General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds, 23428-23448 [2011-9448]

Agencies

• Fish and Wildlife Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 80 (Tuesday, April 26, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 23428-23448]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-9448]



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Vol. 76

Tuesday,

No. 80

April 26, 2011

Part III





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Parts 10 and 21



General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 / 
Proposed Rules

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Parts 10 and 21

[Docket No. FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088; 91200-1231-9BPP]
RIN 1018-AX48


General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, propose to revise the 
List of Migratory Birds by both adding and removing species. Reasons 
for the changes to the list include adding species based on new 
taxonomy and new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. 
territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the 
United States, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net 
increase of 19 species (23 added and 4 removed) brings the total number 
of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to 1,026. 
We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, 
sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory 
birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA 
is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes.

DATES: To ensure consideration of your comments, they must be received 
or postmarked on or before July 25, 2011.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by either one of the following 
methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments on Docket No. FWS-R9-
MB-2010-0088.
     U.S. Mail or hand delivery: Public Comments Processing, 
Attn: FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088; Division of Policy and Directives 
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 North Fairfax Drive, 
Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203-1610.
    We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We will post all comments on 
https://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any 
personal information that you provide. See the Public Comments section 
below for more information.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist, 
Division of Migratory Bird Management, 703-358-1799.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking?

    We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the 
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and 
Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and 
Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements 
Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries 
for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
    (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain 
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628);
    (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the 
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912);
    (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States 
of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory 
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 
4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
    (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the 
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of 
Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 
U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).

What is the purpose of this rulemaking?

    Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the 
MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in 
Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We 
regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, 
purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An 
accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is 
essential for regulatory purposes.

Why is this amendment of the list of migratory birds necessary?

    The amendment is needed to: (1) Add five species previously 
overlooked from a family protected under the MBTA; (2) correct the 
spelling of five species on the alphabetized list; (3) correct the 
spelling of two species on the taxonomic list; (4) add 11 species based 
on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in 
the United States since April 2007; (5) add one species from a family 
now protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes; (6) add 
six species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes; 
(7) remove four species not known to occur within the boundaries of the 
United States or its territories as a result of recent taxonomic 
changes; (8) change the common (English) names of nine species to 
conform with accepted use; and (9) change the scientific names of 36 
species to conform to accepted use.
    The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on 
March 1, 2010 (75 FR 9282). These amendments were necessitated by three 
published supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of the American 
Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North American Birds (AOU 
2008, AOU 2009, and AOU 2010).
    In addition, we propose to correct the legal authorities citations 
at 50 CFR 10.13(a).
    We also would make a small change to a definition in 50 CFR 21.3. 
We propose to update the definition of ``raptor'' to also include the 
order Accipitriformes to correspond to the proposed changes in the List 
of Migratory Birds.

What scientific authorities are used to amend the list of migratory 
birds?

    Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, 
staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion 
in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on 
the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American Birds 
(AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 
2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and 
the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, 
families, subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU 
Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America 
from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the 
Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each 
species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the 
United States. For the 39 species that occur outside the geographic 
area covered by the Check-list (28 that occur in the Pacific island 
territories and 11 listed in the Japanese and/or Russian conventions 
that have not occurred in the AOU area), we relied primarily on 
Clements (2007). Although we primarily rely on the above checklists, 
when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we 
evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to

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our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa.

What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the 
MBTA?

    A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or 
more of the following four criteria:
    (1) It is covered by the Canadian Convention of 1916, as amended in 
1996, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a) It belongs 
to a family or group of species named in the Canadian Convention, as 
amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape 
recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the 
United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such 
records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific 
authorities.
    (2) It is covered by the Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in 
1972, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a) It belongs 
to a family or group of species named in the Mexican Convention, as 
amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape 
recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the 
United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such 
records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific 
authorities.
    (3) It is listed in the annex to the Japanese Convention of 1972, 
as amended.
    (4) It is listed in the appendix to the Russian Convention of 1976.
    In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 
(MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we include all 
species native to the United States or its territories, which are those 
that occur as a result of natural biological or ecological processes 
(see 70 FR 12710, March 15, 2005). We do not include nonnative species 
whose occurrences in the United States are solely the result of 
intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s).

How do the proposed changes affect the list of migratory birds?

    Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level 
by the AOU since publication of the last list. These changes affect the 
inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, 
the Orders Phaethontiformes and Suliformes were split from the 
Pelecaniformes. Phaethontiformes now includes the Family Phaethontidae 
(tropicbirds); Suliformes now includes the Families Fregatidae 
(frigatebirds), Sulidae (boobys), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants), and 
Anhingidae (anhingas). In addition, the Order Accipitriformes was split 
from the Falconiformes and now include the Families Cathartidae 
(vultures), Pandionidae (Osprey), and Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). 
At the Family level, the Ardeidae (herons and egrets) and 
Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills) were moved from the 
Ciconiiformes to the Pelecaniformes Order, the Pandionidae (Osprey) 
were separated from the Accipitridae (hawks and eagles), and the 
Stercorariidae (jaegers and skuas) were separated from the Laridae 
(gulls, terns, and skimmers). The Polioptilidae (gnatcatchers), 
Phylloscopidae (Phylloscopus warblers), Acrocephalidae (Acrocephalus 
warblers), and Megaluridae (Locustella warblers) were separated from 
the Sylviidae, and the Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings) were 
separated from the Emberizidae (buntings and sparrows). The euphonias 
were put into their own Subfamily (Euphoniinae) and moved from the 
Thraupidae to the Fringillidae Family. All species within these newly 
created families continue to be protected under the MBTA. In addition, 
the Wrentit was moved from the Timaliidae (babblers) to the Sylviidae 
and is now in a family protected by the MBTA.
    The amendments (23 additions, 4 removals, and 51 name changes) 
affect a grand total of 78 species and result in a net addition of 19 
species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total 
from 1,007 to 1,026. Of the 23 species that we add to the list, 6 were 
previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. 
These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 9 
categories:
    (1) Add five species from the family Muscicapidae, a family 
specifically listed in the 1996 protocol amending the 1916 convention 
with Canada. The omission of these species on the previous list was an 
oversight. All are considered accidental or casual in Alaska. The 
species and relevant AOU publication(s) are:
    Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki (AOU 1987, 1997, 1998);
    Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2006);
    Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 
2004);
    Asian Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica (AOU 1987, 1989, 1998); 
and
    Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (AOU 2004).
    (2) Correct the spelling of five scientific names on the 
alphabetized list:
    Nesofregata fuliginosa (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes 
Nesofregetta fuliginosa;
    Thalleseus maximus (Royal Tern), becomes Thalasseus maximus;
    Thalleseus sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern), becomes Thalasseus 
sandvicensis;
    Phylloscopus siilatrix (Wood Warbler), becomes Phylloscopus 
sibilatrix; and
    Locustella lanceoloata (Lanceolated Warbler), becomes Locustella 
lanceolata.
    (3) Correct the spelling of two scientific names on the taxonomic 
list:
    Nesofregetta fuiginosa (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes 
Nesofregetta fuliginosa; and
    Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit), becomes Tiaris olivaceus.
    (4) Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since 
April 2007) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence 
in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These 
species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican 
Conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual 
occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been 
recorded plus the relevant publication:
    Parkinson's Petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni--California (AOU 2008);
    Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis--North Carolina (AOU 
2010);
    Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus--California (AOU 2008);
    Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata--Alaska (AOU 2009);
    White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps--Texas (AOU 2010);
    Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus--
Louisiana (AOU 2010);
    Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa--Arizona (AOU 2010);
    Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus--Alaska (AOU 2008);
    Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus--Alaska (AOU 2009);
    Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans--Alaska (AOU 2010); and
    Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys--Alaska (AOU 2009).
    (5) Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes 
transferring a species in a family formerly not protected by the MBTA 
(Timaliidae) into a family protected under the MBTA (Sylviidae). We 
reference the AOU publication supporting the change:
    Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (AOU 2010).
    (6) Add six species because of recent taxonomic changes in which 
taxa formerly treated as subspecies have

