Petition for Waiver and Other Relief, 45313-45332 [2011-18939]

Agencies

• Federal Aviation Administration
• DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 145 (Thursday, July 28, 2011)]
[Notices]
[Pages 45313-45332]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-18939]



[[Page 45313]]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

[Docket No. FAA-2010-0109]


Petition for Waiver and Other Relief

ACTION: Notice of a petition for waiver and solicitation of comments on 
grant of petition with conditions.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: On May 23, 2011, Delta Air Lines, Inc. (Delta) and US Airways, 
Inc. (US Airways) (together, the Joint Applicants or the carriers) 
submitted a joint request for the Department of Transportation (the 
Department) to waive a prohibition on purchasing operating 
authorizations (slots) at LaGuardia Airport (LGA). The carriers 
requested the waiver to allow them to consummate a transaction in which 
US Airways would transfer to Delta 132 slot pairs (265 slots) at LGA. 
In exchange, Delta would transfer to US Airways 42 slot pairs (84 
slots) at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA), convey route 
authority to operate certain flights to Sao Paulo, Brazil, and make a 
cash payment to US Airways.
    The Department (the Office of the Secretary and the Federal 
Aviation Administration, or FAA) has evaluated the proposed transaction 
and tentatively determined that it affords significant benefits to the 
public. At the same time, we recognize that the transaction will result 
in an increase in market concentration that could negatively impact 
consumers. As a result, we have tentatively determined that the 
divestiture of a number of slots by the carriers is necessary for us to 
allow the transaction to proceed. We have tentatively concluded that 
the divestiture of 32 slots at LGA and 16 slots at DCA will reduce 
adverse impacts on consumers at DCA and LGA to a degree sufficient for 
us to conclude that the requested waiver is in the public interest. 
This Notice prescribes rules and procedures for the divestiture of 
those slots by the carriers to new entrant and limited incumbent 
carriers.

DATES: Comments on the FAA's proposed grant of the petition for waiver 
with conditions must clearly identify the docket number and must be 
received on or before August 29, 2011.

ADDRESSES: You may send comments identified by Docket Number FAA-2010-
0109 using any of the following methods:

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Rebecca MacPherson, Assistant Chief 
Counsel for Regulations, by telephone at (202) 267-3073 or by 
electronic mail at Rebecca.macpherson@faa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Introduction

    The FAA limits the number of scheduled and unscheduled operations 
during peak hours at LGA pursuant to an Order that was originally 
published in December 2006 and that has been extended several times 
since (the Order).\1\ The Order allocates operating authorizations 
(commonly known as ``slots'') to carriers and establishes rules for the 
use and operation of slots. The Order allows temporary leases and 
trades of slots between carriers, provided that they do not extend 
beyond the duration of the Order.\2\ Most importantly for purposes of 
this waiver request, the Order does not permit the purchase and sale of 
slots at LGA. The only way for a carrier to sell or purchase a slot at 
LGA is through a waiver of the Order.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Operating Limitations at New York LaGuardia Airport, 71 FR 
77,854 (Dec. 27, 2006); 72 FR 63,224 (Nov. 8, 2007) (transfer, 
minimum usage, and withdrawal amendments); 72 FR 48,428 (Aug. 19, 
2008) (reducing the reservations available for unscheduled 
operations); 74 FR 845 (Jan 8. 2009) (extending the expiration date 
through Oct. 24, 2009); 74 FR 2,646 (Jan. 15, 2009) (reducing the 
peak-hour cap on scheduled operations to 71); 74 FR 51,653 (Oct. 7, 
2009) (extending the expiration date through Oct. 29, 2011); 76 FR 
18,616 (Apr. 4, 2011) (extending the expiration date until the 
effective date of the final Congestion Management Rule for LaGuardia 
Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport, and Newark Liberty 
International Airport but not later than Oct. 26, 2013).
    \2\ The Order presently expires upon the effective date of the 
final Congestion Management Rule at LaGuardia Airport, John F. 
Kennedy International Airport, and Newark Liberty International 
Airport, but not later than October 26, 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A different legal regime governing slots exists at DCA. The High 
Density Rule (HDR) \3\ limits scheduled and unscheduled operations 
there. The HDR permits carriers to sell or purchase slots at DCA with 
FAA confirmation of the transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ 14 CFR part 93, subparts K and S.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On May 23, 2011, Delta and US Airways submitted a joint request for 
a limited waiver from the prohibition on purchasing slots at LGA. The 
carriers requested the waiver to allow them to consummate a transaction 
in which US Airways would transfer to Delta 132 slot pairs (265 slots) 
at LGA, and Delta would transfer to US Airways 42 pairs (84 slots) at 
DCA, together with route authority to operate certain flights to Sao 
Paulo, Brazil, and make a cash payment to US Airways. The proposed 
transaction is described in more detail below.
    We tentatively conclude that a waiver of the Order is warranted 
because the potential benefits of the proposed transaction, as modified 
by the conditions discussed below, outweigh its potential harms.

Standard of Review; Legal Authority

    Because the proposed transaction involves the purchase of slots at 
LGA, we must determine whether a limited waiver of the Order is 
warranted. The FAA Administrator may grant an exemption from a rule (or 
an order) only ``when the Administrator decides the exemption is in the 
public interest.'' 49 U.S.C. 40109(b). The Administrator is also 
authorized to ``modify or revoke an assignment [of the use of airspace] 
when required in the public interest.'' 49 U.S.C. 40103(b)(1). Our 
determinations on requests for waivers or exemptions are based on our 
``public interest'' findings. 75 FR 7,307 and 75 FR 26,325. 
Accordingly, in reviewing the carriers' petition for a waiver, we will 
consider the impacts of the overall transaction as part of our ``public 
interest'' analysis and determination.
    The term ``public interest'' encompasses, at a minimum, the policy 
objectives listed by Congress in Section 40101 of Title 49 U.S. Code. 
Among other things, these include maximizing reliance on competitive 
market forces, avoiding unreasonable industry concentration and 
excessive market domination, and encouraging entry into air 
transportation markets by new carriers. 49 U.S.C. 40101(a)(4), (6), 
(9), (10), (12)-(13) and (d). These objectives are not exclusive; they 
are factors to be considered (``among others'') by the Secretary in 
carrying out his responsibilities and authorities. Moreover, these 
objectives are included in the policies embodied in the Airline 
Deregulation Act of 1978, Public Law No. 95-504 (92 Stat. 1705). The 
Administrator may take these factors--including the fostering of 
competition--into account when making his public interest 
determination.
    In the context of our public interest analysis, we will balance the 
economic benefits of the transaction against any potential resulting 
adverse economic consequences. Our standard does not require that we 
determine that a transaction threatens no economic impairment, but 
rather that any resulting adverse consequences are outweighed, in our 
judgment, by the transaction's promised benefits.
    In granting a waiver or exemption, we may impose conditions to 
achieve our public interest objectives.\4\ Congress gave the FAA 
Administrator broad powers to fashion orders to carry out aviation 
programs. The Administrator's

