatiformis ............................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis .............................................................................
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Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN).
Laysan 1–Cyperus pennatiformis.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
n. Revise paragraphs (i) and (j) to read
as set forth below.
§ 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the
islands of Kauai, Niihau, Molokai, Maui,
Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Hawaii, HI, and on
the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
46495
(1) * * *
(civ) * * *
(B) Note: Map 49 follows:
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(a) * * *
46496
*
*
(ccxl) * * *
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*
*
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
(B) Note: Map 134 follows:
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*
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
*
*
*
*
(e) * * *
(1) * * *
(xii) * * *
(B) Note: Map 12 follows:
(civ) * * *
(B) Note: Map 104 follows:
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
*
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*
*
Frm 00137
*
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*
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EP02AU11.053
*
46497
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
EP02AU11.055
(B) Note: Map 105 follows:
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(cv) * * *
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
*
46499
(i) Oahu. Critical habitat units are
described below. Coordinates are in
UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using
North American Datum of 1983
(NAD83). The following map shows the
general locations of the critical habitat
units designated on the island of Oahu.
Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, do not contain one or
more of the physical and biological
features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a
consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or
physical or biological features in
adjacent critical habitat.
(1) Note: Map 1—Index map follows:
*
*
*
*
(g) * * *
(7) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 7 follows:
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
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*
*
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*
Fmt 4701
*
Sfmt 4702
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02AUP2
EP02AU11.056
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*
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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EP02AU11.057
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46500
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna owahuensis.
PO 00000
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(ii) Note:
Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1 (Map
2) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.058
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(2) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1 (958 ac;
388 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
46501
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(3) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2 (12 ac; 5
ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
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Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
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(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 2 (Map 3) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.059
46502
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat
for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
PO 00000
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kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 3 and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4 (Map
4) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.060
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(4) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3 (15 ac; 6
ha) and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4 (3 ac; 1
ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
46503
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(5) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5 (12 ac; 5
ha) and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 (9 ac; 4
ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
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15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat
for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
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kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 5 and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 (Map
5) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.061
46504
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat
for, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
PO 00000
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(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat
for, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 7, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8, and
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9 (Map 6) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.062
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(6) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7 (67 ac; 27
ha), Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8 (10 ac; 4
ha), and Oahu–Coastal–Unit 9 (84 ac; 34
ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat for,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
46505
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(7) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10 (74 ac; 30
ha), Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11 (20 ac; 8
ha), and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 (11 ac;
5 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
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(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat
for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Marsilea villosa, Sesbania tomentosa,
and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 12.] This unit is critical habitat
for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
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kuwaleana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Marsilea villosa, Sesbania tomentosa,
and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 10, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11, and
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 (Map 7)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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EP02AU11.063
46506
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 14.] This unit is critical habitat
for Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea
kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 15.] This unit is critical habitat
for Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens,
PO 00000
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Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea
kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14, and
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15 (Map 8)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(8) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13 (24 ac; 10
ha), Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14 (4 ac; 2
ha), and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15 (34 ac;
14 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 13.] This unit is critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna owahuensis.
46507
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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(9) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 (102
ac; 41 ha) and Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 2 (29 ac; 12)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
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Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri,
Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat
for Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
PO 00000
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Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 1 and Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 2 (Map 9) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.065
46508
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat
for Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Marsilea villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat
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for Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Marsilea villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5
(Map 10) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(10) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3 (25
ac; 10 ha), Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4
(18 ac; 7 ha), and Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 5 (8 ac; 3 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Marsilea
villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri,
46509
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(11) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6
(287 ac; 116 ha) and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7 (15 ac; 6 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for
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Doryopteris takeuchii, Gouania meyenii,
and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat
for Cyperus trachysanthos, Doryopteris
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takeuchii, Gouania meyenii, Marsilea
villosa, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 6 and Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 7 (Map 11) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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EP02AU11.067
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rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat
for Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
PO 00000
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humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat
for Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(v) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11 (Map 12)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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(12) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8
(292 ac; 118 ha), Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 9 (40 ac; 16 ha), Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10 (43 ac; 17 ha), and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11 (166 ac; 67 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat
for Achyranthes splendens var.
46511
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(13) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1
(4,450 ac; 1,801 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua
coriacea, Kadua degeneri, Kadua
parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
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Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae,
Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea obovata,
Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 1 (Map 13) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.069
46512
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua
coriacea, Kadua degeneri, Kadua.
parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
PO 00000
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Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae,
Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea obovata,
Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 2 (Map 14) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.070
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(14) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2
(1,063 ac; 430 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata,
46513
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(15) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3
(353 ac; 143 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, Kadua degeneri, Kadua
parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
PO 00000
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kaalaensis, Phyllostegiamollis,
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae,
Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea obovata,
Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 3 (Map 15) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.071
46514
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saintjohnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat
for Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea. calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
longiflora, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
PO 00000
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subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia.
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saintjohnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 4 and Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 5 (Map 16) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.072
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(16) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4
(20 ac; 8 ha) and Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 5 (29 ac; 12 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea. calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
longiflora, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
46515
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(17) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6
(247 ac; 100 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
longiflora, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-
PO 00000
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johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 6 (Map 17) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.073
46516
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
longiflora, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-
PO 00000
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Fmt 4701
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johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 7 (Map 18) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.074
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(18) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7
(1,669 ac; 676 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
46517
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(19) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1
(541 ac; 219 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps
PO 00000
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var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 1 (Map 19) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.075
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat
for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea.