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been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these 
species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these 
additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, 
only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the 
AOU publication supporting the change:
    Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha--formerly considered a 
subspecies of Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Duck (AOU 2008);
    Black Scoter, Melanitta americana-- formerly treated as a 
subspecies of Melanitta nigra, Common [Black] Scoter (AOU 2009);
    Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae-- formerly treated as 
a subspecies of Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010);
    Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus-- formerly treated as a 
subspecies of Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU 
2010);
    Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis-- formerly treated as a 
subspecies of Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU 
2010); and
    Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis-- formerly treated as a 
subspecies of Icterus dominicensis, Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] 
Oriole (AOU 2010).
    (7) Remove four species based on revised taxonomic treatments and 
distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges 
lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and 
its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication 
supporting these changes:
    Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (AOU 2008);
    Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra (AOU 2009);
    Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes (AOU 2010); and
    Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (AOU 
2010).
    (8) Revise the common (English) names of nine species to conform to 
the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change 
the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which 
they are known. In each case, we reference the published source for the 
name change:
    Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber, becomes American Flamingo 
(AOU 2008);
    Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis, becomes Great Shearwater (AOU 
2010);
    Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, becomes Eastern Whip-poor-
will (AOU 2010);
    Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus, becomes Green Violetear (AOU 
2008);
    Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius, becomes Blue Rock-Thrush 
(Clements 2007);
    Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi, becomes Clay-colored Thrush (AOU 
2008);
    White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis, becomes White-throated 
Thrush (AOU 2008);
    Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni, becomes Nelson's 
Sparrow (AOU 2009); and
    Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes 
Saltmarsh Sparrow (AOU 2009).
    (9) Revise the scientific names of 36 species to conform to the 
most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the 
protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they 
are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication documenting 
the name change:
    Larus philadelphia (Bonaparte's Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus 
philadelphia (AOU 2008);
    Larus cirrocephalus (Gray-hooded Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus 
cirrocephalus (AOU 2008);
    Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus 
ridibundus (AOU 2008);
    Larus minutus (Little Gull) becomes Hydrocoloeus minutus (AOU 
2008);
    Larus atricilla (Laughing Gull) becomes Leucophaeus atricilla (AOU 
2008);
    Larus pipixcan (Frankin's Gull) becomes Leucophaeus pipixcan (AOU 
2008);
    Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay) becomes Psilorhinus morio (AOU 2010);
    Poecile hudsonica (Boreal Chickadee) becomes Poecile hudsonicus 
(AOU 2009);
    Poecile cincta (Gray-headed Chickadee) becomes Poecile cinctus (AOU 
2009);
    Calcarius mccownii (McCown's Longspur) becomes Rhynchophanes 
mccownii (AOU 2010);
    Vermivora pinus (Blue-winged Warbler) becomes Vermivora cyanoptera 
(AOU 2010);
    Vermivora peregrina (Tennessee Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis 
peregrina (AOU 2010);
    Vermivora celata (Orange-crowned Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis 
celata (AOU 2010);
    Vermivora ruficapilla (Nashville Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis 
ruficapilla (AOU 2010);
    Vermivora virginiae (Virginia's Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis 
virginiae (AOU 2010);
    Vermivora crissalis (Colima Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis crissalis 
(AOU 2010);
    Vermivora luciae (Lucy's Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis luciae (AOU 
2010);
    Parula superciliosa (Crescent-chested Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis 
superciliosa (AOU 2010);
    Seiurus noveboracensis (Northern Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia 
noveboracensis (AOU 2010);
    Seiurus motacilla (Louisiana Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia 
motacilla (AOU 2010);
    Pipilo fuscus (Canyon Towhee) becomes Melozone fusca (AOU 2010);
    Pipilo crissalis (California Towhee) becomes Melozone crissalis 
(AOU 2010);
    Pipilo aberti (Abert's Towhee) becomes Melozone aberti (AOU 2010);
    Aimophila carpalis (Rufous-winged Sparrow) becomes Peucaea carpalis 
(AOU 2010);
    Aimophila botterii (Botteri's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea botterii 
(AOU 2010);
    Aimophila cassinii (Cassin's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea cassinii (AOU 
2010);
    Aimophila aestivalis (Bachman's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea aestivalis 
(AOU 2010);
    Aimophila quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) becomes Amphispiza 
quinquestriata (AOU 2010);
    Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) becomes Acanthis flammea (AOU 
2009);
    Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) becomes Acanthis hornemanni 
(AOU 2009);
    Carduelis spinus (Eurasian Siskin) becomes Spinus spinus (AOU 
2009);
    Carduelis pinus (Pine Siskin) becomes Spinus pinus (AOU 2009);
    Carduelis psaltria (Lesser Goldfinch) becomes Spinus psaltria (AOU 
2009);
    Carduelis lawrencei (Lawrence's Goldfinch) becomes Spinus lawrencei 
(AOU 2009);
    Carduelis tristis (American Goldfinch) becomes Spinus tristis (AOU 
2009); and
    Carduelis sinica (Oriental Greenfinch) becomes Chloris sinica (AOU 
2009).
    For ease of comparison, changes are summarized in the following 
table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Species whose 
names have been revised (categories 2, 8, and 9) appear in both the 
left-hand column (old name removed) and right-hand column (new name 
added), as are species that have been added based on taxonomic splits 
(category 6) of extralimital species that have been removed (category 
7).