[[Page 45314]]

general authority empowers him to ``take action [the Administrator] 
considers necessary to carry out this part [49 U.S.C. chapters 401-
501], including conducting investigations, prescribing regulations, 
standards, and procedures, and issuing orders.'' 49 U.S.C. 40113(a). In 
furtherance of this authority, Congress expressly allowed the 
Administrator to ``amend, modify, or suspend an order'' and to do so 
``in the way * * * the Administrator decides.'' 49 U.S.C. 46105(a). 
Accordingly, the Administrator may impose conditions on grants of 
waivers or exemptions. Additionally, the Secretary of Transportation 
may require conditions--such as divestitures of slots and/or other 
assets, including route authority--on the approval of certain 
transactions between airlines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ See, e.g., South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203, 208 (1987).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA has regularly relied on pro-competitive policy goals in 
carrying out its slot programs.\5\ The FAA consistently has considered 
the pro-competitive features of the Airline Deregulation Act in 
exercising its slot allocation authority. Conditioning the grant of the 
petition upon divestitures of slots in order to alleviate significant 
airline market concentration (at DCA for US Airways and at LGA for 
Delta) and dominance is consistent with past FAA policies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ The FAA implemented a ``reverse lottery'' to reallocate 
slots to new entrants and limited incumbents, just after enacting 
the Buy-Sell Rule. 51 FR 8,632 (Mar. 12, 1986). In 1992, the FAA 
amended the Buy-Sell Rule to expand protections afforded new entrant 
and limited incumbent carriers. 57 FR 37,308 at 37,309 (Aug. 18, 
1992); in 2000, in the context of phasing out the HDR at LGA, the 
FAA specifically identified new entrant and limited incumbent 
carriers to be eligible for a lottery for certain slot exemptions. 
65 FR 75,765 (Dec. 4, 2000). The FAA, in the past O'Hare Congestion 
and Delay Reduction Rule, granted preferential treatment to new 
entrant and limited incumbent airlines in assigning new or withdrawn 
slots interests. 14 CFR part 93, subpart B; 71 FR 51,400 (Aug. 29, 
2006).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2009 Transaction and Waiver Request

    This petition for waiver and other relief follows a prior waiver 
request by the same carriers. On August 24, 2009, US Airways and Delta 
requested a waiver of the Order to allow a similar transaction to 
proceed.\6\ As in this case, in the 2009 transaction, Delta and US 
Airways proposed to transfer a substantial proportion of their 
respective slot holdings at DCA and LGA to the other carrier. In 2009, 
Delta proposed to transfer 84 slots at DCA to US Airways, in exchange 
for which US Airways proposed to transfer 250 slots at LGA to Delta, as 
well as an option to acquire an additional 30 slots in 2015. As in the 
current proposed transaction, the 2009 proposal involved other, non-
slot considerations--including a transfer to US Airways of certain 
international route authorities as well as gate, ticketing, and 
operations facilities at LGA's Terminal C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ The 2009 waiver request, our proposed response, all comments 
on our response, and our final order with respect to that waiver 
request are available in Regulations.gov, Docket FAA-2010-0109.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department carefully evaluated the carriers' 2009 petition and 
responded on February 18, 2010.\7\ In our initial response, we related 
the carriers' assertion that the transaction would facilitate Delta's 
establishment of a domestic hub at LGA and US Airways' enhancement of 
its network at DCA; produce more efficiencies at LGA (including Delta's 
plans to upgauge from US Airways' turboprops to jet aircraft; \8\ 
provide new and enhanced service to small communities; and benefit 
consumers through enhanced network connectivity. Despite the 
transaction's asserted benefits, we did not believe that the 2009 
transaction should go forward unless the carriers made more slots 
available for new entrants. Without a divestiture of slots by the 
carriers at both airports, we found that the transaction could generate 
adverse economic consequences--particularly due to the resulting 
decrease in competition between Delta and US Airways and the barriers 
to entry that limited the penetration of low cost competition at the 
two airports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Notice of a Petition for Waiver of the Terms of the Order 
Limiting Scheduled Operations at LaGuardia, 75 FR 7306 (Feb. 18, 
2010).
    \8\ Such upgauging could result in a significant increase in 
passenger throughput without increasing congestion and delay.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Balancing the benefits of the proposed transaction against its 
potential adverse impact on competition, we proposed to approve the 
transaction subject to the condition that the carriers dispose of 20 
slot pairs (40 slots) at LGA and 14 pairs (28 slots) at DCA. We 
proposed that the slots be transferred to carriers whose access to DCA 
and LGA was otherwise limited. We established a procedure that would 
allow eligible carriers to compete to purchase the slots being sold by 
US Airways and Delta and permit the carriers to retain the cash 
proceeds of the disposition.
    We published our February 2010 notice for public comment. We 
received extensive comments from Delta, US Airways, other carriers, air 
carrier labor unions, airport authorities, public officials, and 
members of the public. After reviewing those comments, we published our 
final notice regarding the prior transaction on May 11, 2010 (May 2010 
Notice).\9\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Notice on Petition for Waiver of the Terms of the Order 
Limiting Scheduled Operations at LaGuardia Airport, 75 FR 26,322 
(May 11, 2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In our May 2010 Notice, we granted the waiver request, subject to a 
number of conditions, as set forth in our initial notice from February 
of that year. Principally, we found that the public interest required 
that the carriers divest themselves of 20 slot pairs (40 slots) at LGA 
and 14 pairs (28 slots) at DCA. Moreover, we laid out a basic set of 
requirements that should characterize any effective remedy involving a 
disposition of slots at the two airports. We said that an effective 
remedy must: (1) Provide a sufficient number of slots to allow other 
carriers to mount an effective competitive response; (2) define the 
pool of eligible carriers to include those with the greatest economic 
incentive to use the slots as intensively as possible and exert 
competitive discipline; (3) ensure that the bundles of divested slots 
are suitable for a commercially viable service pattern and structured 
proportionate to the slots that are part of the slot swap; and (4) not 
cede slot distribution decisions to the parties themselves, who would 
minimize the competitive impact on themselves and thereby reduce 
consumer benefits. Our proposed order today follows these same 
principles.
    Delta and US Airways did not choose to go forward with the 
transaction subject to our proposed conditions. Instead, in a July 2, 
2010 filing, the carriers notified the Department of their intention to 
appeal our decision to the DC Circuit Court of Appeals. They later did 
so.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Delta Air Lines, Inc. and US Airways, Inc. v. Federal 
Aviation Administration and U.S. Department of Transportation, Case 
10-1153 (DC Cir. filed Jul. 2, 2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2011 Transaction; Changed Economic and Industry Conditions

