General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds, 23428-23448 [2011-9448]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Background
Fish and Wildlife Service
What statutory authority does the
service have for this rulemaking?
We have statutory authority and
responsibility for enforcing the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16
U.S.C. 703–712), the Fish and Wildlife
Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C.
742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of
1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–j). The MBTA
implements Conventions between the
United States and four neighboring
countries for the protection of migratory
birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the
United States and Great Britain [on
behalf of Canada] for the Protection of
Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39
Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628);
(2) Mexico: Convention between the
United States and Mexico for the
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game
Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat.
1311 (T.S. No. 912);
(3) Japan: Convention between the
Government of the United States of
America and the Government of Japan
for the Protection of Migratory Birds and
Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their
Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T.
3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the
United States of America and the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning
the Conservation of Migratory Birds and
Their Environment (Russia), November
19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No.
9073).
50 CFR Parts 10 and 21
[Docket No. FWS–R9–MB–2010–0088;
91200–1231–9BPP]
RIN 1018–AX48
General Provisions; Revised List of
Migratory Birds
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
AGENCY:
We, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, propose to revise the
List of Migratory Birds by both adding
and removing species. Reasons for the
changes to the list include adding
species based on new taxonomy and
new evidence of occurrence in the
United States or U.S. territories,
removing species no longer known to
occur within the United States, and
changing names to conform to accepted
use. The net increase of 19 species (23
added and 4 removed) brings the total
number of species protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to
1,026. We regulate most aspects of the
taking, possession, transportation, sale,
purchase, barter, exportation, and
importation of migratory birds. An
accurate and up-to-date list of species
protected by the MBTA is essential for
public notification and regulatory
purposes.
DATES: To ensure consideration of your
comments, they must be received or
postmarked on or before July 25, 2011.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments
by either one of the following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://
www.regulations.gov. Follow the
instructions for submitting comments
on Docket No. FWS–R9–MB–2010–
0088.
• U.S. Mail or hand delivery: Public
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS–R9–
MB–2010–0088; Division of Policy and
Directives Management; U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service; 4401 North Fairfax
Drive, Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203–
1610.
We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We
will post all comments on https://
www.regulations.gov. This generally
means that we will post any personal
information that you provide. See the
Public Comments section below for
more information.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist, Division
of Migratory Bird Management, 703–
358–1799.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
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SUMMARY:
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What is the purpose of this rulemaking?
Our purpose is to inform the public of
the species protected by the MBTA and
its implementing regulations. These
regulations are found in Title 50, Code
of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10,
20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of
the taking, possession, transportation,
sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and
importation of migratory birds. An
accurate and up-to-date list of species
protected by the MBTA is essential for
regulatory purposes.
Why is this amendment of the list of
migratory birds necessary?
The amendment is needed to: (1) Add
five species previously overlooked from
a family protected under the MBTA; (2)
correct the spelling of five species on
the alphabetized list; (3) correct the
spelling of two species on the
taxonomic list; (4) add 11 species based
on new distributional records
documenting their natural occurrence in
the United States since April 2007; (5)
add one species from a family now
protected under the MBTA as a result of
taxonomic changes; (6) add six species
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newly recognized as a result of recent
taxonomic changes; (7) remove four
species not known to occur within the
boundaries of the United States or its
territories as a result of recent
taxonomic changes; (8) change the
common (English) names of nine
species to conform with accepted use;
and (9) change the scientific names of
36 species to conform to accepted use.
The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR
10.13) was last revised on March 1, 2010
(75 FR 9282). These amendments were
necessitated by three published
supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of
the American Ornithologists’ Union’s
(AOU’s) Check-list of North American
Birds (AOU 2008, AOU 2009, and AOU
2010).
In addition, we propose to correct the
legal authorities citations at 50 CFR
10.13(a).
We also would make a small change
to a definition in 50 CFR 21.3. We
propose to update the definition of
‘‘raptor’’ to also include the order
Accipitriformes to correspond to the
proposed changes in the List of
Migratory Birds.
What scientific authorities are used to
amend the list of migratory birds?
Although bird names (common and
scientific) are relatively stable, staying
current with standardized use is
necessary to avoid confusion in
communications. In making our
determinations, we primarily relied on
the American Ornithologists’ Union’s
Check-list of North American Birds
(AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999,
2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010), on matters
of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the
sequence of species and other higher
taxonomic categories (orders, families,
subfamilies) for species that occur in
North America. The AOU Checklist
contains all bird species that have
occurred in North America from the
Arctic through Panama, including the
West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands,
and includes distributional information
for each species, which specifies
whether the species is known to occur
in the United States. For the 39 species
that occur outside the geographic area
covered by the Check-list (28 that occur
in the Pacific island territories and 11
listed in the Japanese and/or Russian
conventions that have not occurred in
the AOU area), we relied primarily on
Clements (2007). Although we primarily
rely on the above checklists, when
informed taxonomic opinion is
inconsistent or controversial, we
evaluate available published and
unpublished information and come to
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our own conclusion regarding the
validity of taxa.
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What criteria are used to identify
individual species protected by the
MBTA?
A species qualifies for protection
under the MBTA by meeting one or
more of the following four criteria:
(1) It is covered by the Canadian
Convention of 1916, as amended in
1996, by virtue of meeting the following
three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family
or group of species named in the
Canadian Convention, as amended; (b)
specimens, photographs, videotape
recordings, or audiotape recordings
provide convincing evidence of natural
occurrence in the United States or its
territories; and (c) the documentation of
such records has been recognized by the
AOU or other competent scientific
authorities.
(2) It is covered by the Mexican
Convention of 1936, as amended in
1972, by virtue of meeting the following
three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family
or group of species named in the
Mexican Convention, as amended; (b)
specimens, photographs, videotape
recordings, or audiotape recordings
provide convincing evidence of natural
occurrence in the United States or its
territories; and (c) the documentation of
such records has been recognized by the
AOU or other competent scientific
authorities.
(3) It is listed in the annex to the
Japanese Convention of 1972, as
amended.
(4) It is listed in the appendix to the
Russian Convention of 1976.
In accordance with the Migratory Bird
Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA)
(Pub. L. 108–447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071–
72), we include all species native to the
United States or its territories, which are
those that occur as a result of natural
biological or ecological processes (see
70 FR 12710, March 15, 2005). We do
not include nonnative species whose
occurrences in the United States are
solely the result of intentional or
unintentional human-assisted
introduction(s).
How do the proposed changes affect the
list of migratory birds?
Several taxonomic changes were
made at the Order and Family level by
the AOU since publication of the last
list. These changes affect the inclusion
and taxonomic order of species on this
list. Specifically, the Orders
Phaethontiformes and Suliformes were
split from the Pelecaniformes.
Phaethontiformes now includes the
Family Phaethontidae (tropicbirds);
Suliformes now includes the Families
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Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Sulidae
(boobys), Phalacrocoracidae
(cormorants), and Anhingidae
(anhingas). In addition, the Order
Accipitriformes was split from the
Falconiformes and now include the
Families Cathartidae (vultures),
Pandionidae (Osprey), and Accipitridae
(hawks and eagles). At the Family level,
the Ardeidae (herons and egrets) and
Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills)
were moved from the Ciconiiformes to
the Pelecaniformes Order, the
Pandionidae (Osprey) were separated
from the Accipitridae (hawks and
eagles), and the Stercorariidae (jaegers
and skuas) were separated from the
Laridae (gulls, terns, and skimmers).
The Polioptilidae (gnatcatchers),
Phylloscopidae (Phylloscopus warblers),
Acrocephalidae (Acrocephalus
warblers), and Megaluridae (Locustella
warblers) were separated from the
Sylviidae, and the Calcariidae
(longspurs and snow buntings) were
separated from the Emberizidae
(buntings and sparrows). The euphonias
were put into their own Subfamily
(Euphoniinae) and moved from the
Thraupidae to the Fringillidae Family.
All species within these newly created
families continue to be protected under
the MBTA. In addition, the Wrentit was
moved from the Timaliidae (babblers) to
the Sylviidae and is now in a family
protected by the MBTA.
The amendments (23 additions, 4
removals, and 51 name changes) affect
a grand total of 78 species and result in
a net addition of 19 species to the List
of Migratory Birds, increasing the
species total from 1,007 to 1,026. Of the
23 species that we add to the list, 6 were
previously covered under the MBTA as
subspecies of listed species. These
amendments can be logically arranged
in the following 9 categories:
(1) Add five species from the family
Muscicapidae, a family specifically
listed in the 1996 protocol amending the
1916 convention with Canada. The
omission of these species on the
previous list was an oversight. All are
considered accidental or casual in
Alaska. The species and relevant AOU
publication(s) are:
Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula
mugimaki (AOU 1987, 1997, 1998);
Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla
(AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2006);
Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa
sibirica (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2004);
Asian Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa
dauurica (AOU 1987, 1989, 1998); and
Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata
(AOU 2004).
(2) Correct the spelling of five
scientific names on the alphabetized
list:
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Nesofregata fuliginosa (Polynesian
Storm-Petrel), becomes Nesofregetta
fuliginosa;
Thalleseus maximus (Royal Tern),
becomes Thalasseus maximus;
Thalleseus sandvicensis (Sandwich
Tern), becomes Thalasseus
sandvicensis;
Phylloscopus siilatrix (Wood
Warbler), becomes Phylloscopus
sibilatrix; and
Locustella lanceoloata (Lanceolated
Warbler), becomes Locustella
lanceolata.
(3) Correct the spelling of two
scientific names on the taxonomic list:
Nesofregetta fuiginosa (Polynesian
Storm-Petrel), becomes Nesofregetta
fuliginosa; and
Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced
Grassquit), becomes Tiaris olivaceus.
(4) Add 11 species based on review
and acceptance by AOU (since April
2007) of new distributional records
documenting their occurrence in the
United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S.
Virgin Islands. These species belong to
families covered by the Canadian and/
or Mexican Conventions, and all are
considered to be of accidental or casual
occurrence. For each species, we list the
State in which it has been recorded plus
the relevant publication:
Parkinson’s Petrel, Procellaria
parkinsoni—California (AOU 2008);
Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel,
Oceanodroma monorhis—North
Carolina (AOU 2010);
Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus
furcatus—California (AOU 2008);
Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata—
Alaska (AOU 2009);
White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia
albiceps—Texas (AOU 2010);
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher,
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus—
Louisiana (AOU 2010);
Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa—
Arizona (AOU 2010);
Pallas’s Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus
proregulus—Alaska (AOU 2008);
Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus—Alaska (AOU 2009);
Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia
sibilans—Alaska (AOU 2010); and
Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza
chrysophrys—Alaska (AOU 2009).
(5) Add one species because of recent
taxonomic changes transferring a
species in a family formerly not
protected by the MBTA (Timaliidae)
into a family protected under the MBTA
(Sylviidae). We reference the AOU
publication supporting the change:
Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (AOU
2010).
(6) Add six species because of recent
taxonomic changes in which taxa
formerly treated as subspecies have
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been determined to be distinct species.
Given that each of these species was
formerly treated as subspecies of a listed
species, these additions will not change
the protective status of any of these taxa,
only the names by which they are
known. In each case, we reference the
AOU publication supporting the change:
Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas
zonorhyncha—formerly considered a
subspecies of Anas poecilorhyncha,
Spot-billed Duck (AOU 2008);
Black Scoter, Melanitta americana—
formerly treated as a subspecies of
Melanitta nigra, Common [Black] Scoter
(AOU 2009);
Mexican Whip-poor-will,
Caprimulgus arizonae— formerly
treated as a subspecies of Caprimulgus
vociferus, Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010);
Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus—
formerly treated as a subspecies of
Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian
[Winter] Wren (AOU 2010);
Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis—
formerly treated as a subspecies of
Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian
[Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); and
Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus
portoricensis— formerly treated as a
subspecies of Icterus dominicensis,
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole
(AOU 2010).
(7) Remove four species based on
revised taxonomic treatments and
distributional evidence confirming that
their known geographic ranges lie
entirely outside the political boundaries
of the United States and its territories.
In each case, we reference the AOU
publication supporting these changes:
Spot-billed Duck, Anas
poecilorhyncha (AOU 2008);
Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta
nigra (AOU 2009);
Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes
troglodytes (AOU 2010); and
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean]
Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (AOU
2010).
(8) Revise the common (English)
names of nine species to conform to the
most recent nomenclatural treatment.
These revisions do not change the
protective status of any of these taxa,
only the names by which they are
known. In each case, we reference the
published source for the name change:
Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus
ruber, becomes American Flamingo
(AOU 2008);
Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis,
becomes Great Shearwater (AOU 2010);
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus
vociferus, becomes Eastern Whip-poorwill (AOU 2010);
Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus,
becomes Green Violetear (AOU 2008);
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Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola
solitarius, becomes Blue Rock-Thrush
(Clements 2007);
Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi,
becomes Clay-colored Thrush (AOU
2008);
White-throated Robin, Turdus
assimilis, becomes White-throated
Thrush (AOU 2008);
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow,
Ammodramus nelsoni, becomes
Nelson’s Sparrow (AOU 2009); and
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow,
Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes
Saltmarsh Sparrow (AOU 2009).
(9) Revise the scientific names of 36
species to conform to the most recent
nomenclatural treatment. These
revisions do not change the protective
status of any of these taxa, only the
names by which they are known. In
each case, we reference the AOU
publication documenting the name
change:
Larus philadelphia (Bonaparte’s Gull)
becomes Chroicocephalus philadelphia
(AOU 2008);
Larus cirrocephalus (Gray-hooded
Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus
cirrocephalus (AOU 2008);
Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull)
becomes Chroicocephalus ridibundus
(AOU 2008);
Larus minutus (Little Gull) becomes
Hydrocoloeus minutus (AOU 2008);
Larus atricilla (Laughing Gull)
becomes Leucophaeus atricilla (AOU
2008);
Larus pipixcan (Frankin’s Gull)
becomes Leucophaeus pipixcan (AOU
2008);
Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay)
becomes Psilorhinus morio (AOU 2010);
Poecile hudsonica (Boreal Chickadee)
becomes Poecile hudsonicus (AOU
2009);
Poecile cincta (Gray-headed
Chickadee) becomes Poecile cinctus
(AOU 2009);
Calcarius mccownii (McCown’s
Longspur) becomes Rhynchophanes
mccownii (AOU 2010);
Vermivora pinus (Blue-winged
Warbler) becomes Vermivora
cyanoptera (AOU 2010);
Vermivora peregrina (Tennessee
Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis peregrina
(AOU 2010);
Vermivora celata (Orange-crowned
Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis celata
(AOU 2010);
Vermivora ruficapilla (Nashville
Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis
ruficapilla (AOU 2010);
Vermivora virginiae (Virginia’s
Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis virginiae
(AOU 2010);
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Vermivora crissalis (Colima Warbler)
becomes Oreothlypis crissalis (AOU
2010);
Vermivora luciae (Lucy’s Warbler)
becomes Oreothlypis luciae (AOU
2010);
Parula superciliosa (Crescent-chested
Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis
superciliosa (AOU 2010);
Seiurus noveboracensis (Northern
Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia
noveboracensis (AOU 2010);
Seiurus motacilla (Louisiana
Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia
motacilla (AOU 2010);
Pipilo fuscus (Canyon Towhee)
becomes Melozone fusca (AOU 2010);
Pipilo crissalis (California Towhee)
becomes Melozone crissalis (AOU
2010);
Pipilo aberti (Abert’s Towhee)
becomes Melozone aberti (AOU 2010);
Aimophila carpalis (Rufous-winged
Sparrow) becomes Peucaea carpalis
(AOU 2010);
Aimophila botterii (Botteri’s Sparrow)
becomes Peucaea botterii (AOU 2010);
Aimophila cassinii (Cassin’s Sparrow)
becomes Peucaea cassinii (AOU 2010);
Aimophila aestivalis (Bachman’s
Sparrow) becomes Peucaea aestivalis
(AOU 2010);
Aimophila quinquestriata (Fivestriped Sparrow) becomes Amphispiza
quinquestriata (AOU 2010);
Carduelis flammea (Common
Redpoll) becomes Acanthis flammea
(AOU 2009);
Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary
Redpoll) becomes Acanthis hornemanni
(AOU 2009);
Carduelis spinus (Eurasian Siskin)
becomes Spinus spinus (AOU 2009);
Carduelis pinus (Pine Siskin) becomes
Spinus pinus (AOU 2009);
Carduelis psaltria (Lesser Goldfinch)
becomes Spinus psaltria (AOU 2009);
Carduelis lawrencei (Lawrence’s
Goldfinch) becomes Spinus lawrencei
(AOU 2009);
Carduelis tristis (American Goldfinch)
becomes Spinus tristis (AOU 2009); and
Carduelis sinica (Oriental Greenfinch)
becomes Chloris sinica (AOU 2009).