calycina, Cyanea. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat
PO 00000
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Sfmt 4725
for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit
4 (Map 20) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.076
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(20) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 (20
ac; 8 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3
(29 ac; 12 ha), and Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 4 (27 ac; 11 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea. calycina,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
46519
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(21) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5
(76 ac; 31 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps
PO 00000
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var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5 (Map 21) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
EP02AU11.077
46520
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(22) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6
(790 ac; 320 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet–
Unit 7 (1,790 ac; 724 ha), and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 8 (3,041 ac; 1,231
ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat
PO 00000
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Sfmt 4702
46521
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 7, and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit
8 (Map 22) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
02AUP2
VerDate Mar<15>2010
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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46522
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
46523
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 9 (Map 23) follows:
(24) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10
(124 ac; 50 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11 (124 ac; 50 ha), and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12 (53 ac; 21 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
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(23) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9
(15,728 ac; 6,365 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
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gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
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hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 12.] This unit is critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
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subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, and Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 12 (Map 24) follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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(25) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13
(161 ac; 65 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 14 (478 ac; 193 ha), Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15 (407 ac; 165 ha),
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16
(2,507 ac; 1,014 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 13.] This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 14.] This unit is critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
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Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 15.] This unit is critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
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46525
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 16.] This unit is critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(v) Note: Map of Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 14, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 15,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16
(Map 25) follows:
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
46527
Alectryon macrococcus, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
and Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Montane
Wet—Unit 1 (Map 26) follows:
(27) Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 (49 ac;
20 ha), Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 (412 ac;
167 ha), and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3
(450 ac; 182 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat
for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
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(26) Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1
(370 ac; 150 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit.] This unit is critical habitat for
46528
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 (Map 27)
follows:
(28) Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 (108 ac;
44 ha), Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 (26 ac;
10 ha), and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6
(255 ac; 103 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
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15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat
for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat
for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
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15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat
for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
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46529
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, and
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 (Map 28)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat
for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
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vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 7 and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8
(Map 29) follows:
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(29) Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 (208 ac;
84 ha) and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8
(259 ac; 105 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(30) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (235 ac;
95 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for
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Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
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Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 1 (Map 30) follows:
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(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat
for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat
for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
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Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, and
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 (Map 31)
follows:
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(31) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 (7 ac; 3
ha), Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 (16 ac; 6
ha), and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 (23
ac; 9 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
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(32) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 (43 ac;
17 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat for
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Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
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Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 5 (Map 32) follows:
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parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea,
Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
and Viola oahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description
of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
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subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Huperzia nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea,
Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
and Viola oahuensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 6 and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7
(Map 33) follows:
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(33) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6 (151 ac;
61 ha) and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7
(144 ac; 58 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Huperzia nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
(34) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 (4,649
ac; 1,881 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of
unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea
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purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Huperzia nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
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princeps var. princeps, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea,
Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
and Viola oahuensis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8 (Map 34) follows:
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46537
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Chamaesyce celastroides var kaenana ...........
Sesbania tomentosa ........................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8
Sesbania tomentosa ........................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Cyperus trachysanthos ....................................
Marsilea villosa ................................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10
Centaurium sebaeoides ...................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11
Marsilea villosa ................................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Marsilea villosa ................................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1
Bidens amplectens ...........................................
Hibiscus brackenridgei .....................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Schiedea kealiae ..............................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3
Marsilea villosa ................................................
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Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Marsilea villosa
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
46539
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4
Marsilea villosa ................................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Marsilea villosa
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5
Cyperus trachysanthos ....................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Marsilea villosa
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6
Doryopteris takeuchii .......................................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis .................................
Doryopteris takeuchii
Gouania meyenii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7
Cyperus trachysanthos ....................................
Cyperus trachysanthos
Doryopteris takeuchii
Gouania meyenii
Marsilea villosa
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
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Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii ......
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii ......
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Chamaesyce herbstii .......................................
Colubrina oppositifolia ......................................
Ctenitis squamigera .........................................
Cyanea acuminata ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...............
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ......................
Cyanea longiflora .............................................
Cyanea superba ...............................................
Cyrtandra dentata ............................................
Delissea subcordata ........................................
Diellia falcata ....................................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium molokaiense
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
46541
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Dubautia herbstobatae .....................................
Eragrostis fosbergii ..........................................
Euphorbia haeleeleana ....................................
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
Hesperomannia arbuscula ...............................
Hibiscus brackenridgei .....................................
Isodendrion laurifolium .....................................
Isodendrion longifolium ....................................
Kadua degeneri ................................................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Melicope makahae ...........................................
Melicope pallida ...............................................
Neraudia angulata ............................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ....................................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea
Schiedea
Schiedea
Schiedea
hookeri .............................................
kaalae ..............................................
nuttallii ..............................................
obovata ............................................
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana .......
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulat
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Chamaesyce herbstii .......................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ......................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Delissea subcordata ........................................
Diellia falcata ....................................................
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium molokaiense
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..........................................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ....................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Solanum sandwicense .....................................
Stenogyne kanehoana .....................................
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Delissea subcordata ........................................
Diellia falcata ....................................................
Diellia unisora ..................................................
Hesperomannia arbuscula ...............................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium molokaiense
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
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46543
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Melicope saint-johnii ........................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei .................
Plantago princeps var. princeps ......................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Silene perlmanii ...............................................
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
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46544
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6
Cyanea acuminata ...........................................
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
Cyanea truncata ...............................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
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Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
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46545
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Cyanea acuminata ...........................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...............
Cyanea lanceolata ...........................................
Cyrtandra polyantha .........................................
Diellia erecta ....................................................
Lobelia monostachya .......................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Tetraplasandra lydgatei ...................................
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1
Gouania vitifolia ...............................................
Melicope makahae ...........................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
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46546
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..........................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..........................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ......................
Hesperomannia arbuscula ...............................
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Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7
Chamaesyce rockii ...........................................
Cyanea acuminata ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea humboldtiana ......................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyanea purpurellifolia ......................................
Cyanea truncata ...............................................
Cyrtandra viridiflora ..........................................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
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46548
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
Huperzia nutans ...............................................
Myrsine juddii ...................................................
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..........................................
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta .....................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Pteris lidgatei ...................................................
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Viola oahuensis ................................................
Zanthoxylum oahuense ....................................
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyrtandra kaulantha .........................................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9
Adenophorus periens
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Chamaesyce rockii ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea humboldtiana ......................................
Cyanea koolauensis .........................................
Cyanea st.-johnii ..............................................
Cyrtandra viridiflora ..........................................
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
Labordia cyrtandrae .........................................
Lobelia oahuensis ............................................
Melicope hiiakae ..............................................
Melicope lydgatei .............................................
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..........................................
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora ...............
Plantago princeps var. princeps ......................
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta .....................
Pteris lidgatei ...................................................
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Viola oahuensis ................................................
Zanthoxylum oahuense ....................................
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 14
Cyanea koolauensis .........................................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 15
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
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46553
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16
Cyanea
Cyanea
Cyanea
Cyanea
Cyanea
Cyanea
Cyanea
acuminata ...........................................
calycina ...............................................
crispa ..................................................
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...............
humboldtiana ......................................
koolauensis .........................................
lanceolata ...........................................
Cyanea st.-johnii ..............................................
Cyrtandra gracilis .............................................
Cyrtandra polyantha .........................................
Cyrtandra sessilis .............................................
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta .....................
Sanicula purpurea ............................................
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyanea acuminata ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Labordia cyrtandrae .........................................
Melicope christophersenii ................................
Schiedea trinervis ............................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Chamaesyce herbstii .......................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ......................
Cyrtandra dentata ............................................
Kadua degeneri ................................................
Plantago princeps var. princeps ......................
Schiedea obovata ............................................
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Dubautia herbstobatae .....................................
Gouania vitifolia ...............................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
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46555
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Kadua parvula ..................................................
Lepidium arbuscula ..........................................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Melicope makahae ...........................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Peucedanum sandwicense ..............................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Sanicula mariversa ..........................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Tetramolopium filiforme ...................................