    The transaction as now proposed by the carriers is structurally 
similar to the transaction proposed in 2009. Under the transaction, 
Delta would acquire 132 slot pairs (265 slots) at LGA from US Airways 
and US Airways would acquire 42 slot pairs (84 slots) at DCA from Delta 
and the rights to operate additional daily service to Sao Paulo, Brazil 
in 2015. Delta would also make a cash payment of $65 million to US 
Airways.
    In their waiver petition, the carriers have presented the 
Department with an analysis of the transaction's benefits. As outlined 
below, many of the benefits they assert will accrue from the 
transaction are the same as those that

[[Page 45315]]

we analyzed in 2009 and 2010. The carriers have also claimed that 
changes in the economy and structure of the aviation industry at DCA 
and LGA, since 2010, dramatically reduce the economic harms that we 
viewed as potential adverse consequences of the transaction.
    The carriers assert that the transaction will benefit consumers. At 
LGA, they claim, it will enable Delta to create a new domestic hub by 
consolidating its operations into an expanded main terminal facility, 
increasing its LGA destinations, shifting short-haul service from John 
F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) to LGA, and improving 
connectivity there. Delta states that it would add nonstop service and 
replace US Airways' turboprop operations at LGA with larger aircraft, 
which it argues would significantly expand output and increase 
efficiency. At DCA, the carriers assert, the transaction would enable 
US Airways to commence daily nonstop service to at least 15 new 
destinations, improve connectivity, and utilize larger aircraft. 
Additionally, the transaction would relieve US Airways of its 
unprofitable flying obligations at LGA and allow it to transfer its LGA 
facilities to Delta, resulting in a more efficient use of the terminal 
facilities at LGA.
    The carriers also highlight the fact that, since the time of our 
review of their last proposed transaction, low-cost carriers (LCC) have 
significantly increased their market penetration at both DCA and LGA. 
The carriers state that JetBlue, AirTran, and Frontier have increased 
the number of LCC slots at DCA by 46, thereby increasing the LCC slot 
share percentage at that airport. They maintain that these holdings 
increase the slot share of LCCs from 3.3% to 8.6% at DCA, exceeding the 
6.5% LCC slot share that would have obtained under the divestiture 
terms of our May 2010 Notice. At LGA, the carriers point out that 
Frontier, AirTran, and Southwest recently acquired slots, for a net 
increase of 18 LCC slots. They maintain that these holdings increase 
the slot share of LCCs from 6.8% to 8.5% at LGA, closer to the 10.3% 
LCC slot share sought in our May 2010 Notice. The carriers assert that 
an economic analysis demonstrates that the proposed remedy, coupled 
with the increased number of LCC slot holdings, would exceed the 
competitive effects of the Department's May 2010 proposed divestitures 
of 20 LGA slot pairs and 14 DCA slot pairs. They say that the 
Southwest/AirTran merger will intensify competition in the Washington, 
DC, and New York City areas.
    Furthermore, the carriers assert, the United/Continental merger, 
consummated on September 30, 2010, enhanced United's competitive 
profile at both Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) and 
Washington Dulles International Airport, as well as at LGA and DCA. 
Moreover, Delta states that this transaction would enable it to 
establish a domestic hub at LGA, secure corporate accounts, shift 
short-haul JFK service to international service, and thereby address 
the competitive advantage secured by American Airlines/British Airways 
through their antitrust immunity alliance.

Summary of Proposed Findings and Conditions

    As described in more detail below, we tentatively find that the 
proposed transaction, like the prior 2009 transaction, offers important 
benefits to the public.\11\ At the same time, as before, we believe 
that the proposed transaction could have an adverse impact on 
competition, because of the reduction in competition between the two 
carriers and their increased market share at the two airports, among 
other things. In evaluating the public interest in this transaction, we 
have carefully weighed and balanced the benefits and possible adverse 
consequences of the transaction. While we remain concerned about those 
possible consequences, as laid out in our 2010 notices, we believe the 
transaction's promised benefits for the public--particularly in light 
of the increased penetration of low cost carriers at the airports since 
the time of our last review--are sufficient for us to conclude that the 
requested waiver is in the public interest. Accordingly, we have 
tentatively found that the transaction should be approved, subject to 
the conditions set forth below, including requirements that the 
carriers dispose of 16 pairs (32 slots) at LGA and 8 pairs (16 slots) 
at DCA pursuant to the sale mechanisms described in detail below and 
that they transfer the 265 LGA slots and 84 DCA slots in two phases so 
as to attenuate the impacts of their new operations on their smaller-
sized competitors at the airports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ Additionally, the FAA finds that the grant of the waiver 
would not adversely affect safety. 14 CFR part 11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the Department is evaluating this transaction under 
its statutory authority alone. As described above, we are required to 
determine whether or not, on balance, waiving the terms of the LGA 
Order to allow the proposed transaction to proceed is in the public 
interest. Our standard of review in this transaction is substantively 
different from that of the Department of Justice, which acts under a 
different statutory and regulatory framework. Our tentative conclusions 
presented here are not binding on the Department of Justice, which must 
evaluate the transaction under its own statutory authority.

Discussion

Developments at DCA

    Since the Department last evaluated carrier slot holdings in 
connection with the issuance of the May 2010 Notice, various service 
changes have occurred at DCA, some of which involved an expansion of 
service by low-cost carriers.
     Low-cost carrier AirTran, which held 16 slots and slot 
exemptions at DCA at the time of our earlier analysis, received 6 slots 
from Continental as part of an exchange for operating authorizations at 
EWR. The transfer was designated as temporary in nature, to expire 
October 29, 2011, and Continental remains the slot holder of record. It 
added a pair of off-peak slots allocated by the FAA \12\ and now 
operates a total of 24 weekday slots from DCA. AirTran utilized the 
additional slots from Continental to add frequencies to its Atlanta and 
Orlando services.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ AirTran also received two slots from the FAA for Saturday 
only operations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     On March 31, 2010, JetBlue and American Airlines announced 
an agreement for commercial collaboration that involved, inter alia, a 
transfer of 16 slots at DCA from American to JetBlue. The transfer was 
designated as temporary in nature, to expire October 29, 2011, and 
American remains the slot holder of record.\13\ JetBlue also was 
allocated one slot each in the 0600 and 2200 hour periods by FAA (which 
periods are not fully subscribed and so still available to new entry). 
Beginning November 1, 2010, JetBlue initiated service from DCA with 
these slots, with seven daily nonstops to Boston Logan International 
Airport (BOS) and one daily nonstop each to Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood 
International Airport (FLL) and Orlando International Airport 
(MCO).\14\ JetBlue's new service