For ease of comparison, changes are
summarized in the following table
(numbers reference the categories
treated above). Species whose names
have been revised (categories 2, 8, and
9) appear in both the left-hand column
(old name removed) and right-hand
column (new name added), as are
species that have been added based on
taxonomic splits (category 6) of
extralimital species that have been
removed (category 7).
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Removed (taxonomically)
Added (taxonomically)
Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (7) ..............................................
Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra (7) ............................................
Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8) ...........................................
Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8) ..................................................
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregata fuliginosa (2) ...............................
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuiginosa (3) ...............................
Bonaparte’s Gull, Larus philadelphia (9) ..................................................
Gray-hooded Gull, Larus cirrocephalus (9) ..............................................
Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus (9) ..................................................
Little Gull, Larus minutus (9) ....................................................................
Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla (9) ..............................................................
Frankin’s Gull, Larus pipixcan (9) ............................................................
Royal Tern, Thalleseus maximus (2) .......................................................
Sandwich Tern, Thalleseus sandvicensis (2) ...........................................
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8) ...............................................
Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus (8) ..................................................
Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio (9) ............................................................
Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonica (9) ................................................
Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cincta (9) ............................................
Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes (7) ...............................
Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus siilatrix (2) .................................................
Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceoloata (2) .....................................
Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8) ..............................................
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Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi (8) .......................................................
White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis (8) ..............................................
McCown’s Longspur, Calcarius mccownii (9) ..........................................
Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus (9) ..............................................
Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina (9) ..........................................
Orange-crowned Warbler, Vermivora celata (9) ......................................
Nashville Warbler, Vermivora ruficapilla (9) .............................................
Virginia’s Warbler, Vermivora virginiae (9) ...............................................
Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis (9) ...................................................
Lucy’s Warbler, Vermivora luciae (9) .......................................................
Crescent-chested Warbler, Parula superciliosa (9) .................................
Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus noveboracensis (9) .................................
Louisiana Waterthrush, Seiurus motacilla (9) ..........................................
Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivacea (3) ..............................................
Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus (9) ...........................................................
California Towhee, Pipilo crissalis (9) ......................................................
Abert’s Towhee, Pipilo aberti (9) ..............................................................
Rufous-winged Sparrow, Aimophila carpalis (9) ......................................
Botteri’s Sparrow, Aimophila botterii (9) ...................................................
Cassin’s Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii (9) .................................................
Bachman’s Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis (9) ..........................................
Five-striped Sparrow, Aimophila quinquestriata (9) .................................
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8) ......................
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8) .............
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (7) .............
Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea (9) ................................................
Hoary Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni (9) ................................................
Eurasian Siskin, Carduelis spinus (9) ......................................................
Pine Siskin, Carduelis pinus (9) ...............................................................
Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria (9) ...................................................
Lawrence’s Goldfinch, Carduelis lawrencei (9) ........................................
American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis (9) ..................................................
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Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha (6).
Black Scoter, Melanitta americana (6).
American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8).
Parkinson’s Petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (4).
Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8).
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (2).
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (3).
Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis (4).
Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus (4).
Bonaparte’s Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (9).
Gray-hooded Gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (9).
Black-headed Gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (9).
Little Gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (9).
Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (9).
Frankin’s Gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (9).
Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus (2).
Sandwich Tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (2).
Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (4).
Eastern Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8).
Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae (6).
Green Violetear, Colibri thalassinus (8).
White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps (4).
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus (4).
Brown Jay, Psilorhinus morio (9).
Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonicus (9).
Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cinctus (9).
Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa (4).
Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus (6).
Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis (6).
Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2).
Pallas’s Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (4).
Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceolata (2).
Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (5).
Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (4).
Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki (1).
Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla (1).
Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (1).
Asian Brown Flyctcher, Muscicapa dauurica (1).
Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (1).
Blue Rock-Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8).
Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans (4).
Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus grayi (8).
White-throated Thrush, Turdus assimilis (8).
McCown’s Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii (9).
Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera (9).
Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina (9).
Orange-crowned Warbler, Oreothlypis celata (9).
Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla (9).
Virginia’s Warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae (9).
Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis crissalis (9).
Lucy’s Warbler, Oreothlypis luciae (9).
Crescent-chested Warbler, Oreothlypis superciliosa (9).
Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis (9).
Louisiana Waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla (9).
Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivaceus (3).
Canyon Towhee, Melozone fusca (9).
California Towhee, Melozone crissalis (9).
Abert’s Towhee, Melozone aberti (9).
Rufous-winged Sparrow, Peucaea carpalis (9).
Botteri’s Sparrow, Peucaea botterii (9).
Cassin’s Sparrow, Peucaea cassinii (9).
Bachman’s Sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis (9).
Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispiza quinquestriata (9).
Nelson’s Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8).
Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8).
Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys (4).
Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis (6).
Common Redpoll, Acanthis flammea (9).
Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (9).
Eurasian Siskin, Spinus spinus (9).
Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus (9).
Lesser Goldfinch, Spinus psaltria (9).
Lawrence’s Goldfinch, Spinus lawrencei (9).
American Goldfinch, Spinus tristis (9).
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Removed (taxonomically)
Added (taxonomically)
Oriental Greenfinch, Carduelis sinica (9) .................................................
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How is the list of migratory birds
organized?
The species are listed in two formats
to suit the needs of different segments
of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR
10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR
10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing,
species are listed by common (English)
group names, with the scientific name
of each species following the English
group name. This format, similar to that
used in modern telephone directories, is
most useful to members of the lay
public. In the taxonomic listing, species
are listed in phylogenetic sequence by
scientific name, with the English name
following the scientific name. To help
clarify species relationships, we also list
the higher-level taxonomic categories of
Order, Family, and Subfamily. This
format follows the sequence adopted by
the AOU (1998, 2010) and is most useful
to ornithologists and other scientists.
What species are not protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
The MBTA does not apply to:
(1) Nonnative species introduced into
the United States or its territories by
means of intentional or unintentional
human assistance that belong to families
or groups covered by the Canadian,
Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in
accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR
12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list
of nonnative, human-introduced bird
species in this category. Note, though,
that native species that are introduced
into parts of the United States where
they are not native are still protected
under the MBTA regardless of where
they occur in the United States or its
territories.
(2) Nonnative, human-introduced
species that belong to families or groups
not covered by the Canadian, Mexican,
or Russian Conventions, including
Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae
(chachalacas), Megapodiidae
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse,
ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae
(buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New
World quail), Pteroclididae
(sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots),
Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae
(toucans), Musophagidae (turacos),
Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae
(ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae
(bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae
(fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers),
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae
(starlings; except as listed in the
Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old
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Oriental Greenfinch, Chloris sinica (9).
World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers),
Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and
numerous other families not currently
represented in the United States or its
territories.
(3) Native species that belong to
families or groups represented in the
United States, but which are not
expressly mentioned by the Canadian,
Mexican, or Russian Conventions,
including the Megapodiidae
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse,
ptarmigan, and turkeys),
Odontophoridae (New World quail),
Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae
(pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots),
Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae
(honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarch
flycatchers [elepaios]), Zosteropidae
(white-eyes), and Coerebidae
(bananaquit). It should be noted that
this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710
notice to the extent that they are
inconsistent. Specifically, the 1996
amendment to the Canadian Convention
included the family Muscicapidae (Old
World flycatchers). Thus, all members
of the Muscicapidae family are now
included on this list. In addition, the
Wrentit is now considered a member of
the Sylviidae family rather than the
Timaliidae family and is now included
on this list.
Partial lists of the species included in
categories 2 and 3 are available at
https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/
RegulationsPolicies/mbta/
MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html.
used in preparing this proposed rule,
will be available for public inspection at
https://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business
hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT). You may obtain copies of our
previous actions concerning this subject
by mail (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT) or by visiting the Federal
eRulemaking Portal at https://
www.regulations.gov.
Public Comments
We request comments or suggestions
on this proposed rule from any
interested parties. You may submit your
comments and materials concerning this
proposed rule by one of the methods
listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will
not consider comments sent by e-mail or
fax or to an address not listed in the
ADDRESSES section.
If you submit a comment via https://
www.regulations.gov, your entire
comment—including any personal
identifying information—will be posted
on the Web site. If you submit a
hardcopy comment that includes
personal identifying information, you
may request at the top of your document
that we withhold this information from
public review. However, we cannot
guarantee that we will be able to do so.
We will post all hardcopy comments on
https://www.regulations.gov.
Comments and materials we receive,
as well as supporting documentation we
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601
et seq.)
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Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
(Executive Order 12866)
The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) has determined that this
proposed rule is not significant under
Executive Order 12866. OMB bases its
determination upon the following four
criteria:
(a) Whether the rule will have an
annual effect of $100 million or more on
the economy or adversely affect an
economic sector, productivity, jobs, the
environment, or other units of the
government.
(b) Whether the rule will create
inconsistencies with other Federal
agencies’ actions.
(c) Whether the rule will materially
affect entitlements, grants, user fees,
loan programs, or the rights and
obligations of their recipients.
(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal
or policy issues.
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
(5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement
Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L.
104–121)), whenever an agency is
required to publish a notice of
rulemaking for any proposed or final
rule, it must prepare and make available
for public comment a regulatory
flexibility analysis that describes the
effect of the rule on small entities (i.e.,
small businesses, small organizations,
and small government jurisdictions).
However, no regulatory flexibility
analysis is required if the head of an
agency certifies the rule does not have
a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
SBREFA amended the Regulatory
Flexibility Act to require Federal
agencies to provide the statement of the
factual basis for certifying that a rule
will not have a significant economic
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 / Proposed Rules
impact on a substantial number of small
entities. We have examined this
proposed rule’s potential effects on
small entities as required by the
Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have
determined that this action would not
have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities,
because we are simply updating the list
of migratory bird species protected
under the Conventions. Consequently,
we certify that because this rule does
not have a significant economic effect
on a substantial number of small
entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis
is not required.
This proposed rule is not a major rule
under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It
would not have a significant impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
a. This proposed rule would not have
an annual effect on the economy of $100
million or more.
b. This proposed rule would not cause
a major increase in costs or prices for
consumers, individual industries,
Federal, State, or local government
agencies, or geographic regions.
c. This proposed rule will not have
significant adverse effects on
competition, employment, investment,
productivity, innovation, or the ability
of U.S.-based enterprises to compete
with foreign-based enterprises.
jlentini on DSKJ8SOYB1PROD with PROPOSALS3
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et
seq.), we have determined the following:
a. This proposed rule would not
‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ affect small
governments. A small government
agency plan is not required. Actions
under the proposed regulation would
not affect small government activities in
any significant way.
b. This proposed rule would not
produce a Federal mandate of $100
million or greater in any year; i.e., it is
not a ‘‘significant regulatory action’’
under the Unfunded Mandates Reform
Act.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order
12630, the proposed rule would not
have significant takings implications.
This proposed rule does not contain a
provision for taking of private property.
Therefore, a takings implication
assessment is not required.
Federalism
This proposed rule would not have
sufficient Federalism effects to warrant
preparation of a Federalism assessment
under Executive Order 13132. It would
not interfere with the States’ ability to
manage themselves or their funds. No
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significant economic impacts are
expected to result from the updating of
the list of migratory bird species.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order
12988, the Office of the Solicitor has
determined that the proposed rule
would not unduly burden the judicial
system and meets the requirements of
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
We examined this proposed rule
under the Paperwork Reduction Act of
1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). There are
no new information collection
requirements associated with this
proposed rule. We are not requiring any
new permits, reports, or recordkeeping
in this proposed rule.
National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA)
Given that the revision of 50 CFR
10.13 is strictly administrative in nature
and will have no or minor
environmental effects, it is categorically
excluded from further NEPA
requirements (43 CFR 46.210(h)).
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
Seventy-five of the species on the
proposed List of Migratory Birds are
also designated as endangered or
threatened in all or some portion of
their U.S. range under provisions of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16
U.S.C. 1531–44; 50 CFR 17.11). No legal
complications arise from the dual listing
since the two lists are developed under
separate authorities and for different
purposes. Because the rule is strictly
administrative in nature, it does not
require ESA consultation.
Government-to-Government
Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President’s
memorandum of April 29, 1994,
‘‘Government-to-Government Relations
with Native American tribal
Governments’’ (59 FR 22951), Executive
Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have
evaluated potential effects on Federallyrecognized Indian tribes and have
determined that there are no potential
effects. The revisions to existing
regulations in this proposed rule are
purely administrative in nature and
would not interfere with the tribes’
ability to manage themselves or their
funds or to regulate migratory bird
activities on tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
(Executive Order 13211)
On May 18, 2001, the President issued
Executive Order 13211 addressing
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23433
regulations that significantly affect
energy supply, distribution, and use.
Executive Order 13211 requires agencies
to prepare Statements of Energy Effects
when undertaking certain actions.
Because this proposed rule only affects
the listing of protected species in the
United States, it is not a significant
regulatory action under Executive Order
12866, and does not significantly affect
energy supplies, distribution, or use.
Therefore, this action is not a significant
energy action and no Statement of
Energy Effects is required.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited
is available upon request (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT above).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10
Exports, Fish, Imports, Law
enforcement, Plants, Transportation,
Wildlife.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
For the reasons discussed in the
preamble, we propose to amend title 50,
chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the
Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:
PART 10—[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 10
continues to read as follows:
Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703–
712; 16 U.S.C. 668a–d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16
U.S.C. 1531–1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361–1384,
1401–1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a–742j–l; 16 U.S.C.
3371–3378.