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------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Removed (taxonomically)               Added (taxonomically)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha    Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas
 (7).                                     zonorhyncha (6).
Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra   Black Scoter, Melanitta
 (7).                                     americana (6).
Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber   American Flamingo,
 (8).                                     Phoenicopterus ruber (8).
                                         Parkinson's Petrel, Procellaria
                                          parkinsoni (4).
Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8)  Great Shearwater, Puffinus
                                          gravis (8).
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregata     Polynesian Storm-Petrel,
 fuliginosa (2).                          Nesofregetta fuliginosa (2).
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta    Polynesian Storm-Petrel,
 fuiginosa (3).                           Nesofregetta fuliginosa (3).
                                         Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel,
                                          Oceanodroma monorhis (4).
                                         Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus
                                          furcatus (4).
Bonaparte's Gull, Larus philadelphia     Bonaparte's Gull,
 (9).                                     Chroicocephalus philadelphia
                                          (9).
Gray-hooded Gull, Larus cirrocephalus    Gray-hooded Gull,
 (9).                                     Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
                                          (9).
Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus (9)  Black-headed Gull,
                                          Chroicocephalus ridibundus
                                          (9).
Little Gull, Larus minutus (9).........  Little Gull, Hydrocoloeus
                                          minutus (9).
Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla (9).....  Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus
                                          atricilla (9).
Frankin's Gull, Larus pipixcan (9).....  Frankin's Gull, Leucophaeus
                                          pipixcan (9).
Royal Tern, Thalleseus maximus (2).....  Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus
                                          (2).
Sandwich Tern, Thalleseus sandvicensis   Sandwich Tern, Thalasseus
 (2).                                     sandvicensis (2).
                                         Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata
                                          (4).
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus    Eastern Whip-poor-will,
 (8).                                     Caprimulgus vociferus (8).
                                         Mexican Whip-poor-will,
                                          Caprimulgus arizonae (6).
Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus    Green Violetear, Colibri
 (8).                                     thalassinus (8).
                                         White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia
                                          albiceps (4).
                                         Crowned Slaty Flycatcher,
                                          Empidonomus
                                          aurantioatrocristatus (4).
Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio (9)........  Brown Jay, Psilorhinus morio
                                          (9).
Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonica (9)  Boreal Chickadee, Poecile
                                          hudsonicus (9).
Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cincta    Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile
 (9).                                     cinctus (9).
                                         Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus
                                          sinaloa (4).
                                         Pacific Wren, Troglodytes
                                          pacificus (6).
Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes      Winter Wren, Troglodytes
 troglodytes (7).                         hiemalis (6).
Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus siilatrix     Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus
 (2).                                     sibilatrix (2).
                                         Pallas's Leaf-Warbler,
                                          Phylloscopus proregulus (4).
Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella          Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella
 lanceoloata (2).                         lanceolata (2).
                                         Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (5).
                                         Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus
                                          schoenobaenus (4).
                                         Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula
                                          mugimaki (1).
                                         Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula
                                          albicilla (1).
                                         Dark-sided Flycatcher,
                                          Muscicapa sibirica (1).
                                         Asian Brown Flyctcher,
                                          Muscicapa dauurica (1).
                                         Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa
                                          striata (1).
Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius   Blue Rock-Thrush, Monticola
 (8).                                     solitarius (8).
                                         Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia
                                          sibilans (4).
Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi (8)...  Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus
                                          grayi (8).
White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis   White-throated Thrush, Turdus
 (8).                                     assimilis (8).
McCown's Longspur, Calcarius mccownii    McCown's Longspur,
 (9).                                     Rhynchophanes mccownii (9).
Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus     Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora
 (9).                                     cyanoptera (9).
Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina   Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis
 (9).                                     peregrina (9).
Orange-crowned Warbler, Vermivora        Orange-crowned Warbler,
 celata (9).                              Oreothlypis celata (9).
Nashville Warbler, Vermivora             Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis
 ruficapilla (9).                         ruficapilla (9).
Virginia's Warbler, Vermivora virginiae  Virginia's Warbler, Oreothlypis
 (9).                                     virginiae (9).
Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis (9)  Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis
                                          crissalis (9).
Lucy's Warbler, Vermivora luciae (9)...  Lucy's Warbler, Oreothlypis
                                          luciae (9).
Crescent-chested Warbler, Parula         Crescent-chested Warbler,
 superciliosa (9).                        Oreothlypis superciliosa (9).
Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus            Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia
 noveboracensis (9).                      noveboracensis (9).
Louisiana Waterthrush, Seiurus           Louisiana Waterthrush, Parkesia
 motacilla (9).                           motacilla (9).
Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivacea  Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris
 (3).                                     olivaceus (3).
Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus (9).......  Canyon Towhee, Melozone fusca
                                          (9).
California Towhee, Pipilo crissalis (9)  California Towhee, Melozone
                                          crissalis (9).
Abert's Towhee, Pipilo aberti (9)......  Abert's Towhee, Melozone aberti
                                          (9).
Rufous-winged Sparrow, Aimophila         Rufous-winged Sparrow, Peucaea
 carpalis (9).                            carpalis (9).
Botteri's Sparrow, Aimophila botterii    Botteri's Sparrow, Peucaea
 (9).                                     botterii (9).
Cassin's Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii     Cassin's Sparrow, Peucaea
 (9).                                     cassinii (9).
Bachman's Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis  Bachman's Sparrow, Peucaea
 (9).                                     aestivalis (9).
Five-striped Sparrow, Aimophila          Five-striped Sparrow,
 quinquestriata (9).                      Amphispiza quinquestriata (9).
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow,           Nelson's Sparrow, Ammodramus
 Ammodramus nelsoni (8).                  nelsoni (8).
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow,          Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus
 Ammodramus caudacutus (8).               caudacutus (8).
                                         Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza
                                          chrysophrys (4).
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole,  Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus
 Icterus dominicensis (7).                portoricensis (6).
Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea (9)..  Common Redpoll, Acanthis
                                          flammea (9).
Hoary Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni (9)  Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis
                                          hornemanni (9).
Eurasian Siskin, Carduelis spinus (9)..  Eurasian Siskin, Spinus spinus
                                          (9).
Pine Siskin, Carduelis pinus (9).......  Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus (9).
Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria     Lesser Goldfinch, Spinus
 (9).                                     psaltria (9).
Lawrence's Goldfinch, Carduelis          Lawrence's Goldfinch, Spinus
 lawrencei (9).                           lawrencei (9).
American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis    American Goldfinch, Spinus
 (9).                                     tristis (9).