[[Page 45316]]

competes primarily against US Airways and Delta on the DCA-BOS and DCA-
MCO routes, and against US Airways and Spirit on the DCA-FLL route.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ The arrangement also included a transfer, by JetBlue to 
American, of 24 slots at JFK. The FAA limits the number of scheduled 
operations at JFK and, under an Order, permits only leases, trades 
or transfers through the duration of the Order. See 76 FR 18,620, 
extending the duration of the Order from October 29, 2011 to the 
effective date of a final congestion management rule at the three 
New York City airports (JFK, LGA, and Newark Liberty International 
Airport), or October 26, 2013.
    \14\ The May 2010 Notice noted the pending American-JetBlue 
agreement, stating that, if implemented, LCC's would increase their 
interests to 5.2% of the DCA slots. 62 FR at 26,323. We also noted 
that the transaction did not affect the concentration level of US 
Airways at DCA, as the slots were being transferred to JetBlue not 
by US Airways but by American, which would be its nearest rival at 
the airport if the transaction were approved. 75 FR at 26,336.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Another transaction affecting LCC presence at DCA came in 
the wake of the 2009 acquisition of both Midwest Airlines and LCC 
Frontier Airlines by Republic Airways Holdings Inc. Subsequent to the 
Final Notice, Republic assigned 16 of Midwest's 18 slots to operations 
marketed by Frontier (although Republic remains the holder of record of 
the slots).\15\ Frontier utilizes these slots to provide service from 
DCA to Milwaukee, Kansas City, and Omaha.\16\ The other two, which were 
slot exemptions, were reallocated to LCC Sun Country Airlines by DOT, 
where they are used to provide service to Lansing, MI.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ It should also be noted that, on June 13, 2011, it was 
reported that Republic was seeking to shrink its holdings in 
Frontier Airlines to a minority stake by the end of 2014, based on a 
tentative agreement with Frontier pilots. Associated Press, Republic 
Airways Seeking New Investors for Frontier, Aims for Minority Stake 
by End of 2014, Washington Post, June 13, 2011.
    \16\ Through analysis of 2010 DOT Form 41 Origin and Destination 
Data, we have confirmed that Midwest passenger traffic declined and 
that Frontier traffic correspondingly increased in these markets 
reflecting this reassignment from Midwest/Republic to Frontier. 
Moreover, we have confirmed that Frontier has marketed these flights 
at average yields that are consistent with LCC operations. 
Accordingly, the 16 slots reassigned to Frontier have been recorded 
by the Department as slots flown by LCCs.
    \17\ DOT Order 2010-12-16 (December 10, 2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     In another development at DCA, on September 27, 2010, 
Southwest Airlines and AirTran Airways announced their intention to 
merge their operations through Southwest's acquisition of AirTran in a 
stock and cash transaction. As noted above, at the time the Department 
was analyzing the prior application, AirTran held and operated 16 slots 
and slot exemptions at DCA, which it used to provide service to 
Atlanta, Orlando, Milwaukee, and Ft. Myers, FL. Southwest is an LCC 
that has grown dramatically since 1990 to become the largest U.S. 
domestic carrier when measured by DOT Form 41 segment transported 
passengers. The acquisition of AirTran will bring to DCA Southwest's 
brand recognition, passenger loyalty, and access to its route network, 
which together should have a strong positive and tangible effect on 
overall competition at DCA. Although entry into AirTran's Atlanta hub 
appears to be Southwest's main objective in pursuing the deal, the 
acquisition also expands Southwest's network in one consolidated move, 
adding a number of additional unconnected city pair markets into which 
it could expand its presence. The combined carrier therefore provides 
an expanded LCC capability at DCA to provide passengers with additional 
travel opportunities on new online routes through a larger overall 
network.
     The Joint Applicants also argue that the merger between 
United and Continental, as well as the immunized American Airlines/
British Airways alliance, will intensify competition.\18\ Considering 
first the UA/CO merger and its impacts at DCA, it should be noted that 
the merged carrier has only a 5% share of Origin & Destination 
(``O&D'') passengers at that airport, which, with a legacy cost 
structure, gives it limited ability to seriously impact competition 
there.\19\ Moreover, while there is limited data from which to reach 
conclusions at this point, our review of departures and average seats 
at DCA since the UA/CO merger shows a decline in the carrier's overall 
departures, while its yields dropped very slightly between 2009 and 
2010. We do not see from these indicators that the merger has been as 
relevant to the slot swap competition issues before us as the other 
developments noted above. Similarly, we do not see the AA/BA alliance 
as significantly impacting competition at DCA, which of course is 
essentially domestic in character. As shown in Table 3, American's 
share of departures at DCA declined from 15.2% to 12.2% percent from 
first quarter 2010 to first quarter 2011, and its seats from 15.5% to 
13.9%, figures that do not suggest increasing competitiveness.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ Petition for Waiver and Other Relief, May 23, 2011 at 13.
    \19\ DOT Form 41 Origin and Destination Survey data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Developments at LGA

    As at DCA, various service changes have recently occurred at LGA, 
some of which involved an expansion of service by low-cost carriers. 
However, these changes were not as significant as those at DCA.
     Late in 2009, AirTran Airways began offering LGA-
Indianapolis and increased LGA-Orlando flights with 4 LGA slots it 
acquired from Continental, although it now only operates LGA-MCO on 
Saturdays and Sundays. This acquisition was another part of the 
agreement, also noted above, by which it transferred to Continental 13 
slots at EWR, as well as its lone gate at that airport. The 
Indianapolis and Orlando flights compete with offerings from Delta; 
JetBlue also has LGA-MCO flights.
     The Compass Lexicon study, attached to the Petition for 
Waiver as Appendix A, notes that ``Southwest acquired one slot from the 
FAA.'' \20\ They appear to be referring to the allocation by FAA, in 
mid-2009, of one 0600 LGA departure slot, which increased Southwest's 
operating authorizations there from 14 to 15. Southwest had acquired 
the original 14 slots at LGA in its acquisition of ATA Airlines, and 
with the 0600 departure and an arrival in the 2200 hour that does not 
require a slot, it is able to offer a total of 8 roundtrips from LGA. 
Southwest utilizes these slots to provide service to Midway and BWI 
airports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ Petition for Waiver and Other Relief, May 23, 2011, 
Appendix A at 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     As part of an arrangement already described above, in 
November 2009 Republic Airways acquired Midwest and began operating 
Midwest's slots. In 2010, Frontier, another Republic Airways Holdings 
LCC, began operating 13 slots at LGA that had formerly been operated by 
Midwest. With these 13 slots, Frontier markets flights to Milwaukee and 
Kansas City. We have confirmed that Midwest passenger traffic declined 
in those markets and that Frontier traffic correspondingly increased 
during the fourth quarter of 2010, and that Frontier has marketed those 
flights at average yields that are consistent with LCC operations. 
Accordingly, the 13 slots reassigned to Frontier are being treated by 
the Department as slots flown by LCCs.
     The Southwest-AirTran merger should also, as the joint 
applicants claim, intensify competition at LGA. Prior to the merger, 
AirTran had a 5.7% LGA seat share and Southwest a 2.6% share. As at 
DCA, the merger will bring to LGA Southwest's brand recognition, 
passenger loyalty, and access to its route network, which together 
should have a positive and tangible effect on overall competition at 
the airport. Also, if Southwest chooses to upgauge to its B-737s in 
some markets, it can increase seat capacity per flight by 15 seats over 
AirTran's average aircraft seating.
     As noted above, the Joint Applicants claimed that the UA/
CO merger and the immunized AA/BA alliance will strengthen competition 
at New York as well as in Washington. Again, there is not much yield 
data available to support this contention, and whatever impacts there 
are in New York will be felt more at EWR and JFK than at LGA. A review 
of American, United,