2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows:
§ 10.13
List of Migratory Birds.
(a) Legal authority for this list. The
legal authorities for this list are the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA; 16
U.S.C. 703–712), the Fish and Wildlife
Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C.
742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of
1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–742j). The MBTA
implements Conventions between the
United States and four neighboring
countries for the protection of migratory
birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the
United States and Great Britain [on
behalf of Canada] for the Protection of
Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39
Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended;
(2) Mexico: Convention between the
United States and Mexico for the
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game
Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat.
1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended;
(3) Japan: Convention between the
Government of the United States of
America and the Government of Japan
for the Protection of Migratory Birds and
Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their
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Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T.
3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the
United States of America and the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning
the Conservation of Migratory Birds and
Their Environment, November 19, 1976,
20 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
(b) Purpose of this list. The purpose
is to inform the public of the species
protected by regulations that enforce the
terms of the MBTA. These regulations,
found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this
chapter, cover most aspects of the
taking, possession, transportation, sale,
purchase, barter, exportation, and
importation of migratory birds.
(c) What species are protected as
migratory birds? Species protected as
migratory birds are listed in two formats
to suit the varying needs of the user:
Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of
this section and taxonomically in
paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
Taxonomy and nomenclature generally
follow the 7th edition of the American
Ornithologists’ Union’s Check-list of
North American birds (1998, as
amended through 2010). For species not
treated by the AOU Check-list, we
generally follow The Clements Checklist
of Birds of the World (Clements 2007).
(1) Alphabetical listing. Species are
listed alphabetically by common
(English) group names, with the
scientific name of each species
following the common name.
ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella
montanella
AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris
AKEPA, Loxops coccineus
AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus
ellisianus
AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi
AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi
AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei
ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza
montana
Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata
ALBATROSS, Black-browed,
Thalassarche melanophris
Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes
Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis
Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata
Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus
Shy, Thalassarche cauta
Wandering, Diomedea exulans
Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche
chlororhynchos
AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens
Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis
Oahu, Hemignathus flavus
ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga
ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga
sulcirostris
Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani
ANIANIAU, Magumma parva
APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea
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AUKLET, Cassin’s, Ptychoramphus
aleuticus
Crested, Aethia cristatella
Least, Aethia pusilla
Parakeet, Aethia psittacula
Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata
Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea
AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra
americana
BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis
Tundra, Anser serrirostris
BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern,
Camptostoma imberbe
BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus
aglaiae
BITTERN, American, Botaurus
lentiginosus
Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis
Least, Ixobrychus exilis
Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis
BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus
anthracinus
BLACKBIRD, Brewer’s, Euphagus
cyanocephalus
Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus
Rusty, Euphagus carolinus
Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius
humeralis
Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor
Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus
xanthocephalus
Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius
xanthomus
BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis
Mountain, Sialia currucoides
Western, Sialia mexicana
BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger
cyanurus
BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica
BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii
Brown, Sula leucogaster
Masked, Sula dactylatra
Red-footed, Sula sula
BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla
BRANT, Branta bernicla
BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola
BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula
pyrrhula
Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis
BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa
parellina
Gray, Emberiza variabilis
Indigo, Passerina cyanea
Little, Emberiza pusilla
Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys
Lazuli, Passerina amoena
McKay’s, Plectrophenax hyperboreus
Painted, Passerina ciris
Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi
Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos
Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus
Rustic, Emberiza rustica
Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis
Varied, Passerina versicolor
Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola
Yellow-browed, Emberiza
chrysophrys
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Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans
BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus
CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria
CARACARA, Crested, Caracara
cheriway
CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis
cardinalis
CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis
holosericeus
Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis
CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila
glabrirostris
Gray, Dumetella carolinensis
CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla
coelebs
CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile
atricapillus
Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus
Carolina, Poecile carolinensis
Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens
Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus
Mexican, Poecile sclateri
Mountain, Poecile gambeli
CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus
carolinensis
CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps
californianus
COOT, American, Fulica americana
Caribbean, Fulica caribaea
Eurasian, Fulica atra
Hawaiian, Fulica alai
CORMORANT, Brandt’s, Phalacrocorax
penicillatus
Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus
Great, Phalacrocorax carbo
Little Pied, Phalacrocorax
melanoleucos
Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile
COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus
Brown-headed, Molothrus ater
Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis
CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex
Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops
Spotless, Porzana tabuensis
Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer
CRANE, Common, Grus grus
Sandhill, Grus canadensis
Whooping, Grus americana
CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana
Hawaii, Oreomystis mana
CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra
White-winged, Loxia leucoptera
CROW, American, Corvus
brachyrhynchos
Fish, Corvus ossifragus
Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis
Mariana, Corvus kubaryi
Northwestern, Corvus caurinus
Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus
White-necked, Corvus
leucognaphalus
CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus
erythropthalmus
Common, Cuculus canorus
Mangrove, Coccyzus minor
Oriental, Cuculus optatus
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Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus
CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius
tahitiensis
Eskimo, Numenius borealis
Eurasian, Numenius arquata
Far Eastern, Numenius
madagascariensis
Little, Numenius minutus
Long-billed, Numenius americanus
DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana
DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus
DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius
morinellus
DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca
Mourning, Zenaida macroura
White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi
White-winged, Zenaida asiatica
Zenaida, Zenaida aurita
DOVEKIE, Alle alle
DOWITCHER, Long-billed,
Limnodromus scolopaceus
Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus
DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes
Eastern Spot-billed, Anas
zonorhyncha
Falcated, Anas falcata
Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus
Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana
Laysan, Anas laysanensis
Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis
Masked, Nomonyx dominicus
Mottled, Anas fulvigula
Muscovy, Cairina moschata
Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa
Ring-necked, Aythya collaris
Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis
Tufted, Aythya fuligula
Wood, Aix sponsa
DUNLIN, Calidris alpina
EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Golden, Aquila chrysaetos
White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla
EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis
Chinese, Egretta eulophotes
Great, Ardea alba
Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia
Little, Egretta garzetta
Reddish, Egretta rufescens
Snowy, Egretta thula
EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima
King, Somateria spectabilis
Spectacled, Somateria fischeri
Steller’s, Polysticta stelleri
ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica
Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata
White-crested, Elaenia albiceps
EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon
maugaeus
EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia
musica
FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis
Peregrine, Falco peregrinus
Prairie, Falco mexicanus
Red-footed, Flaco vespertinus
FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris
FINCH, Cassin’s, Carpodacus cassinii
House, Carpodacus mexicanus
Laysan, Telespiza cantans
Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
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Purple, Carpodacus purpureus
FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus
ruber
FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides
Northern, Colaptes auratus
FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax
virescens
Alder, Empidonax alnorum
Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens
Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica
Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons
Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis
Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus
aurantioatrocristatus
Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica
Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri
Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana
Gray, Empidonax wrightii
Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta
Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus
Hammond’s, Empidonax hammondii
La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae
Least, Empidonax minimus
Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki
Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina
Nutting’s, Myiarchus nuttingi
Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi
Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis
Piratic, Legatus leucophalus
Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum
Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus
Social, Myiozetetes similis
Spotted, Muscicapa striata
Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes
luteiventris
Taiga, Ficedula albicilla
Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Variegated, Empidonomus varius
Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus
Willow, Empidonax traillii
Yellow-bellied, Empidonax
flaviventris
FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur
semitorquatus
FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor
Lesser, Fregata ariel
Magnificent, Fregata magnificens
FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis
FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned,
Ptilinopus porphyraceus
Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii
Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla
FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis
GADWALL, Anas strepera
GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio
flavirostris
Purple, Porphyrio martinica
GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus
GARGANEY, Anas querquedula
GNATCATCHER, Black-capped,
Polioptila nigriceps
Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura
Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea
California, Polioptila californica
GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed, Limosa limosa
Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica
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Marbled, Limosa fedoa
GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis
dominica
European, Pluvialis apricaria
Pacific, Pluvialis fulva
GOLDENEYE, Barrow’s, Bucephala
islandica
Common, Bucephala clangula
GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis
Lawrence’s, Spinus lawrencei
Lesser, Spinus psaltria
GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis
Canada, Branta canadensis (including
Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii)
Emperor, Chen canagica
Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons
Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis
Lesser White-fronted, Anser
erythropus
Ross’s, Chen rossii
Snow, Chen caerulescens
GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis
GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major
Common, Quiscalus quiscula
Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus
Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER,
Middendorff’s, Locustella
ochotensis
GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor
Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus
GREBE, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii
Eared, Podiceps nigricollis
Horned, Podiceps auritus
Least, Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps
Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena
Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis
GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica
GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa
nebularia
Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer
GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus
melanocephalus
Blue, Passerina caerulea
Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis
celaeno
Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus
Pine, Pinicola enucleator
Rose-breasted, Pheucticus
ludovicianus
Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina
passerina
Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi
Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti
White-throated, Gallicolumba
xanthonura
GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle
Pigeon, Cepphus columba
GULL, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri
Black-headed, Chroicocephalus
ridibundus
Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris
Bonaparte’s, Chroicocephalus
philadelphia
California, Larus californicus
Franklin’s, Leucophaeus pipixcan
Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus
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Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens
Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus
cirrocephalus
Great Black-backed, Larus marinus
Heermann’s, Larus heermanni
Herring, Larus argentatus
Iceland, Larus glaucoides
Ivory, Pagophila eburnea
Kelp, Larus dominicanus
Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla
Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus
Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus
Mew, Larus canus
Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis
Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea
Sabine’s, Xema sabini
Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus
Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus
Thayer’s, Larus thayeri
Western, Larus occidentalis
Yellow-footed, Larus livens
Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis
GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus
HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus
HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes
HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo
platypterus
Cooper’s, Accipiter cooperii
Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens
Ferruginous, Buteo regalis
Gray, Buteo nitidus
Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus
Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius
Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus
Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis
Roadside, Buteo magnirostris
Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus
Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus
Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson’s, Buteo swainsoni
White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus
Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus
HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson’s, Cuculus
fugax
HAWK-OWL, Brown, Ninox scutulata
HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea
Great Blue, Ardea herodias
Green, Butorides virescens
Little Blue, Egretta caerulea
Tricolored, Egretta tricolor
HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo
HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops
HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon
urbicum
HUMMINGBIRD, Allen’s, Selasphorus
sasin
Anna’s, Calypte anna
Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus
cristatus
Berylline, Amazilia beryllina
Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri
Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae
Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris
Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus
Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis
Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa
Calliope, Stellula calliope
Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila
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Costa’s, Calypte costae
Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer
Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens
Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris
Rufous, Selasphorus rufus
Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps
White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis
Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii
IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus
Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber
White, Eudocimus albus
White-faced, Plegadis chihi
IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea
IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula
pacifica
JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria
JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa
JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius
longicaudus
Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus
Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus
JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata
Brown, Psilorhinus morio
Gray, Perisoreus canadensis
Green, Cyanocorax yncas
Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina
Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Steller’s, Cyanocitta stelleri
JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis
Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus
KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea
KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus
KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius
Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus
KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus
KINGBIRD, Cassin’s, Tyrannus
vociferans
Couch’s, Tyrannus couchii
Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus
Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis
Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris
Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus
Western, Tyrannus verticalis
KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle
alcyon
Collared, Todirhamphus chloris
Green, Chloroceryle americana
Micronesian, Todirhamphus
cinnamominus
Ringed, Megaceryle torquata
KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus
satrapa
Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula
KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus
KITE, Black, Milvus migrans
Hook-billed, Chondrohierax
uncinatus
Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis
Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus
White-tailed, Elanus leucurus
KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa
tridactyla
Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris
KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris
Red, Calidris canutus
LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus
LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris
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Sky, Alauda arvensis
LEAF-WARBLER, Pallas’s, Phylloscopus
proregulus
LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna
LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican,
Coccyzus vieilloti
LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared,
Calcarius ornatus
Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus
McCown’s, Rhynchophanes mccownii
Smith’s, Calcarius pictus
LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica
Common, Gavia immer
Pacific, Gavia pacifica
Red-throated, Gavia stellata
Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii
MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia
Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli
MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos
MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax
dominicus
Green, Anthracothorax viridis
Green-breasted, Anthracothorax
prevostii
MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera
Caribbean, Progne dominicensis
Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca
Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea
Purple, Progne subis
Southern, Progne elegans
MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella
magna
Western, Sturnella neglecta
MERGANSER, Common, Mergus
merganser
Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus
Red-breasted, Mergus serrator
MERLIN, Falco columbarius
MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris
MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus
gundlachii
Blue, Melanotis caerulescens
Northern, Mimus polyglottos
MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula
chloropus
MURRE, Common, Uria aalge
Thick-billed, Uria lomvia
MURRELET, Ancient,
Synthliboramphus antiquus
Craveri’s, Synthliboramphus craveri
Kittlitz’s, Brachyramphus brevirostris
Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix
Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus
Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus
hypoleucus
NEEDLETAIL, White-throated,
Hirundapus caudacutus
NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned,
Nycticorax nycticorax
Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi
Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus
Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea
NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles
gundlachii
Common, Chordeiles minor
Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis
NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Blackheaded, Catharus mexicanus
Orange-billed, Catharus
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aurantiirostris
NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus
ridgwayi
Gray, Caprimulgus indicus
Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus
noctitherus
NODDY, Black, Anous minutus
Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea
Brown, Anous stolidus
NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus
NUTCRACKER, Clark’s, Nucifraga
columbiana
NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta
pusilla
Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea
Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis
White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis
OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis
OMAO, Myadestes obscurus
ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis
Audubon’s, Icterus graduacauda
Baltimore, Icterus galbula
Black-vented, Icterus wagleri
Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii
Hooded, Icterus cucullatus
Orchard, Icterus spurius
Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis
Scott’s, Icterus parisorum
Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus
OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus
OU, Psittirostra psittacea
OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla
OWL, Barn, Tyto alba
Barred, Strix varia
Boreal, Aegolius funereus
Burrowing, Athene cunicularia
Elf, Micrathene whitneyi
Flammulated, Otus flammeolus
Great Gray, Strix nebulosa
Great Horned, Bubo virginianus
Long-eared, Asio otus
Mottled, Ciccaba virgata
Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula
Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius
acadicus
Short-eared, Asio flammeus
Snowy, Bubo scandiacus
Spotted, Strix occidentalis
Stygian, Asio stygius
OYSTERCATCHER, American,
Haematopus palliatus
Black, Haematopus bachmani
Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus
PALILA, Loxioides bailleui
PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis
phoenicobia
PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor
xanthophrys
PARULA, Northern, Parula americana
Tropical, Parula pitiayumi
PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus
albicollis
PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus
erythrorhynchos
Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis
PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow
Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata
Black-winged, Pterodroma
nigripennis
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Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca
Bulwer’s, Bulweria bulwerii
Cook’s, Pterodroma cookii
Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera
Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera
Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis
Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana
Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax
Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa
Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta
Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata
Murphy’s, Pterodroma ultima
Parkinson’s, Procellaria parkinsoni
Phoenix, Pterodroma alba
Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris
Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata
White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis
PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus
Greater, Contopus pertinax
Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis
Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris
PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens
PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus
fulicarius
Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus
Wilson’s, Phalaropus tricolor
PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans
Eastern, Sayornis phoebe
Say’s, Sayornis saya
PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas
fasciata
Plain, Patagioenas inornata
Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris
Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa
White-crowned, Patagioenas
leucocephala
PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta
White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis
PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens
Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni
Pechora, Anthus gustavi
Red-throated, Anthus cervinus
Sprague’s, Anthus spragueii
Tree, Anthus trivialis
PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis
squatarola
Collared, Charadrius collaris
Common Ringed, Charadrius
hiaticula
Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius
Mountain, Charadrius montanus
Piping, Charadrius melodus
Semipalmated, Charadrius
semipalmatus
Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus
Wilson’s, Charadrius wilsonia
POCHARD, Baer’s, Aythya baeri
Common, Aythya ferina
POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola
bacchus
POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus
nuttallii
POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma
PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri
PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica
Horned, Fratercula corniculata
Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata
PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium
brasilianum
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Northern, Glaucidium gnoma
PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus
QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon
mystacea
Key West, Geotrygon chrysia
Ruddy, Geotrygon montana
QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus
RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis
Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis
Clapper, Rallus longirostris
Guam, Gallirallus owstoni
King, Rallus elegans
Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus
Virginia, Rallus limicola
Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis
RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus
cryptoleucus
Common, Corvus corax
RAZORBILL, Alca torda
REDHEAD, Aythya americana
REDPOLL, Common, Acanthis flammea
Hoary, Acanthis hornemanni
REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus
REDSTART, American, Setophaga
ruticilla
Painted, Myioborus pictus
Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus
REED-WARBLER, Nightingale,
Acrocephalus luscinia
REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra
REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis
ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx
californianus
ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius
Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus
Rufous-tailed, Luscinia sibilans
Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane
ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, Monticola
solitarius
ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus
erythrinus
ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata
Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis
Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis
RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia
calliope
RUFF, Philomachus pugnax
SANDERLING, Calidris alba
SANDPIPER, Baird’s, Calidris bairdii
Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus
Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis
Common, Actitis hypoleucos
Curlew, Calidris ferruginea
Green, Tringa ochropus
Least, Calidris minutilla
Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis
Pectoral, Calidris melanotos
Purple, Calidris maritima
Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis
Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla
Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata
Solitary, Tringa solitaria
Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus
pygmeus
Spotted, Actitis macularius
Stilt, Calidris himantopus
Terek, Xenus cinereus
Upland, Bartramia longicauda
Western, Calidris mauri
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White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis
Wood, Tringa glareola
SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius
leschenaultii
Lesser, Charadrius mongolus
SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted,
Sphyrapicus ruber
Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis
Williamson’s, Sphyrapicus thyroideus
Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius
SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila
Lesser, Aythya affinis
SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia
SCOTER, Black, Melanitta americana
Surf, Melanitta perspicillata
White-winged, Melanitta fusca
SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops
asio
Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes
Western, Megascops kennicottii
Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis
SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma
coerulescens
Island, Aphelocoma insularis
Western, Aphelocoma californica
SEA-EAGLE, Steller’s, Haliaeetus
pelagicus
SEEDEATER, White-collared,
Sporophila torqueola
SHEARWATER, Audubon’s, Puffinus
lherminieri
Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas
Buller’s, Puffinus bulleri
Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii
Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis
Cory’s, Calonectris diomedea
Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes
Great, Puffinus gravis
Little, Puffinus assimilis
Manx, Puffinus puffinus
Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus
Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris
Sooty, Puffinus griseus
Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas
Townsend’s, Puffinus auricularis
Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus
SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata
SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus
Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus
Northern, Lanius excubitor
SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys
cinereus
SISKIN, Eurasian, Spinus spinus
Pine, Spinus pinus
SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger
SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua
South Polar, Stercorarius
maccormicki
SMEW, Mergellus albellus
SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago
Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus
Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura
Swinhoe’s, Gallinago megala
Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata
SOLITAIRE, Townsend’s, Myadestes
townsendi
SORA, Porzana carolina
SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella
arborea
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Bachman’s, Peucaea aestivalis
Baird’s, Ammodramus bairdii
Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis
Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata
Botteri’s, Peucaea botterii
Brewer’s, Spizella breweri
Cassin’s, Peucaea cassinii
Chipping, Spizella passerina
Clay-colored, Spizella pallida
Field, Spizella pusilla
Five-striped, Amphispiza
quinquestriata
Fox, Passerella iliaca
Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia
atricapilla
Grasshopper, Ammodramus
savannarum
Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula
Henslow’s, Ammodramus henslowii
Lark, Chondestes grammacus
Le Conte’s, Ammodramus leconteii
Lincoln’s, Melospiza lincolnii
Nelson’s, Ammodramus nelsoni
Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus
Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps
Rufous-winged, Peucaea carpalis
Sage, Amphispiza belli
Saltmarsh, Ammodramus caudacutus
Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis
Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus
Song, Melospiza melodia
Swamp, Melospiza georgiana
Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus
White-crowned, Zonotrichia
leucophrys
White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis
Worthen’s, Spizella wortheni
SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter
gularis
SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis
portoricensis
Western, Spindalis zena
SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja
STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus
philippensis
White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus
STARTHROAT, Plain-capped,
Heliomaster constantii
STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus
mexicanus
Black-winged, Himantopus
himantopus
STINT, Little, Calidris minuta
Long-toed, Calidris subminuta
Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis
Temminck’s, Calidris temminckii
STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus
STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana
STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma
homochroa
Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro
Black, Oceanodroma melania
Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica
Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata
Leach’s, Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Least, Oceanodroma microsoma
Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma
matsudairae
Polynesian, Nesofregetta fuliginosa
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Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi
Swinhoe’s, Oceanodroma monorhis
Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami
Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys
White-faced, Pelagodroma marina
White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria
Wilson’s, Oceanites oceanicus
SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata
SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta
cyaneoviridis
Bank, Riparia riparia
Barn, Hirundo rustica
Cave, Petrochelidon fulva
Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea
Northern Rough-winged,
Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Tree, Tachycineta bicolor
Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina
SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio
porphyrio
SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator
Tundra, Cygnus columbianus
Whooper, Cygnus cygnus
SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba
Black, Cypseloides niger
Chimney, Chaetura pelagica
Common, Apus apus
Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus
Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura
Vaux’s, Chaetura vauxi
White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris
White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis
SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus
bartschi
White-rumped, Aerodramus
spodiopygius
TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga
bidentata
Hepatic, Piranga flava
Puerto Rican, Nesospingus
speculiferus
Scarlet, Piranga olivacea
Summer, Piranga rubra
Western, Piranga ludoviciana
TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes
Wandering, Tringa incana
TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa
Blue-winged, Anas discors
Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera
Green-winged, Anas crecca
TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus
Arctic, Sterna paradisaea
Black, Chlidonias niger
Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana
Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus
Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia
Common, Sterna hirundo
Elegant, Thalasseus elegans
Forster’s, Sterna forsteri
Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus
Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii
Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica
Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex
Least, Sternula antillarum
Little, Sternula albifrons
Roseate, Sterna dougallii
Royal, Thalesseus maximus
Sandwich, Thalesseus sandvicensis
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Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus
Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida
White, Gygis alba
White-winged, Chlidonias
leucopterus
THRASHER, Bendire’s, Toxostoma
bendirei
Brown, Toxostoma rufum
California, Toxostoma redivivum
Crissal, Toxostoma crissale
Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre
Le Conte’s, Toxostoma lecontei
Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre
Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus
Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus
THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola
Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli
Clay-colored, Turdus grayi
Dusky, Turdus naumanni
Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus
Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus
Hermit, Catharus guttatus
Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus
Swainson’s, Catharus ustulatus
Varied, Ixoreus naevius
White-throated, Turdus assimilis
Wood, Hylocichla mustelina
TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus
atricristatus
Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi
Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi
Oak, Baeolophus inornatus
Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor
TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata
TOWHEE, Abert’s, Melozone aberti
California, Melozone crissalis
Canyon, Melozone fusca
Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus
Spotted, Pipilo maculatus
TROGON, Elegant, Trogon elegans
TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon
aethereus
Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda
White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus
TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria
melanocephala
Ruddy, Arenaria interpres
TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia
orientalis
VEERY, Catharus fuscescens
VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps
VIOLETEAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus
VIREO, Bell’s, Vireo bellii
Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus
Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus
Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius
Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii
Gray, Vireo vicinior
Hutton’s, Vireo huttoni
Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus
Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus
Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri
Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus
Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris
Warbling, Vireo gilvus
White-eyed, Vireo griseus
Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis
Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons
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Yucatan, Vireo magister
VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus
Turkey, Cathartes aura
WAGTAIL, Citrine, Motacilla citreola
Eastern Yellow, Motacilla
tschutschensis
Gray, Motacilla cinerea
White, Motacilla alba
WARBLER, Adelaide’s, Dendroica
adelaidae
Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis
Bachman’s, Vermivora bachmanii
Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea
Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia
Black-throated Blue, Dendroica
caerulescens
Black-throated Gray, Dendroica
nigrescens
Black-throated Green, Dendroica
virens
Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca
Blackpoll, Dendroica striata
Blue-winged, Vermivora cyanoptera
Canada, Wilsonia canadensis
Cape May, Dendroica tigrina
Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea
Chestnut-sided, Dendroica
pensylvanica
Colima, Oreothlypis crissalis
Connecticut, Oporornis agilis
Crescent-chested, Oreothlypis
superciliosa
Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus
Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae
Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa
Golden-cheeked, Dendroica
chrysoparia
Golden-crowned, Basileuterus
culicivorus
Golden-winged, Vermivora
chrysoptera
Grace’s, Dendroica graciae
Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis
Hooded, Wilsonia citrina
Kentucky, Oporornis formosus
Kirtland’s, Dendroica kirtlandii
Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata
Lucy’s, Oreothlypis luciae
MacGillivray’s, Oporornis tolmiei
Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia
Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia
Nashville, Oreothlypis ruficapilla
Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus
Orange-crowned, Oreothlypis celata
Palm, Dendroica palmarum
Pine, Dendroica pinus
Prairie, Dendroica discolor
Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea
Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons
Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons
Sedge, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Swainson’s, Limnothlypis swainsonii
Tennessee, Oreothlypis peregrina
Townsend’s, Dendroica townsendi
Virginia’s, Oreothlypis virginiae
Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus
Wilson’s, Wilsonia pusilla
Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Worm-eating, Helmitheros
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vermivorum
Yellow, Dendroica petechia
Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus
inornatus
Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata
Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica
WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Parkesia
motacilla
Northern, Parkesia noveboracensis
WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla
garrulus
Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum
WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe
oenanthe
WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus
WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern,
Caprimulgus vociferus
Mexican, Caprimulgus arizonae
WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied,
Dendrocygna autumnalis
Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor
West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea
WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca
WIGEON, American, Anas americana
Eurasian, Anas penelope
WILLET, Tringa semipalmata
WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus
virens
Western, Contopus sordidulus
WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax
minor
Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola
WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes
formicivorus
American Three-toed, Picoides
dorsalis
Arizona, Picoides arizonae
Black-backed, Picoides arcticus
Downy, Picoides pubescens
Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis
Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons
Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major
Hairy, Picoides villosus
Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis
Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris
Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis
Nuttall’s, Picoides nuttallii
Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus
Puerto Rican, Melanerpes
portoricensis
Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus
Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis
Red-headed, Melanerpes
erythrocephalus
White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus
WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox
evelynae
WREN, Bewick’s Thryomanes bewickii
Cactus, Campylorhynchus
brunneicapillus
Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus
Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus
House, Troglodytes aedon
Marsh, Cistothorus palustris
Pacific, Troglodytes pacificus
Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus
Sedge, Cistothorus platensis
Sinaloa, Thryothorus sinaloa
Winter, Troglodytes hiemalis
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WRENTIT, Chamaea fasciata
WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla
YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa
melanoleuca
Lesser, Tringa flavipes
YELLOWTHROAT, Common,
Geothlypis trichas
Gray-crowned, Geothlypis
poliocephala
(2) Taxonomic listing. Species are
listed in phylogenetic sequence by
scientific name, with the common
(English) name following the
scientific name. To help clarify
species relationships, we also list
the higher-level taxonomic
categories of Order, Family, and
Subfamily.