[[Page 23432]]

 
Oriental Greenfinch, Carduelis sinica    Oriental Greenfinch, Chloris
 (9).                                     sinica (9).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

How is the list of migratory birds organized?

    The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of 
different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) 
and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, 
species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific 
name of each species following the English group name. This format, 
similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to 
members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed 
in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name 
following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, 
we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, 
and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOU 
(1998, 2010) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

    The MBTA does not apply to:
    (1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its 
territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance 
that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or 
Russian Conventions, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710 
(March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative, human-introduced bird 
species in this category. Note, though, that native species that are 
introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native 
are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in 
the United States or its territories.
    (2) Nonnative, human-introduced species that belong to families or 
groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, 
including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae 
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae 
(buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae 
(sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), 
Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae 
(hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), 
Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers), 
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in 
the Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae 
(weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families 
not currently represented in the United States or its territories.
    (3) Native species that belong to families or groups represented in 
the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the 
Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including the Megapodiidae 
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), 
Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae 
(pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae 
(honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers [elepaios]), 
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), and Coerebidae (bananaquit). It should be 
noted that this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 notice to the extent 
that they are inconsistent. Specifically, the 1996 amendment to the 
Canadian Convention included the family Muscicapidae (Old World 
flycatchers). Thus, all members of the Muscicapidae family are now 
included on this list. In addition, the Wrentit is now considered a 
member of the Sylviidae family rather than the Timaliidae family and is 
now included on this list.
    Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are 
available at  https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/mbta/MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html.

Public Comments

    We request comments or suggestions on this proposed rule from any 
interested parties. You may submit your comments and materials 
concerning this proposed rule by one of the methods listed in the 
ADDRESSES section. We will not consider comments sent by e-mail or fax 
or to an address not listed in the ADDRESSES section.
    If you submit a comment via https://www.regulations.gov, your entire 
comment--including any personal identifying information--will be posted 
on the Web site. If you submit a hardcopy comment that includes 
personal identifying information, you may request at the top of your 
document that we withhold this information from public review. However, 
we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all 
hardcopy comments on https://www.regulations.gov.
    Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting 
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection at https://www.regulations.gov, or by 
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). You may obtain 
copies of our previous actions concerning this subject by mail (see FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking 
Portal at https://www.regulations.gov.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866)
    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this 
proposed rule is not significant under Executive Order 12866. OMB bases 
its determination upon the following four criteria:
    (a) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or 
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector, 
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
    (b) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal 
agencies' actions.
    (c) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants, 
user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their 
recipients.
    (d) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121)), whenever an agency is required to 
publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must 
prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility 
analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., 
small businesses, small organizations, and small government 
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required 
if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal 
agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying 
that a rule will not have a significant economic