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana .......
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Diellia falcata ....................................................
Dubautia herbstobatae .....................................
Eragrostis fosbergii ..........................................
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Gouania meyenii ..............................................
Isodendrion laurifolium .....................................
Korthalsella degeneri .......................................
Lepidium arbuscula ..........................................
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Melicope makahae ...........................................
Neraudia angulata ............................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Peucedanum sandwicense ..............................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ....................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Silene lanceolata ..............................................
Tetramolopium filiforme ...................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
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(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana .......
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Chamaesyce kuwaleana ..................................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis .................................
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
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(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Diellia unisora ..................................................
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Lepidium arbuscula ..........................................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melicope saint-johnii ........................................
Neraudia angulata ............................................
Plantago princeps var. princeps ......................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ........
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Diellia unisora ..................................................
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Kadua parvula ..................................................
Lepidium arbuscula ..........................................
Melicope saint-johnii ........................................
Neraudia angulata ............................................
Plantago princeps var. princeps ......................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Silene perlmanii ...............................................
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana .......
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Neraudia angulata ............................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
46559
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Melicope christophersenii ................................
Schiedea trinervis ............................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Melicope christophersenii ................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..........................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6
Adenophorus periens
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46560
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
Huperzia nutans ...............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Huperzia nutans
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis ...............
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Huperzia nutans
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyanea acuminata ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea humboldtiana ......................................
Cyanea purpurellifolia ......................................
Cyanea st.-johnii ..............................................
Cyrtandra kaulantha .........................................
Cyrtandra sessilis .............................................
Cyrtandra subumbellata ...................................
Cyrtandra viridiflora ..........................................
Huperzia nutans ...............................................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Huperzia nutans
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
46561
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Labordia cyrtandrae .........................................
Lobelia oahuensis ............................................
Lysimachia filifolia ............................................
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..........................................
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora ...............
Plantago princeps var. princeps ......................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Sanicula purpurea ............................................
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Trematolobelia singularis .................................
Viola oahuensis ................................................
(j) Plants on Oahu; Constituent
elements.
(1) Flowering plants.
FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE:
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
(round-leaved chaff flower)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
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Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Nototrichium humile (KULUI)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
PO 00000
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Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. princeps
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Nototrichium humile on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
E:\FR\FM\02AUP2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY APIACEAE:
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Peucedanum sandwicense (MAKOU)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Peucedanum sandwicense on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Sanicula mariversa (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Sanicula mariversa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Sanicula purpurea on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
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(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the
physical or biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
FAMILY APOCYNACEAE:
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (KAULU)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—6, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Pteralyxia macrocarpa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
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Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY ARALIACEAE:
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (OHE OHE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
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46563
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Tetraplasandra lydgatei on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY ASPARAGACEAE:
Pleomele forbesii (HALA PEPE)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Pleomele forbesii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
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(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY ASTERACEAE:
Bidens amplectens (KOOKOOLAU)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Bidens amplectens on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft
(300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
Dubautia herbstobatae (NAENAE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
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Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Dubautia herbstobatae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Hesperomannia
arbuscula on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
(NEHE)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Melanthera tenuifolia (NEHE)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
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Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melanthera tenuifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).xxx
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
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Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, Identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Tetramolopium filiforme on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
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(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY BRASSICACEAE:
Lepidium arbuscula (ANAUNAU)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE:
Cyanea acuminata (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
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(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea calycina (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea calycina on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
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Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea crispa (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
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Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea crispa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
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(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
(HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep,
well-drained soils, lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Cyanea humboldtiana (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea humboldtiana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea koolauensis (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea koolauensis on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Cyanea lanceolata (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea lanceolata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Cyanea longiflora (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea longiflora on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Cyanea pinnatifida (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea pinnatifida
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on Oahu. Within these units, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyanea purpurellifolia (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea purpurellifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical or
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
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(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea st.-johnii (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea st.-johnii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea superba (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
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Sfmt 4702
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea superba on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Cyanea truncata (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea truncata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Delissea subcordata (OHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Delissea subcordata on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
(NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
on Oahu. Within these units, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Lobelia monostachya (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Lobelia monostachya on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
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46571
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Psydrax, Pleomele.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lobelia oahuensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Trematolobelia singularis on Oahu.
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(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical or
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE:
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
PO 00000
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of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Schiedea hookeri on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
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and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(v) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Schiedea kaalae (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Schiedea kaalae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Schiedea kealiae (MAOLIOLI)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Schiedea kealiae on
Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft
(300 m).
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46573
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Schiedea obovata (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
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Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Schiedea obovata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Schiedea trinervis (NCN)
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Schiedea trinervis on Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit
1, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Silene lanceolata on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Silene perlmanii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
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Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Silene perlmanii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical or biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY CONVOLVULACEAE:
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
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Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Bonamia menziesii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis
Melanthera, Schiedea.
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FAMILY CYPERACEAE:
Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyperus
pennatiformis on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Cyperus trachysanthos (PUUKAA)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 5, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 7, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyperus trachysanthos on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11, and Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 12, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, little—
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
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46575
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE:
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
(AKOKO)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
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(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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Chamaesyce deppeana (AKOKO)
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce deppeana on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Chamaesyce herbstii (AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce herbstii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
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(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (AKOKO)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
4, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
7, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
10, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 12, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce kuwaleana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
11, and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
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(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Chamaesyce rockii (AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Chamaesyce rockii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
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(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (EWA PLAINS AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
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Euphorbia haeleeleana (AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Flueggea neowawraea
(MEHAMEHAME)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Flueggea neowawraea on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
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and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY FABACEAE:
Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Sesbania tomentosa on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(i) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
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(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
FAMILY GENTIANACEAE:
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Centaurium sebaeoides (AWIWI)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
FAMILY GESNERIACEAE:
Cyrtandra dentata (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
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descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra dentata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
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(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Cyrtandra gracilis (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra gracilis on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Cyrtandra kaulantha (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra kaulantha on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
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(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyrtandra polyantha (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra polyantha on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Cyrtandra sessilis (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra sessilis Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils, lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
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46579
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra subumbellata (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra subumbellata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra viridiflora (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
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Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra viridiflora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Cyrtandra waiolani (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra waiolani on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY LAMIACEAE:
Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Phyllostegia hirsuta on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
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(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Phyllostegia kaalaensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
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Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
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46581
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Phyllostegia parviflora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Phyllostegia
parviflora var. lydgatei are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 / Proposed Rules
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
for Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Stenogyne kanehoana
on Oahu. Within these units, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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FAMILY LOGANIACEAE:
Labordia cyrtandrae (KAMAKAHALA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Labordia cyrtandrae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MALVACEAE:
Abutilon sandwicense (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
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and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU
HELE)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Hibiscus brackenridgei var.