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATIDAE
Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE
Dendrocygna autumnalis, Blackbellied Whistling-Duck
Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian
Whistling-Duck
Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous
Whistling-Duck
Subfamily ANSERINAE
Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose
Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose
Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted
Goose
Anser erythropus, Lesser Whitefronted Goose
Chen canagica, Emperor Goose
Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose
Chen rossii, Ross’s Goose
Branta bernicla, Brant
Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose
Branta canadensis, Canada Goose
(including Branta hutchinsii,
Cackling Goose)
Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose
Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan
Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan
Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan
Subfamily ANATINAE
Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck
Aix sponsa, Wood Duck
Anas strepera, Gadwall
Anas falcata, Falcated Duck
Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon
Anas americana, American Wigeon
Anas rubripes, American Black Duck
Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard
Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck
Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck
Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck
Anas zonorhyncha, Eastern Spotbilled Duck
Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck
Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal
Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal
Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler
Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked
Pintail
Anas acuta, Northern Pintail
Anas querquedula, Garganey
Anas formosa, Baikal Teal
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Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal
Aythya valisineria, Canvasback
Aythya americana, Redhead
Aythya ferina, Common Pochard
Aythya baeri, Baer’s Pochard
Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck
Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck
Aythya marila, Greater Scaup
Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup
Polysticta stelleri, Steller’s Eider
Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider
Somateria spectabilis, King Eider
Somateria mollissima, Common Eider
Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin
Duck
Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter
Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter
Melanitta americana, Black Scoter
Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck
Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead
Bucephala clangula, Common
Goldeneye
Bucephala islandica, Barrow’s
Goldeneye
Mergellus albellus, Smew
Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded
Merganser
Mergus merganser, Common
Merganser
Mergus serrator, Red-breasted
Merganser
Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck
Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck
Order GAVIIFORMES
Family GAVIIDAE
Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon
Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon
Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon
Gavia immer, Common Loon
Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon
Order PODICIPEDIFORMES
Family PODICIPEDIDAE
Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe
Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed
Grebe
Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe
Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe
Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe
Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western
Grebe
Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark’s Grebe
Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber, American
Flamingo
Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
Family DIOMEDEIDAE
Thalassarche chlororhynchos,
Yellow-nosed Albatross
Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross
Thalassarche melanophris, Blackbrowed Albatross
Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled
Albatross
Diomedea exulans, Wandering
Albatross
Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan
Albatross
Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed
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Albatross
Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed
Albatross
Family PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar
Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged
Petrel
Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel
Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald
Petrel
Pterodroma ultima, Murphy’s Petrel
Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled
Petrel
Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel
Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped
Petrel
Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez
Petrel
Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian
Petrel
Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked
Petrel
Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel
Pterodroma nigripennis, Blackwinged Petrel
Pterodroma cookii, Cook’s Petrel
Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger’s
Petrel
Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel
Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould’s Petrel
Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel
Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer’s Petrel
Bulweria fallax, Jouanin’s Petrel
Procellaria parkinsoni, Parkinson’s
Petrel
Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked
Shearwater
Calonectris diomedea, Cory’s
Shearwater
Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde
Shearwater
Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed
Shearwater
Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed
Shearwater
Puffinus gravis, Great Shearwater
Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed
Shearwater
Puffinus bulleri, Buller’s Shearwater
Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater
Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed
Shearwater
Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas
Shearwater
Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater
Puffinus auricularis, Townsend’s
Shearwater
Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented
Shearwater
Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon’s
Shearwater
Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater
Family HYDROBATIDAE
Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson’s StormPetrel
Pelagodroma marina, White-faced
Storm-Petrel
Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied StormPetrel
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Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied
Storm-Petrel
Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Polynesian
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma hornbyi, Ringed StormPetrel
Oceanodroma monorhis, Swinhoe’s
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach’s
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma matsudairae,
Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma melania, Black StormPetrel
Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram’s
Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma microsoma, Least
Storm-Petrel
Order PHAETHONTIFORMES
Family PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed
Tropicbird
Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed
Tropicbird
Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed
Tropicbird
Order CICONIIFORMES
Family CICONIIDAE
Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru
Mycteria americana, Wood Stork
Order SULIFORMES
Family FREGATIDAE
Fregata magnificens, Magnificent
Frigatebird
Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird
Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird
Family SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby
Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby
Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby
Sula sula, Red-footed Booby
Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt’s
Cormorant
Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic
Cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested
Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant
Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced
Cormorant
Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic
Cormorant
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little
Pied Cormorant
Family ANHINGIDAE
Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga
Order PELECANIFORMES
Family PELECANIDAE
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American
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White Pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown
Pelican
Family ARDEIDAE
Botaurus lentiginosus, American
Bittern
Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern
Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern
Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck’s
Bittern
Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern
Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron
Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron
Ardea alba, Great Egret
Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate
Egret
Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret
Egretta garzetta, Little Egret
Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret
Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron
Egretta thula, Snowy Egret
Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron
Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron
Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret
Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret
Ardeola bacchus, Chinese PondHeron
Butorides virescens, Green Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned
Night-Heron
Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned
Night-Heron
Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese NightHeron
Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan
Night-Heron
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE
Eudocimus albus, White Ibis
Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis
Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis
Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis
Subfamily PLATALEINAE
Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill
Order ACCIPITRIFORMES
Family CATHARTIDAE
Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture
Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture
Gymnogyps californianus, California
Condor
Family PANDIONIDAE
Pandion haliaetus, Osprey
Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hookbilled Kite
Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed
Kite
Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite
Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite
Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi
Kite
Milvus migrans, Black Kite
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle
Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed
Eagle
Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller’s SeaEagle
Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier
Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk
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Accipiter gularis, Japanese
Sparrowhawk
Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned
Hawk
Accipiter cooperii, Cooper’s Hawk
Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk
Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane
Hawk
Buteogallus anthracinus, Common
Black-Hawk
Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris’s Hawk
Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk
Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk
Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged
Hawk
Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk
Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk
Buteo swainsoni, Swainson’s Hawk
Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed
Hawk
Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk
Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk
Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk
Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk
Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle
Order FALCONIFORMES
Family FALCONIDAE
Subfamily MICRASTURINAE
Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared
Forest-Falcon
Subfamily CARACARINAE
Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara
Subfamily FALCONINAE
Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel
Falco sparverius, American Kestrel
Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon
Falco columbarius, Merlin
Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby
Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon
Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon
Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon
Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon
Order GRUIFORMES
Family RALLIDAE
Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow
Rail
Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail
Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded
Rail
Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail
Crex crex, Corn Crake
Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail
Rallus elegans, King Rail
Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail
Porzana carolina, Sora
Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake
Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted
Crake
Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake
Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail
Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple
Swamphen
Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule
Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule
Gallinula chloropus, Common
Moorhen
Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot
Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot
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Fulica americana, American Coot
Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot
Family ARAMIDAE
Aramus guarauna, Limpkin
Family GRUIDAE
Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane
Grus grus, Common Crane
Grus americana, Whooping Crane
Order CHARADRIIFORMES
Family CHARADRIIDAE
Subfamily VANELLINAE
Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing
Subfamily CHARADRIINAE
Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied
Plover
Pluvialis apricaria, European GoldenPlover
Pluvialis dominica, American GoldenPlover
Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover
Charadrius mongolus, Lesser SandPlover
Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater
Sand-Plover
Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy
Plover
Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson’s Plover
Charadrius hiaticula, Common
Ringed Plover
Charadrius semipalmatus,
Semipalmated Plover
Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover
Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed
Plover
Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer
Charadrius montanus, Mountain
Plover
Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian
Dotterel
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE
Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian
Oystercatcher
Haematopus palliatus, American
Oystercatcher
Haematopus bachmani, Black
Oystercatcher
Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Himantopus himantopus, Blackwinged Stilt
Himantopus mexicanus, Blacknecked Stilt
Recurvirostra americana, American
Avocet
Family JACANIDAE
Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana
Family SCOLOPACIDAE
Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE
Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper
Actitis hypoleucos, Common
Sandpiper
Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper
Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper
Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper
Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler
Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler
Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank
Tringa melanoleuca, Greater
Yellowlegs
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Tringa nebularia, Common
Greenshank
Tringa guttifer, Nordmann’s
Greenshank
Tringa semipalmata, Willet
Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs
Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper
Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper
Bartramia longicauda, Upland
Sandpiper
Numenius minutus, Little Curlew
Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew
Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel
Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed
Curlew
Numenius madagascariensis, Far
Eastern Curlew
Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew
Numenius americanus, Long-billed
Curlew
Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit
Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian
Godwit
Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit
Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit
Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone
Arenaria melanocephala, Black
Turnstone
Aphriza virgata, Surfbird
Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot
Calidris canutus, Red Knot
Calidris alba, Sanderling
Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated
Sandpiper
Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper
Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint
Calidris minuta, Little Stint
Calidris temminckii, Temminck’s
Stint
Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint
Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper
Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped
Sandpiper
Calidris bairdii, Baird’s Sandpiper
Calidris melanotos, Pectoral
Sandpiper
Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed
Sandpiper
Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper
Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper
Calidris alpina, Dunlin
Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper
Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoonbilled Sandpiper
Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed
Sandpiper
Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted
Sandpiper
Philomachus pugnax, Ruff
Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed
Dowitcher
Limnodromus scolopaceus, Longbilled Dowitcher
Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe
Gallinago delicata, Wilson’s Snipe
Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe
Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe
Gallinago megala, Swinhoe’s Snipe
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Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian
Woodcock
Scolopax minor, American Woodcock
Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE
Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson’s
Phalarope
Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked
Phalarope
Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope
Family LARIDAE
Subfamily LARINAE
Creagrus furcatus, Swallow-tailed
Gull
Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged
Kittiwake
Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged
Kittiwake
Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull
Xema sabini, Sabine’s Gull
Chroicocephalus philadelphia,
Bonaparte’s Gull
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus, Grayhooded Gull
Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Blackheaded Gull
Hydrocoloeus minutus, Little Gull
Rhodostethia rosea, Ross’s Gull
Leucophaeus atricilla, Laughing Gull
Leucophaeus pipixcan, Franklin’s
Gull
Larus belcheri, Belcher’s Gull
Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull
Larus heermanni, Heermann’s Gull
Larus canus, Mew Gull
Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull
Larus occidentalis, Western Gull
Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull
Larus californicus, California Gull
Larus argentatus, Herring Gull
Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull
Larus thayeri, Thayer’s Gull
Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull
Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed
Gull
Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull
Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged
Gull
Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull
Larus marinus, Great Black-backed
Gull
Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull
Subfamily STERNINAE
Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy
Anous minutus, Black Noddy
Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray
Noddy
Gygis alba, White Tern
Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern
Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed
Tern
Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled
Tern
Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern
Sternula albifrons, Little Tern
Sternula antillarum, Least Tern
Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern
Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed
Tern
Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern
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Chlidonias niger, Black Tern
Chlidonias leucopterus, Whitewinged Tern
Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern
Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern
Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern
Sterna hirundo, Common Tern
Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern
Sterna forsteri, Forster’s Tern
Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern
Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern
Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich
Tern
Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern
Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE
Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer
Family STERCORARIIDAE
Stercorarius skua, Great Skua
Stercorarius maccormicki, South
Polar Skua
Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine
Jaeger
Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic
Jaeger
Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed
Jaeger
Family ALCIDAE
Alle alle, Dovekie
Uria aalge, Common Murre
Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre
Alca torda, Razorbill
Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot
Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot
Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed
Murrelet
Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled
Murrelet
Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz’s
Murrelet
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus,
Xantus’s Murrelet
Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri’s
Murrelet
Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient
Murrelet
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin’s
Auklet
Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet
Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet
Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet
Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet
Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros
Auklet
Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin
Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin
Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin
Order COLUMBIFORMES
Family COLUMBIDAE
Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped
Pigeon
Patagioenas leucocephala, Whitecrowned Pigeon
Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed
Pigeon
Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon
Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed
Pigeon
Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental
Turtle-Dove
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Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove
Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove
Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove
Columbina inca, Inca Dove
Columbina passerina, Common
Ground-Dove
Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy GroundDove
Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped
Dove
Geotrygon chrysia, Key West QuailDove
Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled QuailDove
Geotrygon montana, Ruddy QuailDove
Gallicolumba xanthonura, Whitethroated Ground-Dove
Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly GroundDove
Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored
Fruit-Dove
Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimsoncrowned Fruit-Dove
Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana FruitDove
Ducula pacifica, Pacific ImperialPigeon
Order CUCULIFORMES
Family CUCULIDAE
Subfamily CUCULINAE
Cuculus fugax, Hodgson’s HawkCuckoo
Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo
Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo
Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed
Cuckoo
Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo
Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Blackbilled Cuckoo
Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican
Lizard-Cuckoo
Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE
Geococcyx californianus, Greater
Roadrunner
Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE
Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani
Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed
Ani
Order STRIGIFORMES
Family TYTONIDAE
Tyto alba, Barn Owl
Family STRIGIDAE
Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl
Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl
Megascops kennicottii, Western
Screech-Owl
Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl
Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered
Screech-Owl
Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican
Screech-Owl
Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl
Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl
Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl
Glaucidium gnoma, Northern PygmyOwl
Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous
Pygmy-Owl
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Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl
Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl
Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl
Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl
Strix varia, Barred Owl
Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl
Asio otus, Long-eared Owl
Asio stygius, Stygian Owl
Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl
Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl
Aegolius acadicus, Northern Sawwhet Owl
Ninox scutulata, Brown Hawk-Owl
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE
Subfamily CHORDEILINAE
Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser
Nighthawk
Chordeiles minor, Common
Nighthawk
Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean
Nighthawk
Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE
Nyctidromus albicollis, Common
Pauraque
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common
Poorwill
Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuckwill’s-widow
Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared
Nightjar
Caprimulgus vociferus, Eastern Whippoor-will
Caprimulgus arizonae, Mexican
Whip-poor-will
Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto
Rican Nightjar
Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar
Order APODIFORMES
Family APODIDAE
Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE
Cypseloides niger, Black Swift
Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared
Swift
Subfamily CHAETURINAE
Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift
Chaetura vauxi, Vaux’s Swift
Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed
Swift
Hirundapus caudacutus, Whitethroated Needletail
Aerodramus spodiopygius, Whiterumped Swiftlet
Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana
Swiftlet
Subfamily APODINAE
Apus apus, Common Swift
Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift
Apus melba, Alpine Swift
Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated
Swift
Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean
Palm-Swift
Family TROCHILIDAE
Subfamily TROCHILINAE
Colibri thalassinus, Green Violetear
Anthracothorax prevostii, Greenbreasted Mango
Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean
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Mango
Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango
Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated
Carib
Eulampis holosericeus, Greenthroated Carib
Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean
Crested Hummingbird
Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican
Emerald
Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed
Hummingbird
Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared
Hummingbird
Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus’s
Hummingbird
Amazilia beryllina, Berylline
Hummingbird
Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied
Hummingbird
Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon
Hummingbird
Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned
Hummingbird
Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated
Hummingbird
Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent
Hummingbird
Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped
Starthroat
Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama
Woodstar
Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer
Hummingbird
Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated
Hummingbird
Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned
Hummingbird
Calypte anna, Anna’s Hummingbird
Calypte costae, Costa’s Hummingbird
Stellula calliope, Calliope
Hummingbird
Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee
Hummingbird
Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed
Hummingbird
Selasphorus rufus, Rufous
Hummingbird
Selasphorus sasin, Allen’s
Hummingbird
Order TROGONIFORMES
Family TROGONIDAE
Subfamily TROGONINAE
Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon
Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel
Order UPUPIFORMES
Family UPUPIDAE
Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe
Order CORACIIFORMES
Family ALCEDINIDAE
Subfamily HALCYONINAE
Todirhamphus cinnamominus,
Micronesian Kingfisher
Todirhamphus chloris, Collared
Kingfisher
Subfamily CERYLINAE
Megaceryle torquata, Ringed
Kingfisher
Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher
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Chloroceryle americana, Green
Kingfisher
Order PICIFORMES
Family PICIDAE
Subfamily JYNGINAE
Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck
Subfamily PICINAE
Melanerpes lewis, Lewis’s
Woodpecker
Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto
Rican Woodpecker
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Redheaded Woodpecker
Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn
Woodpecker
Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila
Woodpecker
Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted
Woodpecker
Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied
Woodpecker
Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson’s
Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped
Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted
Sapsucker
Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted
Woodpecker
Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed
Woodpecker
Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall’s
Woodpecker
Picoides pubescens, Downy
Woodpecker
Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker
Picoides arizonae, Arizona
Woodpecker
Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded
Woodpecker
Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed
Woodpecker
Picoides dorsalis, American Threetoed Woodpecker
Picoides arcticus, Black-backed
Woodpecker
Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker
Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker
Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated
Woodpecker
Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed
Woodpecker
Order PASSERIFORMES
Family TYRANNIDAE
Subfamily ELAENIINAE