[[Page 23433]]

impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this 
proposed rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action would 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities, because we are simply updating the list of migratory bird 
species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that 
because this rule does not have a significant economic effect on a 
substantial number of small entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis 
is not required.
    This proposed rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 
804(2)). It would not have a significant impact on a substantial number 
of small entities.
    a. This proposed rule would not have an annual effect on the 
economy of $100 million or more.
    b. This proposed rule would not cause a major increase in costs or 
prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local 
government agencies, or geographic regions.
    c. This proposed rule will not have significant adverse effects on 
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the 
ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based 
enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we have determined the following:
    a. This proposed rule would not ``significantly or uniquely'' 
affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not 
required. Actions under the proposed regulation would not affect small 
government activities in any significant way.
    b. This proposed rule would not produce a Federal mandate of $100 
million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant 
regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
Takings
    In accordance with Executive Order 12630, the proposed rule would 
not have significant takings implications. This proposed rule does not 
contain a provision for taking of private property. Therefore, a 
takings implication assessment is not required.
Federalism
    This proposed rule would not have sufficient Federalism effects to 
warrant preparation of a Federalism assessment under Executive Order 
13132. It would not interfere with the States' ability to manage 
themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected 
to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species.
Civil Justice Reform
    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the 
Solicitor has determined that the proposed rule would not unduly burden 
the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 
3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
    We examined this proposed rule under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 
1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). There are no new information collection 
requirements associated with this proposed rule. We are not requiring 
any new permits, reports, or recordkeeping in this proposed rule.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
    Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative 
in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is 
categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 
46.210(h)).
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
    Seventy-five of the species on the proposed List of Migratory Birds 
are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion 
of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 
1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-44; 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise 
from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate 
authorities and for different purposes. Because the rule is strictly 
administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal 
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we 
have evaluated potential effects on Federally-recognized Indian tribes 
and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions 
to existing regulations in this proposed rule are purely administrative 
in nature and would not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage 
themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on 
tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)
    On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 
addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, 
distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to 
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. 
Because this proposed rule only affects the listing of protected 
species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action 
under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy 
supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a 
significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is 
required.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available upon request 
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT above).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10

    Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, 
Wildlife.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend 
title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal 
Regulations, as follows:

PART 10--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 
19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 
16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.

    2. Revise Sec.  10.13 to read as follows:


Sec.  10.13  List of Migratory Birds.

    (a) Legal authority for this list. The legal authorities for this 
list are the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA; 16 U.S.C. 703-712), the 
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the 
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-742j). The MBTA 
implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring 
countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
    (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain 
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended;
    (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the 
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended;
    (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States 
of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory 
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their

[[Page 23434]]

Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
    (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the 
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of 
Migratory Birds and Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 20 U.S.T. 
4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
    (b) Purpose of this list. The purpose is to inform the public of 
the species protected by regulations that enforce the terms of the 
MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, 
cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, 
purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
    (c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species 
protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the 
varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy 
and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American 
Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (1998, as 
amended through 2010). For species not treated by the AOU Check-list, 
we generally follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World 
(Clements 2007).
    (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by 
common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species 
following the common name.

ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella
AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris
AKEPA, Loxops coccineus
AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus
AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi
AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi
AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei
ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana
    Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata
ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris
    Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes
    Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis
    Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata
    Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus
    Shy, Thalassarche cauta
    Wandering, Diomedea exulans
    Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos
AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens
    Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis
    Oahu, Hemignathus flavus
ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga
ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris
    Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani
ANIANIAU, Magumma parva
APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea
AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus
    Crested, Aethia cristatella
    Least, Aethia pusilla
    Parakeet, Aethia psittacula
    Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata
    Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea
AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana
BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis
    Tundra, Anser serrirostris
BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe
BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae
BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus
    Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis
    Least, Ixobrychus exilis
    Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
    Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis
BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus
BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus
    Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus
    Rusty, Euphagus carolinus
    Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis
    Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor
    Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
    Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus
BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis
    Mountain, Sialia currucoides
    Western, Sialia mexicana
BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus
BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica
BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii
    Brown, Sula leucogaster
    Masked, Sula dactylatra
    Red-footed, Sula sula
BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla
BRANT, Branta bernicla
BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola
BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
    Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis
BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina
    Gray, Emberiza variabilis
    Indigo, Passerina cyanea
    Little, Emberiza pusilla
    Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys
    Lazuli, Passerina amoena
    McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus
    Painted, Passerina ciris
    Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi
    Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos
    Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus
    Rustic, Emberiza rustica
    Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis
    Varied, Passerina versicolor
    Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola
    Yellow-browed, Emberiza chrysophrys
    Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans
BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus
CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria
CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway
CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis
CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus
    Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis
CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris
    Gray, Dumetella carolinensis
CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs
CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus
    Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus
    Carolina, Poecile carolinensis
    Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens
    Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus
    Mexican, Poecile sclateri
    Mountain, Poecile gambeli
CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis
CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus
COOT, American, Fulica americana
    Caribbean, Fulica caribaea
    Eurasian, Fulica atra
    Hawaiian, Fulica alai
CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
    Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus
    Great, Phalacrocorax carbo
    Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
    Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
    Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
    Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile
COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus
    Brown-headed, Molothrus ater
    Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis
CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex
    Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops
    Spotless, Porzana tabuensis
    Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer
CRANE, Common, Grus grus
    Sandhill, Grus canadensis
    Whooping, Grus americana
CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana
    Hawaii, Oreomystis mana
CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra
    White-winged, Loxia leucoptera
CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos
    Fish, Corvus ossifragus
    Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis
    Mariana, Corvus kubaryi
    Northwestern, Corvus caurinus
    Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus
    White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus
CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
    Common, Cuculus canorus
    Mangrove, Coccyzus minor
    Oriental, Cuculus optatus