mokuleianus and Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. molokaiana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for
Hibiscus brackenridgei var.
mokuleianus and Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. molokaiana are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. mokuleianus and
Hibiscus brackenridgei var. molokaiana
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE:
Myrsine juddii (KOLEA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Myrsine juddii on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY MYRTACEAE:
Eugenia koolauensis (NIOI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
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Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Eugenia koolauensis on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE:
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Platanthera holochila on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY PLANTAGINACEAE:
Plantago princeps (LAUKAHI
KUAHIWI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
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Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Plantago princeps on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Plantago princeps
var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(v) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for
Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY POACEAE:
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Cenchrus agrimonioides
(KAMANOMANO)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cenchrus agrimonioides on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Eragrostis fosbergii (FOSBERG’S LOVE
GRASS)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Eragrostis fosbergii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
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and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY PRIMULACEAE
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Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lysimachia filifolia on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY RHAMNACEAE:
Colubrina oppositifolia (KAUILA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Colubrina
oppositifolia on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
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(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Gouania meyenii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Gouania meyenii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
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(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Gouania vitifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY RUBIACEAE:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
Gardenia mannii (NANU)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Gardenia mannii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Kadua coriacea (KIOELE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Kadua coriacea on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Kadua degeneri (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Kadua degeneri on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Kadua parvula (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Kadua parvula on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Jkt 223001
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
(KOPIKO)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY RUTACEAE:
Melicope christophersenii (ALANI)
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 5, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
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Sfmt 4702
46587
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope christophersenii on Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit
1, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Melicope hiiakae (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope hiiakae on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Melicope lydgatei (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
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erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope lydgatei on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Melicope makahae (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
Jkt 223001
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope makahae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 2, and Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 3, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Melicope pallida (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
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Sfmt 4702
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Melicope pallida on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Melicope saint-johnii (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope saint-johnii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
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(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
(NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Zanthoxylum oahuense (AE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Zanthoxylum oahuense on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY SAPINDACEAE:
Alectryon macrococcus (MAHOE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
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Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus var.
macrococcus on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY SOLANACEAE:
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Solanum sandwicense (POPOLO,
AIAKEAKUA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Solanum sandwicense on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY URTICACEAE:
erowe on DSK5CLS3C1PROD with PROPOSALS2
Neraudia angulata (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Neraudia angulata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for
Neraudia angulata var. angulata and
Neraudia angulata var. dentata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, little—
weathered lava.
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(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Neraudia angulata
var. angulata and Neraudia angulata
var. dentata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Neraudia angulata
var. angulata and Neraudia angulata
var. dentata are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Urera kaalae (OPUHE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Urera kaalae on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
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(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY VIOLACEAE:
Isodendrion laurifolium (AUPAKA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
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(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Isodendrion longifolium (AUPAKA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
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(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Isodendrion pyrifolium (WAHINE
NOHO KULA)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
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(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana (PAMAKANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Viola oahuensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Viola oahuensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY VISCACEAE:
Korthalsella degeneri (HULUMOA)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Korthalsella degeneri on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(i) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(2) Ferns and fern allies.
FAMILY ADIANTACEAE:
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Pteris lidgatei on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds;,deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY ASPLENIACEAE:
Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Ctenitis squamigera on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
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(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Diellia erecta (ASPLENIUM-LEAVED
DIELLIA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Diellia erecta on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Diellia falcata (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Diellia falcata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Diellia unisora (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Diellia unisora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
VerDate Mar<15>2010
15:06 Aug 01, 2011
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(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Diplazium
molokaiense on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY GRAMMITIDACEAE:
Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI
FERN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
PO 00000
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46593
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY LYCOPODIACEAE:
Huperzia nutans (WAWAEIOLE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Huperzia nutans on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
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Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MARSILEACEAE:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Marsilea villosa (IHI IHI)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 5, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 7, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Marsilea villosa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11, and Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 12, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
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(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
FAMILY PTERIDACEAE:
Doryopteris takeuchii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6 and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Doryopteris takeuchii on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
*
*
*
*
*
Dated: June 29, 2011.
Jane Lyder,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and
Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2011–17162 Filed 8–1–11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
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Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 148 (Tuesday, August 2, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 46362-46594]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-17162]
[[Page 46361]]
Vol. 76
Tuesday,
No. 148
August 2, 2011
Part II
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 23 Species on
Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat for 124 Species;
Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 46362]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2010-0043; MO 92210-0-0009]
RIN 1018-AV49
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 23 Species
on Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat for 124 Species
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
list 23 species on the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands as
endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act).
We also propose to designate critical habitat for these 23 species, to
designate critical habitat for 2 plant species that are already listed
as endangered, and revise critical habitat for 99 plant species that
are already listed as endangered or threatened. The proposed critical
habitat designation totals 43,491 acres (ac) (17,603 hectares (ha)),
and includes occupied and unoccupied habitat. Approximately 93percent
of the area being proposed as critical habitat is already designated as
critical habitat for the 99 plant species or other species. In this
proposed rule we are also proposing a taxonomic revision of the
scientific names of nine plant species.
DATES: We will consider comments received on or postmarked on or before
October 3, 2011. Please note that if you are using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES section below), the deadline for
submitting an electronic comment is Eastern Time on this date. We must
receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown
in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section by September 16, 2011.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. In
the box that reads ``Enter Keyword or ID,'' enter the docket number for
this proposed rule, which is FWS-R1-ES-2010-0043. Check the box that
reads ``Open for Comments/Submission,'' and click the Search Button.
You should then see an icon that reads ``Submit a Comment.'' Please
ensure that you have found the correct rulemaking before submitting
your comment.
U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing,
Attn: FWS-R1-ES-2010-0043; Division of Policy and Directives
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, MS
2042; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all comments on https://www.regulations.gov. This
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide
us (see the Public Comments section below for more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box
50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; by telephone at 808-792-9400; or by
facsimile at 808-792-9581. If you use a telecommunications device for
the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at
800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Public Comments
We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will
be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as
accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit comments
or suggestions on this proposed rule from other concerned governmental
agencies, the scientific community, industry, or other interested
parties concerning this proposed rule. We particularly seek comments
concerning:
(1) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning
any threats (or lack thereof) to the 23 species proposed for listing,
and regulations that may be addressing those threats.
(2) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and
population size of each of the 23 species proposed for listing,
including the locations of any additional populations of these species.
(3) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of
the 23 species proposed for listing.
(4) Current or planned activities in the areas occupied by both the
23 species proposed for listing and the additional 101 plant species
proposed for critical habitat designation or revision, and possible
impacts of these activities on this species.