Camptostoma imberbe, Northern
Beardless-Tyrannulet
Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish
Elaenia
Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia
Elaenia albiceps, White-crested
Eleania
Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE
Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted
Flycatcher
Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided
Flycatcher
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Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee
Contopus sordidulus, Western WoodPewee
Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee
Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee
Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan
Pewee
Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean
Pewee
Empidonax flaviventris, Yellowbellied Flycatcher
Empidonax virescens, Acadian
Flycatcher
Empidonax alnorum, Alder
Flycatcher
Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher
Empidonax minimus, Least
Flycatcher
Empidonax hammondii, Hammond’s
Flycatcher
Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher
Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky
Flycatcher
Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope
Flycatcher
Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran
Flycatcher
Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted
Flycatcher
Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe
Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe
Sayornis saya, Say’s Phoebe
Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion
Flycatcher
Subfamily TYRANNINAE
Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped
Flycatcher
Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated
Flycatcher
Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting’s
Flycatcher
Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested
Flycatcher
Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested
Flycatcher
Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra’s
Flycatcher
Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican
Flycatcher
Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee
Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher
Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphurbellied Flycatcher
Legatus leucophalus, Piratic
Flycatcher
Empidonomus varius, Variegated
Flycatcher
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus,
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher
Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical
Kingbird
Tyrannus couchii, Couch’s Kingbird
Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin’s
Kingbird
Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed
Kingbird
Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird
Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird
Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray
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Kingbird
Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead
Kingbird
Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed
Flycatcher
Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed
Flycatcher
Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated
Becard
Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra
Family LANIIDAE
Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike
Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead
Shrike
Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike
Family VIREONIDAE
Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo
Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo
Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo
Vireo bellii, Bell’s Vireo
Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo
Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo
Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated
Vireo
Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo
Vireo cassinii, Cassin’s Vireo
Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo
Vireo huttoni, Hutton’s Vireo
Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo
Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia
Vireo
Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo
Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo
Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered
Vireo
Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo
Family CORVIDAE
Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay
Psilorhinus morio, Brown Jay
Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon
Jay
Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller’s Jay
Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay
Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida
Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma insularis, Island ScrubJay
Aphelocoma californica, Western
Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican
Jay
Nucifraga columbiana, Clark’s
Nutcracker
Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie
Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie
Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow
Corvus brachyrhynchos, American
Crow
Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow
Corvus leucognaphalus, Whitenecked Crow
Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow
Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow
Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow
Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan
Raven
Corvus corax, Common Raven
Family ALAUDIDAE
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Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark
Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark
Family HIRUNDINIDAE
Subfamily HIRUNDININAE
Progne subis, Purple Martin
Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin
Progne dominicensis, Caribbean
Martin
Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted
Martin
Progne elegans, Southern Martin
Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin
Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow
Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove
Swallow
Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green
Swallow
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama
Swallow
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern
Rough-winged Swallow
Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff
Swallow
Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow
Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow
Delichon urbicum, Common HouseMartin
Family PARIDAE
Poecile carolinensis, Carolina
Chickadee
Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped
Chickadee
Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee
Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee
Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Poecile hudsonicus, Boreal Chickadee
Poecile cinctus, Gray-headed
Chickadee
Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled
Titmouse
Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse
Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper
Titmouse
Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse
Baeolophus atricristatus, Blackcrested Titmouse
Family REMIZIDAE
Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin
Family AEGITHALIDAE
Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit
Family SITTIDAE
Subfamily SITTINAE
Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted
Nuthatch
Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch
Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch
Family CERTHIIDAE
Subfamily CERTHIINAE
Certhia americana, Brown Creeper
Family TROGLODYTIDAE
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus,
Cactus Wren
Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren
Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren
Thryothorus sinaloa, Sinaloa Wren
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Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina
Wren
Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick’s Wren
Troglodytes aedon, House Wren
Troglodytes pacificus, Pacific Wren
Troglodytes hiemalis, Winter Wren
Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren
Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren
Family POLIOPTILIDAE
Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray
Gnatcatcher
Polioptila californica, California
Gnatcatcher
Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed
Gnatcatcher
Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped
Gnatcatcher
Family CINCLIDAE
Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper
Family REGULIDAE
Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned
Kinglet
Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE
Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow
Warbler
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood
Warbler
Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler
Phylloscopus proregulus, Pallas’s
Leaf-Warbler
Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellowbrowed Warbler
Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler
Family SYLVIIDAE
Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat
Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit
Family ACROCEPHALIDAE
Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale
Reed-Warbler
Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sedge
Warbler
Family MEGALURIDAE
Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff’s
Grasshopper-Warbler
Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated
Warbler
Family MUSCICAPIDAE
Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus
Flycatcher
Ficedula mugimaki, Mugimaki
Flycatcher
Ficedula albicilla, Taiga Flycatcher
Muscicapa sibirica, Dark-sided
Flycatcher
Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked
Flycatcher
Muscicapa dauurica, Asian Brown
Flycatcher
Muscicapa striata, Spotted Flycatcher
Family TURDIDAE
Monticola solitarius, Blue RockThrush
Luscinia sibilans, Rufous-tailed Robin
Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat
Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat
Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin
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Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked
Bluetail
Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern
Wheatear
Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat
Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird
Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird
Sialia currucoides, Mountain
Bluebird
Myadestes townsendi, Townsend’s
Solitaire
Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao
Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao
Myadestes obscurus, Omao
Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi
Catharus aurantiirostris, Orangebilled Nightingale-Thrush
Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed
Nightingale-Thrush
Catharus fuscescens, Veery
Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked
Thrush
Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell’s Thrush
Catharus ustulatus, Swainson’s
Thrush
Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush
Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush
Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush
Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush
Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare
Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Thrush
Turdus assimilis, White-throated
Thrush
Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed
Robin
Turdus migratorius, American Robin
Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush
Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush
Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush
Family MIMIDAE
Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird
Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black
Catbird
Mimus polyglottos, Northern
Mockingbird
Mimus gundlachii, Bahama
Mockingbird
Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher
Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher
Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed
Thrasher
Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire’s
Thrasher
Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed
Thrasher
Toxostoma redivivum, California
Thrasher
Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher
Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte’s
Thrasher
Melanotis caerulescens, Blue
Mockingbird
Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed
Thrasher
Family STURNIDAE
Sturnus philippensis, Chestnutcheeked Starling
Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked
Starling
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Family PRUNELLIDAE
Prunella montanella, Siberian
Accentor
Family MOTACILLIDAE
Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern
Yellow Wagtail
Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail
Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail
Motacilla alba, White Wagtail
Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit
Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit
Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit
Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit
Anthus rubescens, American Pipit
Anthus spragueii, Sprague’s Pipit
Family BOMBYCILLIDAE
Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian
Waxwing
Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar
Waxwing
Family PTILOGONATIDAE
Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silkyflycatcher
Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla
Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE
Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive
Warbler
Family CALCARIIDAE
Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland
Longspur
Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared
Longspur
Calcarius pictus, Smith’s Longspur
Rhynchophanes mccownii, McCown’s
Longspur
Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting
Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay’s
Bunting
Family PARULIDAE
Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman’s
Warbler
Vermivora cyanoptera, Blue-winged
Warbler
Vermivora chrysoptera, Goldenwinged Warbler
Oreothlypis peregrina, Tennessee
Warbler
Oreothlypis celata, Orange-crowned
Warbler
Oreothlypis ruficapilla, Nashville
Warbler
Oreothlypis virginiae, Virginia’s
Warbler
Oreothlypis crissalis, Colima Warbler
Oreothlypis luciae, Lucy’s Warbler
Oreothlypis superciliosa, Crescentchested Warbler
Parula americana, Northern Parula
Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula
Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler
Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnutsided Warbler
Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia
Warbler
Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler
Dendroica caerulescens, Blackthroated Blue Warbler
Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped
Warbler
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Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated
Gray Warbler
Dendroica chrysoparia, Goldencheeked Warbler
Dendroica virens, Black-throated
Green Warbler
Dendroica townsendi, Townsend’s
Warbler
Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit
Warbler
Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian
Warbler
Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated
Warbler
Dendroica graciae, Grace’s Warbler
Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide’s
Warbler
Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler
Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland’s
Warbler
Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler
Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler
Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted
Warbler
Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler
Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler
Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods
Warbler
Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white
Warbler
Setophaga ruticilla, American
Redstart
Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary
Warbler
Helmitheros vermivorum, Wormeating Warbler
Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson’s
Warbler
Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird
Parkesia noveboracensis, Northern
Waterthrush
Parkesia motacilla, Louisiana
Waterthrush
Oporornis formosus, Kentucky
Warbler
Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler
Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning
Warbler
Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray’s
Warbler
Geothlypis trichas, Common
Yellowthroat
Geothlypis poliocephala, Graycrowned Yellowthroat
Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler
Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson’s Warbler
Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler
Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced
Warbler
Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart
Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated
Redstart
Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed
Warbler
Basileuterus culicivorus, Goldencrowned Warbler
Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped
Warbler
Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat
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Family THRAUPIDAE
Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto
Rican Tanager
Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis
Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican
Spindalis
Family EMBERIZIDAE
Sporophila torqueola, White-collared
Seedeater
Tiaris olivaceus, Yellow-faced
Grassquit
Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit
Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican
Bullfinch
Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive
Sparrow
Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee
Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern
Towhee
Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned
Sparrow
Melozone fusca, Canyon Towhee
Melozone crissalis, California Towhee
Melozone aberti, Abert’s Towhee
Peucaea carpalis, Rufous-winged
Sparrow
Peucaea botterii, Botteri’s Sparrow
Peucaea cassinii, Cassin’s Sparrow
Peucaea aestivalis, Bachman’s
Sparrow
Spizella arborea, American Tree
Sparrow
Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow
Spizella pallida, Clay-colored
Sparrow
Spizella breweri, Brewer’s Sparrow
Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow
Spizella wortheni, Worthen’s Sparrow
Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned
Sparrow
Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow
Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow
Amphispiza quinquestriata, Fivestriped Sparrow
Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated
Sparrow
Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow
Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark
Bunting
Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah
Sparrow
Ammodramus savannarum,
Grasshopper Sparrow
Ammodramus bairdii, Baird’s
Sparrow
Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow’s
Sparrow
Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte’s
Sparrow
Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson’s
Sparrow
Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh
Sparrow
Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside
Sparrow
Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow
Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow
Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln’s
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Sparrow
Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated
Sparrow
Zonotrichia querula, Harris’s Sparrow
Zonotrichia leucophrys, Whitecrowned Sparrow
Zonotrichia atricapilla, Goldencrowned Sparrow
Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco
Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco
Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine
Bunting
Emberiza chrysophrys, Yellowbrowed Bunting
Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting
Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting
Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated
Bunting
Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted
Bunting
Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting
Emberiza pallasi, Pallas’s Bunting
Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting
Family CARDINALIDAE
Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager
Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager
Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager
Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager
Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored
Tanager
Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimsoncollared Grosbeak
Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern
Cardinal
Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia
Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow
Grosbeak
Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rosebreasted Grosbeak
Pheucticus melanocephalus, Blackheaded Grosbeak
Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting
Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak
Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting
Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting
Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting
Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting
Spiza americana, Dickcissel
Family ICTERIDAE
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink
Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged
Blackbird
Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored
Blackbird
Agelaius humeralis, Tawnyshouldered Blackbird
Agelaius xanthomus, Yellowshouldered Blackbird
Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta, Western
Meadowlark
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus,
Yellow-headed Blackbird
Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird
Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer’s
Blackbird
Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle
Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle
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Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed
Grackle
Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean
Grackle
Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny
Cowbird
Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird
Molothrus ater, Brown-headed
Cowbird
Icterus portoricensis, Puerto Rican
Oriole
Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole
Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole
Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole
Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed
Oriole
Icterus bullockii, Bullock’s Oriole
Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole
Icterus graduacauda, Audubon’s
Oriole
Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole
Icterus parisorum, Scott’s Oriole
Family FRINGILLIDAE
Subfamily FRINGILLINAE
Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch
Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling
Subfamily EUPHONIINAE
Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia
Subfamily CARDUELINAE
Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned
Rosy-Finch
Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch
Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped
Rosy-Finch
Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak
Carpodacus erythrinus, Common
Rosefinch
Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch
Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin’s Finch
Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch
Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill
Loxia leucoptera, White-winged
Crossbill
Acanthis flammea, Common Redpoll
Acanthis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll
Spinus spinus, Eurasian Siskin
Spinus pinus, Pine Siskin
Spinus psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch
Spinus lawrencei, Lawrence’s
Goldfinch
Spinus tristis, American Goldfinch
Chloris sinica, Oriental Greenfinch
Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch
Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening
Grosbeak
Coccothraustes coccothraustes,
Hawfinch
Subfamily DREPANIDINAE
Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch
Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch
Psittirostra psittacea, Ou
Loxioides bailleui, Palila
Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui
Parrotbill
Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi
Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi
Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai
Amakihi
Hemignathus ellisianus, Greater
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Akialoa
Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu
Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau
Magumma parva, Anianiau
Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki
Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper
Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu
Alauahio
Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie
Paroreomyza montana, Maui
Alauahio
Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee
Loxops coccineus, Akepa
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Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi
Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe
Himatione sanguinea, Apapane
Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli
PART 21—[AMENDED]
§ 21.3
[Amended]
4. Amend § 21.3, the definition of
‘‘Raptor’’, by adding the words ‘‘the
Order Accipitriformes,’’ immediately
before the words ‘‘the Order
Falconiformes’’.
3. The authority citation for part 21 is
revised to read as follows:
Authority Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 65
Pub. L. No. 65–186, 40 Stat. 755 (1918) (16
U.S.C. 703–12), as amended.
Dated: April 6, 2011.
Will Shafroth,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and
Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2011–9448 Filed 4–25–11; 8:45 am]
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Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 80 (Tuesday, April 26, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 23428-23448]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-9448]
[[Page 23427]]
Vol. 76
Tuesday,
No. 80
April 26, 2011
Part III
Department of the Interior
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Parts 10 and 21
General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 80 / Tuesday, April 26, 2011 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 23428]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Parts 10 and 21
[Docket No. FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088; 91200-1231-9BPP]
RIN 1018-AX48
General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, propose to revise the
List of Migratory Birds by both adding and removing species. Reasons
for the changes to the list include adding species based on new
taxonomy and new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S.
territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the
United States, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net
increase of 19 species (23 added and 4 removed) brings the total number
of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to 1,026.
We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation,
sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory
birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA
is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes.
DATES: To ensure consideration of your comments, they must be received
or postmarked on or before July 25, 2011.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by either one of the following
methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments on Docket No. FWS-R9-
MB-2010-0088.
U.S. Mail or hand delivery: Public Comments Processing,
Attn: FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088; Division of Policy and Directives
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 North Fairfax Drive,
Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203-1610.
We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We will post all comments on
https://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any
personal information that you provide. See the Public Comments section
below for more information.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist,
Division of Migratory Bird Management, 703-358-1799.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking?
We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and
Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and
Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements
Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries
for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16,
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628);
(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912);
(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States
of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March
4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of
Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29
U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
What is the purpose of this rulemaking?
Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the
MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in
Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We
regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale,
purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An
accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is
essential for regulatory purposes.
Why is this amendment of the list of migratory birds necessary?
The amendment is needed to: (1) Add five species previously
overlooked from a family protected under the MBTA; (2) correct the
spelling of five species on the alphabetized list; (3) correct the
spelling of two species on the taxonomic list; (4) add 11 species based
on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in
the United States since April 2007; (5) add one species from a family
now protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes; (6) add
six species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes;
(7) remove four species not known to occur within the boundaries of the
United States or its territories as a result of recent taxonomic
changes; (8) change the common (English) names of nine species to
conform with accepted use; and (9) change the scientific names of 36
species to conform to accepted use.
The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on
March 1, 2010 (75 FR 9282). These amendments were necessitated by three
published supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of the American
Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North American Birds (AOU
2008, AOU 2009, and AOU 2010).
In addition, we propose to correct the legal authorities citations
at 50 CFR 10.13(a).
We also would make a small change to a definition in 50 CFR 21.3.
We propose to update the definition of ``raptor'' to also include the
order Accipitriformes to correspond to the proposed changes in the List
of Migratory Birds.
What scientific authorities are used to amend the list of migratory
birds?
Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable,
staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion
in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on
the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American Birds
(AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and
the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders,
families, subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU
Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America
from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the
Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each
species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the
United States. For the 39 species that occur outside the geographic
area covered by the Check-list (28 that occur in the Pacific island
territories and 11 listed in the Japanese and/or Russian conventions
that have not occurred in the AOU area), we relied primarily on
Clements (2007). Although we primarily rely on the above checklists,
when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we
evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to
[[Page 23429]]
our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa.