[[Page 45317]]

and Delta departures at LGA indicate that over the last two years it is 
Delta that has most expanded departures at LGA, while American's 
departures have risen to a much lesser degree and United's have 
remained essentially the same. As above, we do not see from these 
indicators that these developments have been as relevant to the slot 
swap competition issues at LGA before us as the other factors noted 
above.
    The tables below capture the changed circumstances described above, 
by depicting ``original'' and ``current'' competitive positions in both 
slots and number of departures, seats, and passengers for the carriers 
serving DCA and LGA: \21\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Republic Airways Holdings holds 113 total slots at DCA, as 
the result of a sale/licensing transaction with US Airways. Its 
subsidiaries largely operate from these slots under pay-for-service 
arrangements with US Airways. All 113 are commuter slots, rather 
than air carrier slots. Republic's operations from these are 
included within US Airways' results in the tables for DCA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

BILLING CODE 4910-13-P

[[Page 45318]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN28JY11.000


[[Page 45319]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN28JY11.001


[[Page 45320]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN28JY11.002


[[Page 45321]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN28JY11.003


[[Page 45322]]



The Effects of the Proposed Swap: US Airways at DCA

    If the planned transaction is approved without change (i.e., the 
additional 16 slot divestitures offered by the carriers are not 
required as a condition for approval), US Airways' slots at DCA would 
increase from the 254 held at the time of the Department's earlier 
analysis to 347. An additional 113 slots are held by Republic Airways 
Holdings under a financing deal with US Airways and operated by it for 
US Airways on a fee-for service basis. US Airways states that with the 
new slots at DCA it will provide service to at least 15 destinations it 
currently does not serve, some of which currently have no nonstop 
service from that airport.\22\ It also plans to increase the number of 
seats offered at DCA by filling the new capacity with larger regional 
jets and mainline jets, claiming that it can gain over 1 million new 
seats without adding to congestion at the airport. Delta states that 
with the slots it retains it will continue to serve its seven hubs,\23\ 
maintain its shuttle service to LGA, and continue service on its AIR-21 
slot exemption routes.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ In a 2009 press release addressing the intended new service 
under the previous petition, US Airways identified 15 new 
destinations as Cincinnati, Des Moines, Grand Rapids, Madison (WI), 
Montreal, Miami, and Ottawa (all of which then had daily nonstop 
service from DCA), and Birmingham (AL), Islip (NY), Ithaca (NY), 
Little Rock, Myrtle Beach (SC), Pensacola, Savannah, and Tallahassee 
(all of which at that time had no daily nonstop service from DCA). 
``US Airways announces slot transaction with Delta Air Lines,'' 
August 12, 2009. The present petition reiterates the commitment to 
serve at least 15 new destinations, but does not specify whether 
those will be the same as the ones identified in 2009.
    \23\ Delta's seven hubs are New York/JFK, Atlanta, Memphis, 
Detroit, Minneapolis/St Paul, Cincinnati, and Salt Lake City.
    \24\ Delta states it would serve its ``AIR-21 routes.'' Delta 
was awarded 2 slot exemptions under AIR-21 for service to Salt Lake 
City; in addition, however, Atlantic Southeast flies as Delta 
Connection to Jackson, MS, with 2 DCA slot exemptions awarded under 
AIR-21, and Comair flies as Delta Connection to Lexington, KY, with 
2 Vision-100 slot exemptions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    US Airways would increase its dominance at DCA in terms of slot 
holdings with the addition of the 84 slots. Table 5 below shows 
comparative slot interests of the carriers serving DCA, were DOT to 
grant the petition without requiring any additional divestitures. In 
this scenario, the slot holdings of US Airways would increase to 40.8% 
(54.1% if those held by Republic Airways Holdings but operated for US 
Airways are included), while those held by Delta (plus commuter 
affiliates) would decline to 13.6% and those held by LCCs would stay at 
8.5%.

[[Page 45323]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN28JY11.004

The Effects of the Proposed Swap: Delta at LGA

    Delta states that, with 265 new slots, it would almost double its 
nonstop destinations from LGA to more than 70 cities. Further, it would 
create a domestic hub at that airport, and increase the number of 
customers served without increasing congestion by using larger capacity 
aircraft than US Airways currently uses with the slots. It would 
achieve this through use of an all-jet fleet, replacing the turboprops 
that are currently utilized by US Airways. With the slot swap Delta 
will likely focus on expanding its domestic network out of the enhanced 
LGA hub and concentrate its JFK operations on international and long-
haul domestic service.