(5) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat for
all species in this proposal as ``critical habitat'' under section 4 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.), including whether there are threats to these species from human
activity, the degree of which can be expected to increase due to the
designation, and whether the benefit of designation would outweigh
threats to these species caused by the designation, such that the
designation of critical habitat is prudent.
(6) Whether a revision of critical habitat is warranted for the 99
plant species already listed as endangered or threatened under the Act.
(7) Specific information on:
The amount and distribution of critical habitat for the
species included in this proposed rule;
What areas currently occupied, and that contain the
necessary physical or biological features essential for the
conservation of the species, we should include in the designation and
why;
Whether special management considerations or protections
may be required for the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of the species in this proposed rule; and
What areas not currently occupied are essential to the
conservation of the species and why.
(8) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the
areas occupied by the species, and the possible impacts of proposed or
revised critical habitat on these designations or activities.
(9) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other relevant
impacts of designating any area as critical habitat. We are
particularly interested in any impacts on small entities, and the
benefits of including or excluding areas that exhibit these impacts.
(10) Whether the benefits of excluding any particular area from
critical habitat outweigh the benefits of including that area as
critical habitat under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, after considering
the potential impacts and benefits of the proposed critical habitat
designation. Under section 4(b)(2), we may exclude an area from
critical habitat if we determine that the benefits of such exclusion
outweigh the benefits of including that particular area as critical
habitat, unless failure to designate that specific area as critical
habitat will result in the extinction of the species. We request
specific information on:
The benefits of including specific areas in the final
designation and supporting rationale;
The benefits of excluding specific areas from the final
designation and supporting rationale; and
Whether any specific exclusions may result in the
extinction of the species and why.
(11) Whether our exemptions under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act
of the lands on Department of Defense (DOD) land at Dillingham Military
Reservation,
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Kahuku Training Area, Kawailoa Training Area, Makua Military
Reservation, Schofield Barracks East Range, and Schofield Barracks
Military Reservation, are or are not appropriate and why.
(12) Information on the projected and reasonably likely impact of
climate change on the species included in this proposed rule, and any
special management needs or protections that may be needed in the
critical habitat areas we are proposing.
(13) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and
comments.
(14) Specific information on ways to improve the clarity of this
rule as it pertains to completion of consultations under section 7 of
the Act.
(15) Comments on our proposal to revise the taxonomic
classification for the nine plant species identified in this proposed
rule.
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed
rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We request
that you send comments only by the methods described in the ADDRESSES
section.
We will post your entire comment--including your personal
identifying information--on https://www.regulations.gov. If you provide
personal identifying information in addition to the required items
specified in the previous paragraph, such as your street address, phone
number, or e-mail address, you may request at the top of your document
that we withhold this information from public review. However, we
cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection at https://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
You may obtain copies of the proposed rule by mail from the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT)
or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations.gov.
Background
It is our intent to discuss below only those topics directly
relevant to the listing of and designation of critical habitat for the
species in this proposed rule.
Previous Federal Action
Nineteen of the 23 species proposed for listing are candidate
species (75 FR 69222; November 10, 2010). Candidate species are those
taxa for which the Service has sufficient information on their
biological status and threats to propose them for listing under the
Act, but for which the development of a listing regulation has been
precluded to date by other higher priority listing activities. The
current candidate species addressed in this proposed listing rule
include the plants Bidens amplectens, Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, M. hiiakae, M. makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the blackline Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum), the crimson Hawaiian damselfly (M.
leptodemas), and the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (M. oceanicum). The
candidate status of all of these species was most recently assessed and
reaffirmed in the November 10, 2010, Notice of Review of Native Species
that are Candidates for Listing as Threatened or Endangered (CNOR) (75
FR 69222).
On May 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the
Secretary of the Interior to list 225 species of plants and animals,
including the 19 candidate species listed above, as endangered or
threatened under the provisions of the Act. Since then, we have
published our annual findings on the May 4, 2004, petition (including
our findings on the 19 candidate species listed above) in the CNORs
dated May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), September 12, 2006 (71 FR 53756),
December 6, 2007 (72 FR 69034), December 10, 2008 (73 FR 75176),
November 9, 2009 (74 FR 57803), and November 10, 2010 (75 FR 69222).
In addition to the 19 candidate species, we are proposing to list
four species of plants endemic to Oahu, which include Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. waiolani, and Tetraplasandra
lydgatei. These four Oahu plant species, as well as approximately 180
others on the Hawaiian Islands, have been identified as the ``rarest of
the rare'' Hawaiian plant species in need of immediate conservation,
under the multi-agency (Federal, State, and private) Plant Extinction
Prevention (PEP) Program. The goal of this program is to prevent the
extinction of plant species that currently have fewer than 50
individuals remaining in the wild on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui,
Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii (Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife
(DOFAW) 2007; Service 2007). We believe these four endemic Oahu plant
species warrant listing under the Act for the reasons discussed in the
Summary of Factors Affecting the 23 Species Proposed for Listing
section (below). Because these 4 plant species occur within 3 of the 7
ecosystems identified in this proposed rule, and share common threats
with the other 19 species proposed for listing under the Act, we have
included them in this proposed rule to provide them with protection
under the Act in an expeditious manner.
On June 17, 2003, we published a final rule designating
approximately 55,040 ac (22,274 ha) as critical habitat for 99 plant
species on Oahu (68 FR 35950; June 17, 2003). If made final, this rule
would supersede that designation. In addition, we are proposing
critical habitat for two endangered plant species for which critical
habitat has not been previously proposed or designated. When we listed
the plant Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii in 1982 (47 FR
36846), we found that the designation of critical habitat was not
determinable, since we were unable to identify the biological needs of
this species (see Proposed Taxonomic Name Changes below for additional
information). When we listed the plant Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata as endangered in 1986 (58 FR 10518), we found that
designation of critical habitat was not prudent because this plant was
threatened by taking for lei-making, and the publication of plant
locations could make this plant more vulnerable to collection by
individuals. We have reviewed the best available information on both
species, and have determined the designation of critical habitat is now
prudent (see Prudency Determination below for additional information).
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Listing 23 Species on Oahu
On the island of Oahu, as on most of the Hawaiian Islands, native
species that occur in the same habitat types (ecosystems) depend on
many of the same biological features and on the successful functioning
of that ecosystem to survive. We have therefore organized the species
addressed in this proposed rule by common ecosystems. Although the
listing determination for each species is analyzed separately, we have
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organized the specific analysis for each species within the context of
the broader ecosystem in which it occurs, to avoid redundancy. In
addition, native species that share ecosystems often face a suite of
common factors that may threaten them, and ameliorating or eliminating
these threats requires similar management actions. Effective management
of these threats often requires implementation of conservation actions
at the ecosystem scale, to enhance or restore critical ecological
processes and provide for long-term viability of those species in their
native environment. Thus, by taking this approach, we hope not only to
organize this proposed rule efficiently, but also to more effectively
focus conservation management efforts on the common threats that occur
across these ecosystems, restore ecosystem functionality for the
recovery of each species, and provide conservation benefits for
associated native species, thereby potentially precluding the need to
list other species under the Act that occur in these shared ecosystems.