What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the
MBTA?
A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or
more of the following four criteria:
(1) It is covered by the Canadian Convention of 1916, as amended in
1996, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a) It belongs
to a family or group of species named in the Canadian Convention, as
amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape
recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the
United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such
records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific
authorities.
(2) It is covered by the Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in
1972, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a) It belongs
to a family or group of species named in the Mexican Convention, as
amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape
recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the
United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such
records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific
authorities.
(3) It is listed in the annex to the Japanese Convention of 1972,
as amended.
(4) It is listed in the appendix to the Russian Convention of 1976.
In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004
(MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we include all
species native to the United States or its territories, which are those
that occur as a result of natural biological or ecological processes
(see 70 FR 12710, March 15, 2005). We do not include nonnative species
whose occurrences in the United States are solely the result of
intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s).
How do the proposed changes affect the list of migratory birds?
Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level
by the AOU since publication of the last list. These changes affect the
inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically,
the Orders Phaethontiformes and Suliformes were split from the
Pelecaniformes. Phaethontiformes now includes the Family Phaethontidae
(tropicbirds); Suliformes now includes the Families Fregatidae
(frigatebirds), Sulidae (boobys), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants), and
Anhingidae (anhingas). In addition, the Order Accipitriformes was split
from the Falconiformes and now include the Families Cathartidae
(vultures), Pandionidae (Osprey), and Accipitridae (hawks and eagles).
At the Family level, the Ardeidae (herons and egrets) and
Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills) were moved from the
Ciconiiformes to the Pelecaniformes Order, the Pandionidae (Osprey)
were separated from the Accipitridae (hawks and eagles), and the
Stercorariidae (jaegers and skuas) were separated from the Laridae
(gulls, terns, and skimmers). The Polioptilidae (gnatcatchers),
Phylloscopidae (Phylloscopus warblers), Acrocephalidae (Acrocephalus
warblers), and Megaluridae (Locustella warblers) were separated from
the Sylviidae, and the Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings) were
separated from the Emberizidae (buntings and sparrows). The euphonias
were put into their own Subfamily (Euphoniinae) and moved from the
Thraupidae to the Fringillidae Family. All species within these newly
created families continue to be protected under the MBTA. In addition,
the Wrentit was moved from the Timaliidae (babblers) to the Sylviidae
and is now in a family protected by the MBTA.
The amendments (23 additions, 4 removals, and 51 name changes)
affect a grand total of 78 species and result in a net addition of 19
species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total
from 1,007 to 1,026. Of the 23 species that we add to the list, 6 were
previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species.
These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 9
categories:
(1) Add five species from the family Muscicapidae, a family
specifically listed in the 1996 protocol amending the 1916 convention
with Canada. The omission of these species on the previous list was an
oversight. All are considered accidental or casual in Alaska. The
species and relevant AOU publication(s) are:
Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki (AOU 1987, 1997, 1998);
Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2006);
Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998,
2004);
Asian Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica (AOU 1987, 1989, 1998);
and
Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (AOU 2004).
(2) Correct the spelling of five scientific names on the
alphabetized list:
Nesofregata fuliginosa (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes
Nesofregetta fuliginosa;
Thalleseus maximus (Royal Tern), becomes Thalasseus maximus;
Thalleseus sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern), becomes Thalasseus
sandvicensis;
Phylloscopus siilatrix (Wood Warbler), becomes Phylloscopus
sibilatrix; and
Locustella lanceoloata (Lanceolated Warbler), becomes Locustella
lanceolata.
(3) Correct the spelling of two scientific names on the taxonomic
list:
Nesofregetta fuiginosa (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes
Nesofregetta fuliginosa; and
Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit), becomes Tiaris olivaceus.
(4) Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since
April 2007) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence
in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These
species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican
Conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual
occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been
recorded plus the relevant publication:
Parkinson's Petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni--California (AOU 2008);
Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis--North Carolina (AOU
2010);
Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus--California (AOU 2008);
Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata--Alaska (AOU 2009);
White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps--Texas (AOU 2010);
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus--
Louisiana (AOU 2010);
Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa--Arizona (AOU 2010);
Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus--Alaska (AOU 2008);
Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus--Alaska (AOU 2009);
Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans--Alaska (AOU 2010); and
Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys--Alaska (AOU 2009).
(5) Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes
transferring a species in a family formerly not protected by the MBTA
(Timaliidae) into a family protected under the MBTA (Sylviidae). We
reference the AOU publication supporting the change:
Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (AOU 2010).
(6) Add six species because of recent taxonomic changes in which
taxa formerly treated as subspecies have
[[Page 23430]]
been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these
species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these
additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa,
only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the
AOU publication supporting the change:
Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha--formerly considered a
subspecies of Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Duck (AOU 2008);
Black Scoter, Melanitta americana-- formerly treated as a
subspecies of Melanitta nigra, Common [Black] Scoter (AOU 2009);
Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae-- formerly treated as
a subspecies of Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010);
Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus-- formerly treated as a
subspecies of Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU
2010);
Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis-- formerly treated as a
subspecies of Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU
2010); and
Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis-- formerly treated as a
subspecies of Icterus dominicensis, Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean]
Oriole (AOU 2010).
(7) Remove four species based on revised taxonomic treatments and
distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges
lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and
its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication
supporting these changes:
Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (AOU 2008);
Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra (AOU 2009);
Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes (AOU 2010); and
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (AOU
2010).
(8) Revise the common (English) names of nine species to conform to
the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change
the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which
they are known. In each case, we reference the published source for the
name change:
Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber, becomes American Flamingo
(AOU 2008);
Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis, becomes Great Shearwater (AOU
2010);
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, becomes Eastern Whip-poor-
will (AOU 2010);
Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus, becomes Green Violetear (AOU
2008);
Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius, becomes Blue Rock-Thrush
(Clements 2007);
Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi, becomes Clay-colored Thrush (AOU
2008);
White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis, becomes White-throated
Thrush (AOU 2008);
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni, becomes Nelson's
Sparrow (AOU 2009); and
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes
Saltmarsh Sparrow (AOU 2009).
(9) Revise the scientific names of 36 species to conform to the
most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the
protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they
are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication documenting
the name change:
Larus philadelphia (Bonaparte's Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus
philadelphia (AOU 2008);
Larus cirrocephalus (Gray-hooded Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus
cirrocephalus (AOU 2008);
Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus
ridibundus (AOU 2008);
Larus minutus (Little Gull) becomes Hydrocoloeus minutus (AOU
2008);
Larus atricilla (Laughing Gull) becomes Leucophaeus atricilla (AOU
2008);
Larus pipixcan (Frankin's Gull) becomes Leucophaeus pipixcan (AOU
2008);
Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay) becomes Psilorhinus morio (AOU 2010);
Poecile hudsonica (Boreal Chickadee) becomes Poecile hudsonicus
(AOU 2009);
Poecile cincta (Gray-headed Chickadee) becomes Poecile cinctus (AOU
2009);
Calcarius mccownii (McCown's Longspur) becomes Rhynchophanes
mccownii (AOU 2010);
Vermivora pinus (Blue-winged Warbler) becomes Vermivora cyanoptera
(AOU 2010);
Vermivora peregrina (Tennessee Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis
peregrina (AOU 2010);
Vermivora celata (Orange-crowned Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis
celata (AOU 2010);
Vermivora ruficapilla (Nashville Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis
ruficapilla (AOU 2010);
Vermivora virginiae (Virginia's Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis
virginiae (AOU 2010);
Vermivora crissalis (Colima Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis crissalis
(AOU 2010);
Vermivora luciae (Lucy's Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis luciae (AOU
2010);
Parula superciliosa (Crescent-chested Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis
superciliosa (AOU 2010);
Seiurus noveboracensis (Northern Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia
noveboracensis (AOU 2010);
Seiurus motacilla (Louisiana Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia
motacilla (AOU 2010);
Pipilo fuscus (Canyon Towhee) becomes Melozone fusca (AOU 2010);
Pipilo crissalis (California Towhee) becomes Melozone crissalis
(AOU 2010);
Pipilo aberti (Abert's Towhee) becomes Melozone aberti (AOU 2010);
Aimophila carpalis (Rufous-winged Sparrow) becomes Peucaea carpalis
(AOU 2010);
Aimophila botterii (Botteri's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea botterii
(AOU 2010);
Aimophila cassinii (Cassin's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea cassinii (AOU
2010);
Aimophila aestivalis (Bachman's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea aestivalis
(AOU 2010);
Aimophila quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) becomes Amphispiza
quinquestriata (AOU 2010);
Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) becomes Acanthis flammea (AOU
2009);
Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) becomes Acanthis hornemanni
(AOU 2009);
Carduelis spinus (Eurasian Siskin) becomes Spinus spinus (AOU
2009);
Carduelis pinus (Pine Siskin) becomes Spinus pinus (AOU 2009);
Carduelis psaltria (Lesser Goldfinch) becomes Spinus psaltria (AOU
2009);
Carduelis lawrencei (Lawrence's Goldfinch) becomes Spinus lawrencei
(AOU 2009);
Carduelis tristis (American Goldfinch) becomes Spinus tristis (AOU
2009); and
Carduelis sinica (Oriental Greenfinch) becomes Chloris sinica (AOU
2009).
For ease of comparison, changes are summarized in the following
table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Species whose
names have been revised (categories 2, 8, and 9) appear in both the
left-hand column (old name removed) and right-hand column (new name
added), as are species that have been added based on taxonomic splits
(category 6) of extralimital species that have been removed (category
7).
[[Page 23431]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Removed (taxonomically) Added (taxonomically)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas
(7). zonorhyncha (6).
Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra Black Scoter, Melanitta
(7). americana (6).
Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber American Flamingo,
(8). Phoenicopterus ruber (8).
Parkinson's Petrel, Procellaria
parkinsoni (4).
Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8) Great Shearwater, Puffinus
gravis (8).
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregata Polynesian Storm-Petrel,
fuliginosa (2). Nesofregetta fuliginosa (2).
Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta Polynesian Storm-Petrel,
fuiginosa (3). Nesofregetta fuliginosa (3).
Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel,
Oceanodroma monorhis (4).
Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus
furcatus (4).
Bonaparte's Gull, Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull,
(9). Chroicocephalus philadelphia
(9).
Gray-hooded Gull, Larus cirrocephalus Gray-hooded Gull,
(9). Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
(9).
Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus (9) Black-headed Gull,
Chroicocephalus ridibundus
(9).
Little Gull, Larus minutus (9)......... Little Gull, Hydrocoloeus
minutus (9).
Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla (9)..... Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus
atricilla (9).
Frankin's Gull, Larus pipixcan (9)..... Frankin's Gull, Leucophaeus
pipixcan (9).
Royal Tern, Thalleseus maximus (2)..... Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus
(2).
Sandwich Tern, Thalleseus sandvicensis Sandwich Tern, Thalasseus
(2). sandvicensis (2).
Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata
(4).
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus Eastern Whip-poor-will,
(8). Caprimulgus vociferus (8).
Mexican Whip-poor-will,
Caprimulgus arizonae (6).
Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus Green Violetear, Colibri
(8). thalassinus (8).
White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia
albiceps (4).
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher,
Empidonomus
aurantioatrocristatus (4).
Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio (9)........ Brown Jay, Psilorhinus morio
(9).
Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonica (9) Boreal Chickadee, Poecile
hudsonicus (9).
Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cincta Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile
(9). cinctus (9).
Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus
sinaloa (4).
Pacific Wren, Troglodytes
pacificus (6).
Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes Winter Wren, Troglodytes
troglodytes (7). hiemalis (6).
Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus siilatrix Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus
(2). sibilatrix (2).
Pallas's Leaf-Warbler,
Phylloscopus proregulus (4).
Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella
lanceoloata (2). lanceolata (2).
Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (5).
Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus (4).
Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula
mugimaki (1).
Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula
albicilla (1).
Dark-sided Flycatcher,
Muscicapa sibirica (1).
Asian Brown Flyctcher,
Muscicapa dauurica (1).
Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa
striata (1).
Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius Blue Rock-Thrush, Monticola
(8). solitarius (8).
Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia
sibilans (4).
Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi (8)... Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus
grayi (8).
White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis White-throated Thrush, Turdus
(8). assimilis (8).
McCown's Longspur, Calcarius mccownii McCown's Longspur,
(9). Rhynchophanes mccownii (9).
Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora
(9). cyanoptera (9).
Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis
(9). peregrina (9).
Orange-crowned Warbler, Vermivora Orange-crowned Warbler,
celata (9). Oreothlypis celata (9).
Nashville Warbler, Vermivora Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis
ruficapilla (9). ruficapilla (9).
Virginia's Warbler, Vermivora virginiae Virginia's Warbler, Oreothlypis
(9). virginiae (9).
Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis (9) Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis
crissalis (9).
Lucy's Warbler, Vermivora luciae (9)... Lucy's Warbler, Oreothlypis
luciae (9).
Crescent-chested Warbler, Parula Crescent-chested Warbler,
superciliosa (9). Oreothlypis superciliosa (9).
Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia
noveboracensis (9). noveboracensis (9).
Louisiana Waterthrush, Seiurus Louisiana Waterthrush, Parkesia
motacilla (9). motacilla (9).
Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivacea Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris
(3). olivaceus (3).
Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus (9)....... Canyon Towhee, Melozone fusca
(9).
California Towhee, Pipilo crissalis (9) California Towhee, Melozone
crissalis (9).
Abert's Towhee, Pipilo aberti (9)...... Abert's Towhee, Melozone aberti
(9).
Rufous-winged Sparrow, Aimophila Rufous-winged Sparrow, Peucaea
carpalis (9). carpalis (9).
Botteri's Sparrow, Aimophila botterii Botteri's Sparrow, Peucaea
(9). botterii (9).
Cassin's Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii Cassin's Sparrow, Peucaea
(9). cassinii (9).
Bachman's Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis Bachman's Sparrow, Peucaea
(9). aestivalis (9).
Five-striped Sparrow, Aimophila Five-striped Sparrow,
quinquestriata (9). Amphispiza quinquestriata (9).
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Nelson's Sparrow, Ammodramus
Ammodramus nelsoni (8). nelsoni (8).
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus
Ammodramus caudacutus (8). caudacutus (8).
Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza
chrysophrys (4).
Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus
Icterus dominicensis (7). portoricensis (6).
Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea (9).. Common Redpoll, Acanthis
flammea (9).
Hoary Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni (9) Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis
hornemanni (9).
Eurasian Siskin, Carduelis spinus (9).. Eurasian Siskin, Spinus spinus
(9).
Pine Siskin, Carduelis pinus (9)....... Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus (9).
Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria Lesser Goldfinch, Spinus
(9). psaltria (9).
Lawrence's Goldfinch, Carduelis Lawrence's Goldfinch, Spinus
lawrencei (9). lawrencei (9).
American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch, Spinus
(9). tristis (9).
[[Page 23432]]
Oriental Greenfinch, Carduelis sinica Oriental Greenfinch, Chloris
(9). sinica (9).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
How is the list of migratory birds organized?