[[Page 45324]]

    Delta states that it would also offer service to many destinations 
that are not currently served nonstop by either Delta or US Airways. US 
Airways will retain its shuttle service to Boston's Logan Airport and 
DCA and continue flights to Charlotte, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. US 
Airways claims that its smaller aircraft operations at LGA have been 
unprofitable. It contends that swapping assets from there to enhance 
its successful operations at DCA will improve its profitability by more 
than $75 million.
    Delta would operate a total of 18 of 20 gates in US Airways' 
Terminal C, and add one additional gate to its existing ten at Delta's 
Terminal D, for a total of 29 gates in the two terminals. Delta would 
then build a 600-foot connector between the two terminals so that it 
can operate as a single terminal from a passenger perspective. A 
``significant number of construction jobs'' would be created in 
connection with this work. Delta will take over the current US Airways 
Club in Terminal C and convert it into a Sky Club to complement the 
existing club in Terminal D.
    US Airways on the other hand, will have 6 gates once the terminal 
is reconfigured to add more ramp positions, plus 3 parking positions 
for regional jets. US Airways would continue to offer high-frequency 
schedules from LaGuardia to its Charlotte, NC, and Philadelphia hubs 
and Pittsburgh with more than 60 weekday flights. All US Airways 
flights from LaGuardia would continue to arrive and depart from nine 
gates and parking positions in Terminal C. US Airways will build a new, 
5,000-square foot US Airways Club.\25\ Delta and US Airways will 
continue to compete with Shuttle Services to Boston and DCA (Delta at 
its 6 gates in the Marine Air Terminal). Finally, subject to Government 
approvals and to other conditions, Delta will convey to US Airways, for 
purposes of intended US Airways flights to Brazil beginning in 2015, 
certain Brazilian route authorities and slots at Sao Paulo, Brazil.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ Delta, US Airways Announce New Agreement to Transfer Flying 
Rights in New York and Washington, DC, Delta, and US Airways Press 
Release, May 23, 2011.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Delta would accede to a dominant position in terms of slot holdings 
at LGA, with the addition of the 265 slots (even were the 32 slots 
required by the Department to be divested). Table 6 below shows 
comparative slot holdings of the carriers serving LGA, without any 
additional divestitures. As can be seen, under the proposal Delta's 
slot share would almost double, from 24.2% to 47.5%. American would 
remain second, at 20.6%. US Airways' share would decrease from 34.8% to 
11.7%. The table also reflects the increase in LCC share, due to the 
developments noted above, from 6.9% to 8.2%.

[[Page 45325]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN28JY11.005

BILLING CODE 4910-13-C

Description of the Claimed Benefits of the Swap

    As noted above, the Joint Applicants contend that approval of the 
slot swap would enable both carriers to more efficiently operate at the 
airports and permit more passengers and destinations to be served. They 
argue that efficiencies will occur through upgauging of aircraft size 
at both LGA and DCA, thereby increasing throughput and competition 
while reducing congestion and delay. In addition, they contend that the 
facilities transfer will enable Delta to create a seamless hub at LGA 
and facilitate enhanced competition and preserve and enhance small 
community access at both LGA and DCA.
    For the reasons stated below, we tentatively agree with the Joint 
Applicants' claimed benefits discussed below, and find that these 
claimed benefits likely would be realized if the transaction were 
implemented as remedied. Our tentative view derives in large part from 
concerns that some of the slots at issue in this transaction are 
currently being used sub-optimally and inefficiently, both from the 
perspective of the carriers holding them as well as from the 
perspective of the public interest.
    Benefits at DCA:
     Expanded US Airways Service--With the addition of 84 
slots, US Airways will be able to initiate daily nonstop service to at 
least 15 new destinations from DCA. Some of these routes are currently 
served by other carriers from other Washington area airports and some 
of these routes do not currently have any daily nonstop service. These 
destinations include several small, medium-sized, and larger 
communities.\26\ The airline anticipates an increase of approximately 
20 to 25 percent in passenger enplanements at DCA as a result of new 
flights and schedule improvements. This projected service would not be 
affected by the

[[Page 45326]]

proposed divestitures if they come from Delta's complement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ While Delta and US Airways have made public some of their 
new intended services, including service to small communities, the 
carriers have not released all intended service changes and are not 
obligated to implement or retain over the longer-term any of the 
proposed services in new markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Improved connectivity--US Airways contends that it will 
afford DCA originating passengers more nonstop destination service and 
provide additional connecting passenger service through an expanded 
network.
     Up-gauging and up-grading service--US Airways plans to up-
gauge aircraft and offer customers more dual class service. It will use 
larger aircraft, including more large regional and mainline aircraft 
with first-class service on large regional jets, on many routes by 
2012.
    Benefits at LGA:
     New domestic hub at LGA--With the additional slots and 
facilities it will acquire under the proposal, Delta will establish a 
new domestic hub at LGA. A hub presence will allow increased connecting 
opportunities, improving travel options for passengers across Delta's 
network. It will also permit increased operations to smaller 
communities, which are often only able to sustain service through hub-
and-spoke operations. Delta submitted a study by Compass Lexecon that 
asserted that Delta's expansion at LGA would produce more than 6,000 
new connecting opportunities for their passengers at that airport.
     Consolidation of LGA operations in one main terminal 
facility--As noted above, Delta will link its Terminal C and Terminal D 
gates with a 600 foot connector. This will provide added convenience to 
many passengers, particularly ones with connecting flights, and allow 
shorter connecting times on some flights.
     Improved Competition against US Airways at Philadelphia 
and United/Continental at Newark--The carriers claim that Delta's 
development of a hub at LGA will create ``important'' new competition 
against US Airways' hub at Philadelphia and United/Continental's at 
Newark. Philadelphia International Airport is approximately 100 miles 
from LGA and constitutes a distinct market. However, the operation of a 
stronger hub for Delta at LGA will provide additional options for 
travelers in the greater New York area, and should provide some 
competitive counterweight to the strong UA-CO hub at Newark.
     Delta Will Expand Service at LGA--Delta will approximately 
double the number of within perimeter nonstop destinations served from 
LGA and shift short haul service from JFK to LGA, freeing up JFK for 
longer-haul flights.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ While it is true that Delta is proposing to expand its 
operations significantly at LGA, many of the new flights would 
represent backfills in markets being vacated by US Airways as it 
moved operations to DCA. Thus, while it might be ``new'' service on 
Delta, it may not be ``new'' service for the communities affected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Delta Will Increase the Available Seat Capacity of New 
York Airports--US Airways currently operates 39% of its flights with 
turboprop aircraft configured with 37 or fewer seats. Delta plans to 
utilize an all-jet fleet at LGA. Replacing US Airways' turbojets with 
larger jets will increase available capacity, estimated to equate to a 
2% overall increase in New York seat capacity.
    The Joint Applicants' Compass Lexecon study estimates the magnitude 
of capacity benefits in terms of roundtrip seat capacity increases of 
2.5 million at DCA and 4.4 million at LGA.\28\ The study further 
estimates that the consumer benefits from the increased flying 
generated by improved network connectivity and service at approximately 
$126 million annually for passengers flying to and from LGA and at 
approximately $27 million for passengers flying to and from DCA, for a 
total of approximately $153 million at both airports combined. They 
cite another $33 million in estimated benefits to consumers flowing 
from increased airport operational efficiency resulting from upgauging 
from turboprop aircraft to jet aircraft at LGA. In addition, the Joint 
Applicants argue that the facilities transfer will enable Delta to 
create a seamless hub at LGA and will facilitate enhanced competition 
and preserve and enhance small community access at both LGA and DCA. 
While these estimates are of course subject to customary assumptions 
and estimations, we do not believe they are unreasonable for the 
purposes here.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ The benefits data and analyses referenced in the Waiver 
Application are derived from the study prepared by Compass Lexecon 
in November 2009 and submitted to the Department on March 22, 2010. 
See Consumer Benefits from the Proposed US Airways Delta Slot 
Transaction, included in Joint Appendix to Comments of Delta Air 
Lines, Inc., and US Airways, Inc., Docket No. FAA-2010-0109, dated 
March 22, 2010. That study was based on Delta and US Airways 
schedules from a peak day (Thursday) in Summer 2009.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Perceived Costs and Risks of the Transaction