[[Page 23435]]

    Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus
CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis
    Eskimo, Numenius borealis
    Eurasian, Numenius arquata
    Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis
    Little, Numenius minutus
    Long-billed, Numenius americanus
DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana
DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus
DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus
DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca
    Mourning, Zenaida macroura
    White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi
    White-winged, Zenaida asiatica
    Zenaida, Zenaida aurita
DOVEKIE, Alle alle
DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus
    Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus
DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes
    Eastern Spot-billed, Anas zonorhyncha
    Falcated, Anas falcata
    Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus
    Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana
    Laysan, Anas laysanensis
    Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis
    Masked, Nomonyx dominicus
    Mottled, Anas fulvigula
    Muscovy, Cairina moschata
    Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa
    Ring-necked, Aythya collaris
    Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis
    Tufted, Aythya fuligula
    Wood, Aix sponsa
DUNLIN, Calidris alpina
EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
    Golden, Aquila chrysaetos
    White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla
EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis
    Chinese, Egretta eulophotes
    Great, Ardea alba
    Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia
    Little, Egretta garzetta
    Reddish, Egretta rufescens
    Snowy, Egretta thula
EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima
    King, Somateria spectabilis
    Spectacled, Somateria fischeri
    Steller's, Polysticta stelleri
ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica
    Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata
    White-crested, Elaenia albiceps
EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus
EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica
FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis
    Peregrine, Falco peregrinus
    Prairie, Falco mexicanus
    Red-footed, Flaco vespertinus
FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris
FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii
    House, Carpodacus mexicanus
    Laysan, Telespiza cantans
    Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
    Purple, Carpodacus purpureus
FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus ruber
FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides
    Northern, Colaptes auratus
FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens
    Alder, Empidonax alnorum
    Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens
    Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica
    Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus
    Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons
    Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis
    Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus
    Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica
    Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri
    Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer
    Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana
    Gray, Empidonax wrightii
    Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta
    Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus
    Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii
    La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae
    Least, Empidonax minimus
    Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki
    Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina
    Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi
    Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi
    Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis
    Piratic, Legatus leucophalus
    Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum
    Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus
    Social, Myiozetetes similis
    Spotted, Muscicapa striata
    Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris
    Taiga, Ficedula albicilla
    Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
    Variegated, Empidonomus varius
    Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus
    Willow, Empidonax traillii
    Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris
FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus
FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor
    Lesser, Fregata ariel
    Magnificent, Fregata magnificens
FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis
FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus
    Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii
    Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla
FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis
GADWALL, Anas strepera
GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris
    Purple, Porphyrio martinica
GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus
GARGANEY, Anas querquedula
GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps
    Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura
    Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea
    California, Polioptila californica
GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica
    Black-tailed, Limosa limosa
    Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica
    Marbled, Limosa fedoa
GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica
    European, Pluvialis apricaria
    Pacific, Pluvialis fulva
GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica
    Common, Bucephala clangula
GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis
    Lawrence's, Spinus lawrencei
    Lesser, Spinus psaltria
GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis
    Canada, Branta canadensis (including Cackling Goose, Branta 
hutchinsii)
    Emperor, Chen canagica
    Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons
    Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis
    Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus
    Ross's, Chen rossii
    Snow, Chen caerulescens
GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis
GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major
    Common, Quiscalus quiscula
    Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus
    Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis
GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor
    Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus
GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii
    Eared, Podiceps nigricollis
    Horned, Podiceps auritus
    Least, Tachybaptus dominicus
    Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps
    Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena
    Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis
GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica
GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia
    Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer
GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus
    Blue, Passerina caerulea
    Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno
    Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus
    Pine, Pinicola enucleator
    Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus
    Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina
    Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi
    Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti
    White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura
GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle
    Pigeon, Cepphus columba
GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri
    Black-headed, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
    Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris
    Bonaparte's, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
    California, Larus californicus
    Franklin's, Leucophaeus pipixcan
    Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus

[[Page 23436]]

    Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens
    Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
    Great Black-backed, Larus marinus
    Heermann's, Larus heermanni
    Herring, Larus argentatus
    Iceland, Larus glaucoides
    Ivory, Pagophila eburnea
    Kelp, Larus dominicanus
    Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla
    Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus
    Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus
    Mew, Larus canus
    Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis
    Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea
    Sabine's, Xema sabini
    Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus
    Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus
    Thayer's, Larus thayeri
    Western, Larus occidentalis
    Yellow-footed, Larus livens
    Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis
GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus
HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus
HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes
HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus
    Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii
    Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens
    Ferruginous, Buteo regalis
    Gray, Buteo nitidus
    Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus
    Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius
    Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus
    Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis
    Roadside, Buteo magnirostris
    Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus
    Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus
    Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus
    Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni
    White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus
    Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus
HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax
HAWK-OWL, Brown, Ninox scutulata
HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea
    Great Blue, Ardea herodias
    Green, Butorides virescens
    Little Blue, Egretta caerulea
    Tricolored, Egretta tricolor
HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo
HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops
HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum
HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin
    Anna's, Calypte anna
    Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus
    Berylline, Amazilia beryllina
    Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri
    Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae
    Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris
    Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus
    Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis
    Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa
    Calliope, Stellula calliope
    Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila
    Costa's, Calypte costae
    Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer
    Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens
    Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris
    Rufous, Selasphorus rufus
    Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps
    White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis
    Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii
IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus
    Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber
    White, Eudocimus albus
    White-faced, Plegadis chihi
IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea
IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica
JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria
JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa
JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus
    Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus
    Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus
JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata
    Brown, Psilorhinus morio
    Gray, Perisoreus canadensis
    Green, Cyanocorax yncas
    Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina
    Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
    Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri
JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis
    Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus
KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea
KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus
KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius
    Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus
KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus
KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans
    Couch's, Tyrannus couchii
    Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus
    Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis
    Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
    Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris
    Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus
    Western, Tyrannus verticalis
KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon
    Collared, Todirhamphus chloris
    Green, Chloroceryle americana
    Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus
    Ringed, Megaceryle torquata
KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa
    Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula
KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus
KITE, Black, Milvus migrans
    Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus
    Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis
    Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis
    Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus
    White-tailed, Elanus leucurus
KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla
    Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris
KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris
    Red, Calidris canutus
LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus
LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris
    Sky, Alauda arvensis
LEAF-WARBLER, Pallas's, Phylloscopus proregulus
LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna
LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti
LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus
    Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus
    McCown's, Rhynchophanes mccownii
    Smith's, Calcarius pictus
LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica
    Common, Gavia immer
    Pacific, Gavia pacifica
    Red-throated, Gavia stellata
    Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii
MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia
Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli
MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos
MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus
    Green, Anthracothorax viridis
    Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii
MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera
    Caribbean, Progne dominicensis
    Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca
    Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea
    Purple, Progne subis
    Southern, Progne elegans
MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna
    Western, Sturnella neglecta
MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser
    Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus
    Red-breasted, Mergus serrator
MERLIN, Falco columbarius
MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris
MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii
    Blue, Melanotis caerulescens
    Northern, Mimus polyglottos
MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus
MURRE, Common, Uria aalge
    Thick-billed, Uria lomvia
MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus
    Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri
    Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris
    Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix
    Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus
    Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus
NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax
    Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi
    Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus
    Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea
NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii
    Common, Chordeiles minor
    Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis
NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus
    Orange-billed, Catharus

[[Page 23437]]

aurantiirostris
NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi
    Gray, Caprimulgus indicus
    Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus
NODDY, Black, Anous minutus
    Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea
    Brown, Anous stolidus
NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus
NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana
NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla
    Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea
    Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis
    White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis
OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis
OMAO, Myadestes obscurus
ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis
    Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda
    Baltimore, Icterus galbula
    Black-vented, Icterus wagleri
    Bullock's, Icterus bullockii
    Hooded, Icterus cucullatus
    Orchard, Icterus spurius
    Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis
    Scott's, Icterus parisorum
    Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus
OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus
OU, Psittirostra psittacea
OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla
OWL, Barn, Tyto alba
    Barred, Strix varia
    Boreal, Aegolius funereus
    Burrowing, Athene cunicularia
    Elf, Micrathene whitneyi
    Flammulated, Otus flammeolus
    Great Gray, Strix nebulosa
    Great Horned, Bubo virginianus
    Long-eared, Asio otus
    Mottled, Ciccaba virgata
    Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula
    Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus
    Short-eared, Asio flammeus
    Snowy, Bubo scandiacus
    Spotted, Strix occidentalis
    Stygian, Asio stygius
OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus
    Black, Haematopus bachmani
    Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus
PALILA, Loxioides bailleui
PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia
PARROTBILL, Ma