We propose to list Bidens amplectens, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, endemic to the island of Oahu, as endangered species.
These 23 species (20 plants and 3 damselflies) are found in 7 ecosystem
types: coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet,
dry cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1).
Table 1--The 23 Species and the Ecosystems Upon Which They Depend
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coastal...................... Plants: Bidens amplectens.
Lowland Dry.................. Plants: Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Pleomele forbesii.
Lowland Mesic................ Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
Animals: oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Lowland Wet.................. Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani,
Melicope hiiakae, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Zanthoxylum oahuense.
Animals: crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly.
Montane Wet.................. Plants: Cyanea calycina, Melicope
christophersenii.
Dry Cliff.................... Plants: Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa.
Wet Cliff.................... Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Melicope
christophersenii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pterlyxia macrocarpa.
Animals: crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most of these species are found in multiple ecosystems. For each
species, we identified and evaluated those factors that threaten the
species and that may be common to all of the species at the ecosystem
level. For example, the degradation of habitat by nonnative plants is
considered a threat to each species within each ecosystem. As a result,
this threat factor is considered to be a multiple ecosystem threat, as
each individual species within each ecosystem faces a threat that is
essentially identical in terms of the nature of the impact, its
severity, its imminence, and its scope. We further identified and
evaluated any threat factors that may be unique to certain species,
that is, threat factors that do not apply to all species under
consideration within the same ecosystem. For example, the threat of
predation by nonnative fish is unique to the three damselflies in this
proposed rule; it is not applicable to any of the other species
proposed for listing. We have identified such threat factors, which
apply only to certain species within the ecosystems addressed here, as
species-specific threats.
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Determining Physical or Biological
Features of Critical Habitat
Under the Act, we are required to designate critical habitat to the
maximum extent prudent and determinable concurrently with the
publication of a final determination that a species is endangered or
threatened. In this proposed rule, we are proposing to designate
critical habitat for the 23 Oahu species for which we are also
proposing endangered status. We are also proposing to designate
critical habitat for two Oahu plants that are already listed as
endangered species but for which critical habitat has not been
designated. In addition, we are proposing to revise critical habitat
for 99 Oahu plants already listed as endangered or threatened species.
When critical habitat was designated for these 99 Oahu plant species in
2003 (68 FR 35950; June 17, 2003), it was based primarily on the
specific localities where the species were known to occur. We are
proposing to revise critical habitat for these species because since
then, we have learned that many native Hawaiian plants and animals
currently occupy only areas of marginal habitat because the threats are
reduced in these areas, and can thrive when reintroduced into
historical habitats when threats are effectively managed. For this
reason, we believe it is important to designate unoccupied habitat
where it is essential for the recovery of the species. Based on new
information on plant occurrences and a better understanding of the
species' biological requirements, the physical or biological features
have been more precisely identified, and now include elevation,
precipitation, substrate, canopy, subcanopy, and understory
characteristics. We believe the added precision will be helpful in
identifying the special management considerations or protections needed
in specific occupied areas to recover the species. In addition, because
the 2003 designation focused on discrete areas occupied by the species
at the time of listing, the result was an overlapping and confusing
patchwork of critical habitat areas for the 99 plant species that was
difficult for the public to interpret. Although this proposed revision
of critical habitat is solely based on occupied areas with physical or
biological features essential to the
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species' conservation, and unoccupied areas that are essential to the
species' conservation, we believe the end result will provide for
greater public understanding of the conservation and recovery needs of
each of the species in the specific areas addressed in this proposed
rule.
In this proposed rule, we propose critical habitat for 124 species
in 66 multiple-species critical habitat units. Although critical
habitat is identified for each species individually, we have found that
the conservation of each depends, at least in part, on the successful
functioning of the physical or biological features of the commonly
shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat unit identified in this
proposed rule contains the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of those individual species that occupy that
particular unit, or contains areas essential to the conservation of
those species that do not presently occupy that particular unit but
depend on that ecosystem type for recovery purposes. Where the unit is
not occupied by a particular species, we believe it is still essential
for the conservation of that species. The designation of unoccupied
habitat allows for the expansion of its range and reintroduction of
individuals into areas where it occurred historically, and provides
area for recovery in the case of a stochastic event at one or more
locations where the species occurs.
Each of the areas proposed for designation represents critical
habitat for multiple species, based upon their shared habitat
requirements, and takes into account any species-specific conservation
needs as appropriate. For example, the presence of a perennial stream
is essential for the conservation of the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
but is not a requirement shared by all species within the same
ecosystem; however, a functioning ecosystem is also essential to the
damselfly because the ecosystem provides other physical or biological
features that support the damselfly's specific life-history
requirements.
The Island of Oahu
The island of Oahu is the third oldest and third largest of the
eight main Hawaiian Islands, located southeast of Kauai and northwest
of Molokai and Lanai (Foote et al. 1972, p. 19; Department of
Geography, University of Hawaii at Hilo (UHH) 1998, p. 7). It was
formed from two shield volcanoes that ceased erupting about 1 to 2
million years ago, and is about 600 square (sq) miles (mi) (1,557 sq
kilometers (km)) in area (Macdonald and Abbot 1970, p. 265; Foote et
al. 1972, p. 19; Department of Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7). Two mountain
ranges resulted from these eruptions, the western Waianae range and
eastern Koolau range. Oahu is characterized by the fact that the two
mountain ranges are aligned perpendicular to the prevailing trade
winds, so that distinctive leeward and windward climates result, with
the Waianae range in the rain shadow of the Koolau range (Department of
Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 39). The maximum
elevation on Oahu is 4,025 feet (ft) (1,225 meters (m)) at the summit
of Mount Kaala in the Waianae Mountains, and this higher elevation area
is not affected by the rain shadow (Blumenstock and Price 1972, p. 156;
Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 39-41). The maximum elevation is relatively low
compared to the higher Hawaiian Islands. Consequently, Oahu does not
have dry alpine areas, as the mountains do not reach the height of the
temperature inversion layer (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 38, 40). Rainfall
ranges from less than 20 inches (in) (500 millimeters (mm)) to more
than 250 in (6,350 mm) per year (Department of Geography, UHH 1998, p.