    Although there are clearly consumer benefits that would result from 
the proposed transaction, as we pointed out in the Final Notice there 
are also aspects that could pose economic risks to consumer interests. 
In particular, the Department must remain mindful of concerns regarding 
the potential for higher fares due to increased market concentration of 
the dominant carriers at both DCA and LGA.
    In their filings, US Airways and Delta have not challenged the 
calculations stated in the May 2010 Notice that, if the transaction 
were approved as now proposed, the proportion of US Airways' share of 
slots and departures at DCA, and Delta's share of slots and departures 
at LGA, would significantly increase.
    In the Department's earlier analysis, we determined that there were 
increased levels of airport concentration, which together with (1) An 
increase in the number of monopoly or dominant markets in which 
increased pricing power could be exercised,\29\ (2) the prospect for 
higher fares in some markets, and (3) the potential for use of 
transferred slot interests in an anti-competitive manner,\30\ warranted 
a conditioning of approval on the carriers' agreement to divest a 
number of slots. Given all of these concerns, we asserted that limited 
divestitures at both airports would cause an injection of additional 
competition from other carriers, which could be effective in mitigating 
these prospective harms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ Our analysis found that US Airways and Delta tended to 
charge higher relative fares where they operate monopoly or dominant 
routes from airports where they have strong presence. While Delta 
tended to price more competitively at LGA (where its position was 
less dominant than US Airways at DCA), US Airways, holding the 
highest current share of slot interests and departures at DCA, 
charged on average 124 percent of the Standard Industry Fare Level 
(SIFL), a cost-based index that the Department has used historically 
to assist in its evaluation of pricing. However, in markets where it 
held a 95 to 100 percent share of nonstop departures, US Airways 
charged substantially more. 75 FR at 7,309-7,310.
    \30\ Under their proposal, Delta and US Airways are not 
committing to any particular markets for defined periods. As we 
noted earlier, they would be free, as is any other carrier, to 
discontinue routes that are being proposed and to initiate new 
routes elsewhere. With that freedom, they could, if they so chose, 
use additional slots to target smaller competitors. We expressed 
concern that competitors, especially low-cost carriers at DCA that 
are tied to specific markets through slot exemption awards, might be 
unable to successfully respond.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Our analysis also noted the very low levels of LCC operations then 
prevailing at DCA and LGA, calculating that LCCs had only a 3.3 percent 
share of slot interest holdings at DCA and a 6.9 percent share of slot 
interest holdings at LGA. Because LCC's created the most competitive 
impact at the airports,\31\ we required that, in order to minimize the 
overall number of divestitures required while maximizing the 
competitive impact of those divestitures, the carriers

[[Page 45327]]

divest slots to qualified new entrants and limited incumbents, which 
are largely LCCs. Through this mechanism, we believed the economic 
efficiency of the slot utilization at both airports would be maximized 
through the operation of more seats at lower fares per slot than by 
Delta or US Airways, and would also minimize the total number of slot 
divestitures required to remedy the anticompetitive effects of the 
transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ Our analysis cited studies of the domestic U.S. airline 
industry demonstrating that entry by low-fare carriers dramatically 
lowers fares and increases the volume of passengers carried in a 
market. See, 75 FR at 7,309.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, in the May 2010 Notice, we approved the prior waiver 
application subject to the condition that 40 LGA and 28 DCA slots be 
divested via a DOT-approved process.

Changed Conditions Since the May 2010 Notice Was Issued Have Not 
Eliminated Competitive Concerns