The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of
different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1)
and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing,
species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific
name of each species following the English group name. This format,
similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to
members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed
in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name
following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships,
we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family,
and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOU
(1998, 2010) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.
What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
The MBTA does not apply to:
(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its
territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance
that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or
Russian Conventions, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710
(March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative, human-introduced bird
species in this category. Note, though, that native species that are
introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native
are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in
the United States or its territories.
(2) Nonnative, human-introduced species that belong to families or
groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions,
including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae
(buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae
(sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos),
Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae
(hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls),
Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers),
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in
the Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae
(weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families
not currently represented in the United States or its territories.
(3) Native species that belong to families or groups represented in
the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the
Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including the Megapodiidae
(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys),
Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae
(pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae
(honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers [elepaios]),
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), and Coerebidae (bananaquit). It should be
noted that this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 notice to the extent
that they are inconsistent. Specifically, the 1996 amendment to the
Canadian Convention included the family Muscicapidae (Old World
flycatchers). Thus, all members of the Muscicapidae family are now
included on this list. In addition, the Wrentit is now considered a
member of the Sylviidae family rather than the Timaliidae family and is
now included on this list.
Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are
available at https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/mbta/MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html.
Public Comments
We request comments or suggestions on this proposed rule from any
interested parties. You may submit your comments and materials
concerning this proposed rule by one of the methods listed in the
ADDRESSES section. We will not consider comments sent by e-mail or fax
or to an address not listed in the ADDRESSES section.
If you submit a comment via https://www.regulations.gov, your entire
comment--including any personal identifying information--will be posted
on the Web site. If you submit a hardcopy comment that includes
personal identifying information, you may request at the top of your
document that we withhold this information from public review. However,
we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all
hardcopy comments on https://www.regulations.gov.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection at https://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). You may obtain
copies of our previous actions concerning this subject by mail (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking
Portal at https://www.regulations.gov.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866)
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this
proposed rule is not significant under Executive Order 12866. OMB bases
its determination upon the following four criteria:
(a) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector,
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
(b) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal
agencies' actions.
(c) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants,
user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their
recipients.
(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121)), whenever an agency is required to
publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must
prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility
analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e.,
small businesses, small organizations, and small government
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required
if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal
agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying
that a rule will not have a significant economic
[[Page 23433]]
impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this
proposed rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the
Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action would
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities, because we are simply updating the list of migratory bird
species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that
because this rule does not have a significant economic effect on a
substantial number of small entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis
is not required.
This proposed rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C.
804(2)). It would not have a significant impact on a substantial number
of small entities.
a. This proposed rule would not have an annual effect on the
economy of $100 million or more.
b. This proposed rule would not cause a major increase in costs or
prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local
government agencies, or geographic regions.
c. This proposed rule will not have significant adverse effects on
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the
ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based
enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we have determined the following:
a. This proposed rule would not ``significantly or uniquely''
affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not
required. Actions under the proposed regulation would not affect small
government activities in any significant way.
b. This proposed rule would not produce a Federal mandate of $100
million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant
regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630, the proposed rule would
not have significant takings implications. This proposed rule does not
contain a provision for taking of private property. Therefore, a
takings implication assessment is not required.
Federalism
This proposed rule would not have sufficient Federalism effects to
warrant preparation of a Federalism assessment under Executive Order
13132. It would not interfere with the States' ability to manage
themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected
to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the
Solicitor has determined that the proposed rule would not unduly burden
the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
We examined this proposed rule under the Paperwork Reduction Act of
1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). There are no new information collection
requirements associated with this proposed rule. We are not requiring
any new permits, reports, or recordkeeping in this proposed rule.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative
in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is
categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR
46.210(h)).
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
Seventy-five of the species on the proposed List of Migratory Birds
are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion
of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of
1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-44; 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise
from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate
authorities and for different purposes. Because the rule is strictly
administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we
have evaluated potential effects on Federally-recognized Indian tribes
and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions
to existing regulations in this proposed rule are purely administrative
in nature and would not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage
themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on
tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)
On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211
addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply,
distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
Because this proposed rule only affects the listing of protected
species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action
under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy
supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a
significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is
required.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited is available upon request
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT above).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10
Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation,
Wildlife.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend
title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal
Regulations, as follows:
PART 10--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d;
19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407;
16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.
2. Revise Sec. 10.13 to read as follows:
Sec. 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.
(a) Legal authority for this list. The legal authorities for this
list are the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA; 16 U.S.C. 703-712), the
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-742j). The MBTA
implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring
countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16,
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended;
(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended;
(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States
of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their
[[Page 23434]]
Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of
Migratory Birds and Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 20 U.S.T.
4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
(b) Purpose of this list. The purpose is to inform the public of
the species protected by regulations that enforce the terms of the
MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter,
cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale,
purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
(c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species
protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the
varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this
section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy
and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American
Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (1998, as
amended through 2010). For species not treated by the AOU Check-list,
we generally follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World
(Clements 2007).
(1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by
common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species
following the common name.
ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella
AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris
AKEPA, Loxops coccineus
AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus
AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi
AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi
AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei
ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana
Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata
ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris
Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes
Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis
Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata
Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus
Shy, Thalassarche cauta
Wandering, Diomedea exulans
Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos
AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens
Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis
Oahu, Hemignathus flavus
ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga
ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris
Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani
ANIANIAU, Magumma parva
APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea
AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus
Crested, Aethia cristatella
Least, Aethia pusilla
Parakeet, Aethia psittacula
Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata
Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea
AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana
BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis
Tundra, Anser serrirostris
BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe
BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae
BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus
Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis
Least, Ixobrychus exilis
Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis
BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus
BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus
Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus
Rusty, Euphagus carolinus
Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis
Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor
Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus
BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis
Mountain, Sialia currucoides
Western, Sialia mexicana
BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus
BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica
BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii
Brown, Sula leucogaster
Masked, Sula dactylatra
Red-footed, Sula sula
BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla
BRANT, Branta bernicla
BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola
BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis
BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina
Gray, Emberiza variabilis
Indigo, Passerina cyanea
Little, Emberiza pusilla
Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys
Lazuli, Passerina amoena
McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus
Painted, Passerina ciris
Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi
Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos
Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus
Rustic, Emberiza rustica
Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis
Varied, Passerina versicolor
Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola
Yellow-browed, Emberiza chrysophrys
Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans
BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus
CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria
CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway
CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis
CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus
Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis
CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris
Gray, Dumetella carolinensis
CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs
CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus
Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus
Carolina, Poecile carolinensis
Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens
Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus
Mexican, Poecile sclateri
Mountain, Poecile gambeli
CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis
CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus
COOT, American, Fulica americana
Caribbean, Fulica caribaea
Eurasian, Fulica atra
Hawaiian, Fulica alai
CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus
Great, Phalacrocorax carbo
Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile
COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus
Brown-headed, Molothrus ater
Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis
CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex
Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops
Spotless, Porzana tabuensis
Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer
CRANE, Common, Grus grus
Sandhill, Grus canadensis
Whooping, Grus americana
CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana
Hawaii, Oreomystis mana
CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra
White-winged, Loxia leucoptera
CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos
Fish, Corvus ossifragus
Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis
Mariana, Corvus kubaryi
Northwestern, Corvus caurinus
Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus
White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus
CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Common, Cuculus canorus
Mangrove, Coccyzus minor
Oriental, Cuculus optatus
[[Page 23435]]
Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus
CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis
Eskimo, Numenius borealis
Eurasian, Numenius arquata
Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis
Little, Numenius minutus
Long-billed, Numenius americanus
DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana
DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus
DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus
DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca
Mourning, Zenaida macroura
White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi
White-winged, Zenaida asiatica
Zenaida, Zenaida aurita
DOVEKIE, Alle alle
DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus
Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus
DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes
Eastern Spot-billed, Anas zonorhyncha
Falcated, Anas falcata
Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus
Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana
Laysan, Anas laysanensis
Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis
Masked, Nomonyx dominicus
Mottled, Anas fulvigula
Muscovy, Cairina moschata
Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa
Ring-necked, Aythya collaris
Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis
Tufted, Aythya fuligula
Wood, Aix sponsa
DUNLIN, Calidris alpina
EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Golden, Aquila chrysaetos
White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla
EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis
Chinese, Egretta eulophotes
Great, Ardea alba
Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia
Little, Egretta garzetta
Reddish, Egretta rufescens
Snowy, Egretta thula
EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima
King, Somateria spectabilis
Spectacled, Somateria fischeri
Steller's, Polysticta stelleri
ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica
Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata
White-crested, Elaenia albiceps
EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus
EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica
FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis
Peregrine, Falco peregrinus
Prairie, Falco mexicanus
Red-footed, Flaco vespertinus
FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris
FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii
House, Carpodacus mexicanus
Laysan, Telespiza cantans
Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
Purple, Carpodacus purpureus
FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus ruber
FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides
Northern, Colaptes auratus
FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens
Alder, Empidonax alnorum
Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens
Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica
Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons
Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis
Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus
Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica
Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri
Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana
Gray, Empidonax wrightii
Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta
Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus
Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii
La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae
Least, Empidonax minimus
Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki
Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina
Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi
Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi
Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis
Piratic, Legatus leucophalus
Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum
Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus
Social, Myiozetetes similis
Spotted, Muscicapa striata
Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris
Taiga, Ficedula albicilla
Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Variegated, Empidonomus varius
Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus
Willow, Empidonax traillii
Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris
FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus
FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor
Lesser, Fregata ariel
Magnificent, Fregata magnificens
FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis
FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus
Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii
Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla
FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis
GADWALL, Anas strepera
GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris
Purple, Porphyrio martinica
GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus
GARGANEY, Anas querquedula
GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps
Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura
Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea
California, Polioptila californica
GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed, Limosa limosa
Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica
Marbled, Limosa fedoa
GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica
European, Pluvialis apricaria
Pacific, Pluvialis fulva
GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica
Common, Bucephala clangula
GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis
Lawrence's, Spinus lawrencei
Lesser, Spinus psaltria
GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis
Canada, Branta canadensis (including Cackling Goose, Branta
hutchinsii)
Emperor, Chen canagica
Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons
Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis
Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus
Ross's, Chen rossii
Snow, Chen caerulescens
GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis
GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major
Common, Quiscalus quiscula
Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus
Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis
GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor
Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus
GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii
Eared, Podiceps nigricollis
Horned, Podiceps auritus
Least, Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps
Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena
Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis
GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica
GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia
Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer
GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus
Blue, Passerina caerulea
Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno
Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus
Pine, Pinicola enucleator
Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus
Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina
Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi
Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti
White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura
GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle
Pigeon, Cepphus columba
GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri
Black-headed, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris
Bonaparte's, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
California, Larus californicus
Franklin's, Leucophaeus pipixcan
Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus
[[Page 23436]]
Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens
Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
Great Black-backed, Larus marinus
Heermann's, Larus heermanni
Herring, Larus argentatus
Iceland, Larus glaucoides
Ivory, Pagophila eburnea
Kelp, Larus dominicanus
Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla
Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus
Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus
Mew, Larus canus
Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis
Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea
Sabine's, Xema sabini
Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus
Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus
Thayer's, Larus thayeri
Western, Larus occidentalis
Yellow-footed, Larus livens
Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis
GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus
HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus
HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes
HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus
Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii
Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens
Ferruginous, Buteo regalis
Gray, Buteo nitidus
Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus
Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius
Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus
Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis
Roadside, Buteo magnirostris
Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus
Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus
Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni
White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus
Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus
HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax
HAWK-OWL, Brown, Ninox scutulata
HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea
Great Blue, Ardea herodias
Green, Butorides virescens
Little Blue, Egretta caerulea
Tricolored, Egretta tricolor
HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo
HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops
HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum
HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin
Anna's, Calypte anna
Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus
Berylline, Amazilia beryllina
Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri
Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae
Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris
Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus
Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis
Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa
Calliope, Stellula calliope
Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila
Costa's, Calypte costae
Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer
Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens
Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris
Rufous, Selasphorus rufus
Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps
White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis
Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii
IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus
Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber
White, Eudocimus albus
White-faced, Plegadis chihi
IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea
IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica
JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria
JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa
JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus
Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus
Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus
JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata
Brown, Psilorhinus morio
Gray, Perisoreus canadensis
Green, Cyanocorax yncas
Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina
Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri
JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis
Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus
KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea
KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus
KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius
Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus
KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus
KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans
Couch's, Tyrannus couchii
Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus
Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis
Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris
Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus
Western, Tyrannus verticalis
KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon
Collared, Todirhamphus chloris
Green, Chloroceryle americana
Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus
Ringed, Megaceryle torquata
KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa
Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula
KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus
KITE, Black, Milvus migrans
Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus
Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis
Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus
White-tailed, Elanus leucurus
KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla
Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris
KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris
Red, Calidris canutus
LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus
LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris
Sky, Alauda arvensis
LEAF-WARBLER, Pallas's, Phylloscopus proregulus
LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna
LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti
LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus
Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus
McCown's, Rhynchophanes mccownii
Smith's, Calcarius pictus
LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica
Common, Gavia immer
Pacific, Gavia pacifica
Red-throated, Gavia stellata
Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii
MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia
Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli
MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos
MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus
Green, Anthracothorax viridis
Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii
MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera
Caribbean, Progne dominicensis
Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca
Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea
Purple, Progne subis
Southern, Progne elegans
MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna
Western, Sturnella neglecta
MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser
Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus
Red-breasted, Mergus serrator
MERLIN, Falco columbarius
MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris
MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii
Blue, Melanotis caerulescens
Northern, Mimus polyglottos
MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus
MURRE, Common, Uria aalge
Thick-billed, Uria lomvia
MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus
Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri
Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris
Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix
Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus
Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus
NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax
Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi
Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus
Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea
NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii
Common, Chordeiles minor
Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis
NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus
Orange-billed, Catharus
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aurantiirostris
NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi
Gray, Caprimulgus indicus
Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus
NODDY, Black, Anous minutus
Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea
Brown, Anous stolidus
NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus
NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana
NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla
Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea
Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis
White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis
OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis
OMAO, Myadestes obscurus
ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis
Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda
Baltimore, Icterus galbula
Black-vented, Icterus wagleri
Bullock's, Icterus bullockii
Hooded, Icterus cucullatus
Orchard, Icterus spurius
Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis
Scott's, Icterus parisorum
Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus
OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus
OU, Psittirostra psittacea
OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla
OWL, Barn, Tyto alba
Barred, Strix varia
Boreal, Aegolius funereus
Burrowing, Athene cunicularia
Elf, Micrathene whitneyi
Flammulated, Otus flammeolus
Great Gray, Strix nebulosa
Great Horned, Bubo virginianus
Long-eared, Asio otus
Mottled, Ciccaba virgata
Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula
Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus
Short-eared, Asio flammeus
Snowy, Bubo scandiacus
Spotted, Strix occidentalis
Stygian, Asio stygius
OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus
Black, Haematopus bachmani
Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus
PALILA, Loxioides bailleui
PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia
PARROTBILL, Ma