7). Temperatures in the Hawaiian Islands differ by an average of 41
degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F) (22 degrees Celsius ([deg]C)) throughout
the year. Since temperature decreases with increasing elevation,
microclimates range from tropical to sub-arctic across the island chain
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 37-38), although the sub-arctic zone does not
occur on Oahu.
The current soil classification system for the Hawaiian Islands
distinguishes soil types based on their measurable physical and
chemical properties and environmental factors that influenced their
formation. Widely ranging geological ages of rocks, different rates of
weathering, and microclimates create these highly variable soils
(Sherman 1972, pp. 205-207). Most soils are volcanic in origin; a few
formed from organic material and sand (Foote et al. 1972, p. 1). On
Oahu, sizable areas of highly weathered, red-colored oxisols (nutrient
poor soils, red or yellowish) occur on the Schofield Plateau; in
contrast, the Koolau and Waianae mountain ranges have large areas of
rocky, unweathered entisols (soils with few or no horizontal layers)
due to erosion (Gavenda et al. 1998, p. 92).
Because of its age and relative isolation, species diversity and
endemism are high in the Hawaiian archipelago (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999,
p. 45). However, the flora and fauna of Oahu have undergone extreme
alterations because of past and present land use and other activities.
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more
recently, converted to agricultural use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45)
or pasture. Intentional and inadvertent introduction of alien plant and
animal species has contributed to the reduction in range of native
species on the island (throughout this proposal, the terms ``alien,''
``feral,'' ``nonnative,'' and ``introduced'' all refer to species that
are not naturally native to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most of the taxa
included in this proposed rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous
cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography
has prevented urbanization and agricultural development, or where
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and animal
species.
Oahu Ecosystems
The seven Oahu ecosystems that support the species addressed in
this proposed rule are described in the following sections.
Coastal
The coastal ecosystem is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands,
with the highest species diversity found in the least populated coastal
areas of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Kauai, and their
associated islets. On Oahu, the coastal ecosystem includes mixed
herblands, shrublands, and grasslands, from sea level to approximately
980 ft (300 m) in elevation, generally within a narrow zone above the
influence of waves to within 330 ft (100 m) inland, sometimes extending
farther inland if strong prevailing onshore winds drive sea spray and
sand dunes into the lowland zone (The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 2006a).
The coastal vegetation zone is typically dry, with annual rainfall of
less than 20 in (50 cm); however, windward rainfall may be high enough
(up to 40 in (100 cm)) to support mesic-associated and sometimes wet-
associated vegetation (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 54-66). Biological
diversity is low to moderate in this ecosystem, but may include some
specialized plants and animals such as nesting seabirds and the rare
native plant Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) (TNC 2006a). The plant Bidens
amplectens, which is proposed for listing as endangered in this
proposed rule, is reported from this ecosystem on Oahu (Hawaii
Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Dry
The lowland dry ecosystem includes shrublands and forests generally
below
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3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation that receive less than 50 in (130
centimeters (cm)) annual rainfall, or are in otherwise prevailingly dry
substrate conditions. Areas consisting of predominantly native species
in the lowland dry ecosystem are now rare; however, this ecosystem is
found on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and
Kauai, and is best represented on the leeward sides of the islands
(Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 67). On Oahu, this ecosystem is typically
found on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, and the leeward
southern coast, including Diamond Head Crater (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999,
p. 67; TNC 2006b). Biological diversity is low to moderate in this
ecosystem, and includes specialized animals and plants such as the
Hawaiian owl or pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and Santalum
ellipticum (iliahialoe) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,220-1,221; TNC
2006b). The plants Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris takeuchii, and
Pleomele forbesii, which are proposed for listing as endangered in this
proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem on Oahu (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007).
Lowland Mesic
The lowland mesic ecosystem includes a variety of grasslands,
shrublands, and forests, generally below 3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation,
that receive between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm) annual rainfall, or
are in otherwise mesic substrate conditions (TNC 2006c). In the
Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is found on Hawaii, Maui, Molokai,
Lanai, and Kauai, on both windward and leeward sides of the islands. On
Oahu, this ecosystem is typically found on the leeward slopes of both
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC
2006c). Biological diversity is high in this system (TNC 2006c). The
plants Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and the oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly, which are proposed for listing as endangered in
this proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007).
Lowland Wet
The lowland wet ecosystem is generally found below 3,300 ft (1,000
m) elevation on the windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands, except
Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006d). These
areas include a variety of wet grasslands, shrublands, and forests that
receive greater than 75 in (190 cm) annual precipitation, or are in
otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). On Oahu, this system is
best developed in wet valleys and slopes along the summit of the Koolau
Mountains, with a small area located on the windward side of the summit
of the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2006d). Biological diversity is high in
this system (TNC 2006d). The plants Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, M. makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, which are proposed for
listing as endangered in this proposed rule, are reported in this
ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Montane Wet
The montane wet ecosystem is composed of natural communities
(grasslands, shrublands, forests, and bogs) found at elevations
generally between 3,300 and 6,600 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m), in areas
where annual precipitation is greater than 75 in (190 cm) (TNC 2006e).
This system is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau
and Kahoolawe (only the islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii have areas
above 4,020 ft (1,225 m)) (TNC 2006e). On Oahu, this ecosystem is found
only at the summit of the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007). Biological
diversity is moderate to high (TNC 2006e). Due to the restricted
distribution of this ecosystem on Oahu, only the plants Cyanea calycina
and Melicope christophersenii, which are proposed for listing as
endangered in this proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem (HBMP
2008; TNC 2007).
Dry Cliff
The dry cliff ecosystem is composed of vegetation communities
occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas that receive
less than 75 in (190 cm) of rainfall annually, or are in otherwise dry
substrate conditions (TNC 2006f). This ecosystem is found on all of the
main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, and on the island of Oahu is best
represented along the leeward slopes of the Waianae Mountains (TNC
2006f). A variety of shrublands occur within this ecosystem (TNC
2006f). Biological diversity is low to moderate (TNC 2006f). The plants
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, and Pteralyxia macrocarpa, which are
proposed for listing as endangered in this proposed rule, are reported
in this ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Wet Cliff
The wet cliff ecosystem is generally composed of shrublands on
near-vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas that receive
more than 75 in (190 cm) of annual precipitation, or in otherwise wet
substrate conditions (TNC 2006g). This system is found on the islands
of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai. On Oahu, this
ecosystem is typically found along the entire length of the summit of
the Koolau Mountains and at the summit of Mt. Kaala in the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2006g). Biological diversity is low to moderate (TNC
2006g). The plants Cyanea calycina, C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Melicope christophersenii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa; and the crimson and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, which are proposed for listing as endangered in
this proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007).
Species Description of the 23 Species Proposed for Listing
Below is a brief description of each of the 23 species proposed for
listing, presented in alphabetical order by genus. Plants are presented
first, followed by animals.