    As discussed above, the Joint Applicants have claimed that the 
Department's earlier competitive concerns have already been addressed 
as a result of significant increases in LCC penetration that have 
occurred at both airports since the May 2010 Notice was issued. 
(Notwithstanding that claim, they have offered to divest up to 32 slots 
at LGA and 16 slots at DCA through a DOT process if necessary to 
alleviate any ``lingering'' competitive issues.)
    LCC entry and increased presence at both airports have not 
addressed all of our competitive concerns. While we have found evidence 
that increased LCC presence at both airports has a positive impact on 
the competitive structure at these airports, additional remedies, 
including divestiture of slots and the implementation of the slot 
transfer between the applicants in tranches, are necessary to further 
address competitive concerns.
    We agree that, at DCA, recent developments have added 44 slots to 
the LCC listings, increasing their percentage of slot operations from 
3.3% to 8.5%. Similarly, recent developments at LGA have added 15 slots 
to LCC listings, increasing their percentage from 6.9% to 8.2%. LCC 
departures, seats, and passengers have, with one exception, all 
increased as well at DCA and LGA. At DCA, LCC departures from first 
quarter 2010 to first quarter 2011 increased from 4.7% of the total to 
7.1%; seats over the same period increased from 6.8% to 9.2%; and 
passengers over the same period increased from 7.6% to 10.3%. At LGA, 
the comparable statistics are departures, 9.9% increasing to 10.0%; 
seats, 15.2% declining to 14.9%; and passengers, 17.0% increasing to 
18.2%. See Tables 3 and 4.
    In addition, we looked at the competitive impact of the added LCC 
services, particularly at DCA. There, the entry of JetBlue into the 
DCA-Boston market in the fourth quarter of 2010 was especially helpful 
in gauging the impact of new LCC entry into a major market in which US 
Airways was by far the dominant carrier.\32\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ For example, in the second quarter of 2010, US Airways 
carried almost 70% of the passengers in this market, trailed by 
Delta at 18%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During the first three quarters of 2010, the average passenger 
weighted yields in DCA -BOS were 62 cents, 59 cents, and 53 cents 
respectively, with US Airways' averages being 68 cents, 63 cents, and 
55 cents. With an average weighted yield over all DCA markets for these 
quarters at 22 cents, this was clearly a lucrative market for carriers, 
and especially so for US Airways. JetBlue entered the market 
aggressively in October 2010, carrying over 48,000 passengers that 
quarter with highly competitive fares that yielded only 24 cents per 
mile. US Airways' yield that same quarter--the last for which we have 
data--dropped from 55 cents to 44 cents, with overall average passenger 
weighted yields in the market falling from 52 to 38 cents. Removing 
seasonality concerns, US Airways' passenger weighted yield fell 37% 
from 4th quarter 2009 to 4th quarter 2010--from 70 cents to 44 cents. 
This data demonstrates JetBlue's entry enhanced competition and 
significantly reduced fares. Its presence continues to have a 
disciplining effect on fares: our check of available one-month advance 
purchase economy fares showed JetBlue charging $69 one-way, with US 
Airways, Delta, and United all matching.\33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ DCA-BOS nonstop fare for travel on July 29, 2011, per 
ORBITZ Web site information as of June 29, 2011.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A similar, although less significant, demonstration of LCC 
competitive influence appears in the LGA-IND market. In 2009, US 
Airways carried approximately 39% of passengers in this market at an 
average yield of 27 cents, while Delta/Northwest carried 47% of 
passengers at an average yield of 28 cents. AirTran initiated service 
on November 4, 2009 following its acquisition of 6 slots from 
Continental, four of which were utilized in the LGA-IND market. After 
AirTran's entry into the market, the average passenger weighted yield 
dropped from 29 cents to 22 cents and remained at approximately 19 
cents through 2010. AirTran's passenger share rose from 8% in 2009 to 
35% in 2010 while Delta/Northwest's yields declined from 28 cents to 19 
cents, and US Airway's yields declined from 27 cents in 2009 to 20 
cents in 2010. Overall, with the entry of AirTran in the LGA-IND market 
the average passenger weighted yield in the market declined 29% between 
2009 and 2010. These two impacts illustrate the potential beneficial 
effects that other LCCs may be able to bring to DCA and LGA markets if 
afforded entry by slots being divested in the present case.
    While the Department considers these developments very encouraging, 
they do not persuade us that our original concerns regarding the 
transaction are no longer valid or that additional remedies are no 
longer appropriate or necessary. First, many of the incremental LCC 
slots are being operated under temporary or potentially reversible 
circumstances. At DCA, the slots noted as being transferred from legacy 
carrier American to LCC JetBlue remain technically held by American on 
FAA's listing, and their agreement could expire as early as this fall. 
The same is true for the slots transferred between AirTran and 
Continental. The former Midwest slots at both airports that were 
``reassigned'' by Republic to Frontier marketed flights can presumably 
be ``reassigned'' back to Republic if appropriate conditions presented 
themselves. In addition, some of the other slots shown as transferred 
to LCCs are during the early or late hours when slots are not fully 
subscribed and so their use by LCCs does not present as much a 
competitive discipline as better timed slots might. Moreover, the 
Department's objective here is not to simply increase the shares of 
LCCs, but, as we set out at various points in the May 2010 Notice, also 
to protect against the use of market power by dominant carriers in a 
potentially anticompetitive manner.

Claims That Nearby Metropolitan Airports Have a Disciplining Effect 
Remain Unpersuasive

    In addition to pointing to LCC growth at DCA and LGA, the Joint 
Applicants reassert that competition among the three airports in the 
Washington area and the three in the New York City area exerts a 
disciplining influence on the respective fares at DCA and LGA.\34\ 
Thus, in the New York City market, they argued that, while flights at 
LGA are generally closer substitutes for one another than are flights 
at EWR or JFK, flights from EWR and JFK ``are still relevant'' to a 
discussion of competition at LGA. In an effort to address the specific 
situations at hand, they offered a modified version of the earlier 
study they presented to attempt to measure the impact of competition 
from

[[Page 45328]]

Southwest and other LCCs at DCA/LGA and at adjacent airports. 
Normalizing the ``competitive effect'' of Southwest at the same airport 
to a value of 1.0, the modified version went on to specify the relative 
competitive effect of service by other LCCs at the same airport, as 
well as the effects of Southwest and of the LCCs from adjacent 
airports. A summary table indicated that, for example, the competitive 
effect of an AirTran flight at the same airport was 0.247, while that 
of JetBlue at an adjacent airport was 0.091.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ Delta and US Airways' Comments of March 22, 2010, Appendix 
B, Analysis of Relevant Airport Groupings. Docket No. FAA-2010-0109.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In our May 2010 Notice, we addressed the findings of the earlier 
study, expressing concerns that its methodology was flawed in a number 
of fundamental respects. The modified version put forward here does not 
appear to have corrected these flaws. Moreover, not only are the 
statistical bases for the new conclusions not presented, but the 
results show anomalies that are not explained.\35\ In sum, as with the 
earlier presentation, we are not prepared to accept the conclusions as 
submitted and to agree with the Joint Applicants that existing or 
potential competition from adjacent airports would satisfactorily 
address the need for remedies in this case.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ Why, for example, would JetBlue have a much stronger 
competitive effect than Air Tran at the same airport (a 0.635 factor 
vs. a 0.247 factor), but a significantly lower effect than AirTran 
from an adjacent airport? (0.091 vs. 0.164).
    \36\ That said, we can say as we did in the May 2010 Notice that 
yields (i.e., revenue per passenger mile) remain substantially 
different among these airports, and that if the airports were 
effective economic substitutes for all passengers, there would 
result a greater self-equalizing of yields and the yield spreads 
would not differ so significantly. We also recognized that there 
does exist a low level of competition among the Washington and New 
York City area airports, but at an insufficiently low level such 
that one airport can exert enough competitive influence on the fares 
at another airport to substantially reduce yield disparities among 
the airports and constitute a true substitute for it. We continue to 
believe that is the case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Evaluation of Risks and Benefits

    As discussed above, the proposed transaction, like the prior 2009 
proposal, offers important benefits to the public. Nonetheless, we 
found earlier that the potential for harm was substantial, particularly 
in the increased levels of concentration at the two airports. 
Accordingly, we placed conditions for approval on the divestiture of 40 
slots at LGA and 28 slots at DCA. The primary issue before us is 
whether, because of the increased penetration by LCCs at the airports 
since the time of our last review, the public interest can be 
adequately protected at this time with no or fewer divestitures being 
required.
    In evaluating the public interest in this transaction, we have 
carefully weighed the benefits and possible adverse consequences of the 
transaction. We do not believe that the transaction can be approved 
without divestitures being required. The transaction may give rise to 
very different levels of competitive harm at each airport, and the 
post-transaction market share levels are high, particularly at DCA.\37\ 
Accordingly, we have tentatively found that conditions for approval 
remain necessary. These include a requirement that the carriers not 
only dispose of 32 slots at LGA and 16 slots at DCA pursuant to the 
sale mechanisms described in detail below, but that they begin 
operations of