Plants
Bidens amplectens (kookoolau), a perennial or sometimes annual herb
in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is restricted to windward cliffs
and crests along the northern portion of the Waianae Mountains on the
island of Oahu, in the coastal and lowland dry ecosystems, at
elevations between 300 and 1,400 ft (90 and 430 m) (Ganders and Nagata
1999, p. 271; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). This species intergrades with B.
torta and forms hybrid swarms from near Kaena Point along the Waianae
summit ridges to the head of Makua Valley (a hybrid swarm occurs where
there is no reproductive barrier between distinct populations, or where
a barrier has broken down). Pure B. amplectens is restricted to the
windward cliffs and crests of the Waianae range (Ganders and Nagata
1999, p. 271). Bidens amplectens was historically known from five
locations spanning 7 mi (11 km) in the northern Waianae Mountains
including Makaleha Valley, Uluhulu Gulch, Puu Pueo to Alau Gulch,
Manini Gulch to Alau Gulch, and Nihoa Gulch (HBMP 2008).
[[Page 46367]]
At last observation, it totaled fewer than 1,000 individuals in four
locations separated by less than 4 mi (6 km): Kealia Trail on the east
side of Haili Gulch; Kapuna-Kamimi Ridge on the road to the Pahole
Natural Area Reserve (NAR); Kealia east of Kawaiu Gulch; and from
Kuaokala to Keawaula Ridge (J. Lau, in litt. 2001; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea calycina (haha), an unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is found in both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems (Lammers 1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p.
17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). In the Waianae Mountains, C. calycina occurs
in Acacia-Metrosideros-Dicranopteris (koa-ohia-uluhe) forests at
elevations between 1,800 and 3,920 ft (550 and 1,195 m), and in the
Koolau Mountains this species occurs in wet Metrosideros-Dicranopteris
forest and shrubland at elevations generally between 1,830 and 3,000 ft
(558 and 900 m) (HBMP 2008). Historically, in the Waianae Mountains,
plants were found from Palikea Gulch to Pualii Gulch (HBMP 2008).
Currently, C. calycina is found from Pahole in the northern portion of
the Waianae Mountains south along the summit to Palawai in 18
occurrences totaling at least 170 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP
2008). In the Koolau Mountains, C. calycina was known historically
along the entire length of the range (HBMP 2008). Currently, 22
occurrences totaling between 155 and 169 individuals are known, from
the most northern point at Kamananui Gulch along the summit ridges
south to Konahuanui (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008). The combined 40
occurrences total 325 to 339 individuals.
Cyanea lanceolata (haha) is an unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in the southeastern Koolau Mountains
in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems, at elevations
generally between 1,000 and 2,500 ft (300 and 760 m) (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was wide-ranging along the Koolau Mountains,
from the northern Schofield-Waikane area to Wailupe at the southern end
of the range, in at least 17 occurrences (HBMP 2008). Currently, there
are 7 known occurrences, totaling fewer than 123 individuals, sparsely
scattered over a much smaller area of the southern and northern Koolau
range. The southern occurrences include Kului-Hawaii Loa, Wailupe,
Mauumae, and Waialae Nui, with an unconfirmed report of individuals in
Pia Valley (HBMP 2008; J. Lau, in litt. 2008). The northern occurrences
include individuals north of Kawaiiki Stream, at Poamoho, and at
Peahinaia (U.S. Army 2006).
Cyanea purpurellifolia (haha) is an unbranched shrub in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in the Koolau Mountains
in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems, at elevations generally
between 1,860 and 2,160 ft (570 and 660 m) (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was known from a few individuals in the
vicinity of Kaluanui Valley and north to Maakua-Papali Ridge (Lammers
1999, p. 484; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 17; HBMP 2008). Currently, C.
purpurellifolia occurs in the northern Koolau Mountains from Maakua-
Kaipapau to Punaluu-Kaluanui Ridge, in 5 occurrences totaling
approximately 18 individuals (Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) Program
2008, pp. 20-21; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra gracilis (haiwale) (Gesneriaceae, African violet family)
is a perennial shrub that is found in Metrosideros-Dicranopteris forest
in the lowland wet ecosystem at approximately 1,600 ft (490 m) in
elevation, on the leeward side of the southern Koolau Mountains (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 755; National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG)
Provenance Report 2004; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEP Program 2008, p. 16).
Presumed extinct since the 1800s, 10 individuals of C. gracilis were
discovered by botanists in Pia Valley in 2001 (NTBG Provenance Report
2002). Between 2001 and 2008, only six to eight plants were observed at
this location (NTBG Provenance Report 2002; PEP Program 2008, p. 16; A.
Bakutis, in litt. 2008). It is apparently extirpated from historical
locations in Palolo Valley, Konahuanui Gulch, and Manoa Valley (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 755; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra kaulantha (haiwale) is a perennial shrub in the African
violet family (Gesneriaceae) found in dense shade in moist wooded
gulches at elevations generally between 840 and 1,050 ft (255 and 320
m), in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 763; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Cyrtandra kaulantha
was historically known from the Waiahole Ditch trail and Kahanaiki
Stream. It was considered ``locally common,'' and a collection was
taken from a ``large colony'' in 1985 (W. Takeuchi, in litt. 1985;
Wagner et al. 1999, p. 763; J. Lau, in litt. 2006). Prior to October
2005, there were 34 wild individuals in 3 occurrences (15, 8, and 11
individuals, respectively) in the subgulches of Waianu Valley (A.
Bakutis, in litt. 2005). In 2005, the third occurrence was discovered
crushed by a tree, leaving six living individuals (A. Bakutis, in litt.
2005). In March 2006, it was reported that only one individual remained
at the second occurrence, and that some individuals in the other two
occurrences had fruit (A. Bakutis, in litt. 2006a). In addition, 4 more
individuals were discovered at the site of the first occurrence,
bringing the total number of wild individuals to 26 (Bakutis 2006a). In
May 2006, another tree fall crushed 4 individuals in the third
occurrence, leaving 2 remaining; however, a fourth occurrence of 4
individuals was discovered in another subgulch, and 1 new individual
was found in the first occurrence, bringing the total number of wild
individuals to 27 (A. Bakutis, in litt. 2006a; Bakutis 2006b). All
occurrences were visited again in April 2007, with a total of 28 wild
individuals observed (PEP Program 2007, p. 17). Outplanting has been
conducted in the four subgulches of Waianu Valley, but in areas some
distance from the known occurrences. A total of 28 individuals were
outplanted between 2005 and 2007. However, due to predation by
nonnative slugs, only 12 outplanted individuals remained in 2007 (PEP
Program 2007, p. 17). Cyrtandra kaulantha is t