Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 90-Day Finding for a Petition to List Puget Sound Coho Salmon as Endangered or Threatened, 38776-38778 [2010-16361]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[Federal Register Volume 75, Number 128 (Tuesday, July 6, 2010)]
[Notices]
[Pages 38776-38778]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2010-16361]



[[Page 38776]]

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[Docket No. 100427199-0266-01]
RIN 0648-XW22


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 90-Day Finding for 
a Petition to List Puget Sound Coho Salmon as Endangered or Threatened

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Notice of petition finding.

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SUMMARY: We, NMFS, have received a petition to list Puget Sound 
populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) as an endangered or 
threatened species and to designate critical habitat under the 
Endangered Species Act (ESA). We determine that the petition does not 
present substantial evidence to indicate that the petitioned action may 
be warranted. Accordingly, we will not initiate a status review of the 
species at this time.

ADDRESSES: Requests for copies of the petition and comments regarding 
Puget Sound coho salmon should be submitted to Chief, Protected 
Resources Division, NMFS, 1201 NE Lloyd Boulevard, Suite 1100, 
Portland, OR 97232. The petition and supporting data are available for 
public inspection, by appointment, Monday through Friday at this 
address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Eric Murray, NMFS, Northwest Region, 
(503) 231-2378 or Marta Nammack, NMFS, Office of Protected Resources, 
(301) 713-1401.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Section 4 of the ESA contains provisions allowing interested 
persons to petition the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of 
Commerce (Secretary) to add a species to or remove a species from the 
List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and to designate critical 
habitat. On February 23, 2010, we received a petition from Mr. Sam 
Wright of Olympia, Washington, to list and designate critical habitat 
for Puget Sound populations of coho salmon.
    Section 4(b)(3)(A) of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 
1544) requires that we determine whether a petition to list, delist, or 
reclassify a species presents substantial scientific or commercial 
information to indicate that the petitioned action may be warranted. In 
making this determination, we consider information submitted with and 
referenced in the petition, and all other information readily available 
in our files. To the maximum extent practicable, this finding is to be 
made within 90 days of the receipt of the petition, and the finding is 
to be published promptly in the Federal Register.
    In evaluating a petition, we consider whether it (1) describes past 
and present numbers and distribution of the species and any threats 
faced by the species (50 CFR 424.14(b)(2)(ii)); (2) provides 
information regarding the status of the species over all or a 
significant portion of its range (50 CFR 424.14(b)(2)(iii)); and (3) is 
accompanied by appropriate supporting documentation (50 CFR 
424.14(b)(2)(iv)).
    The ESA defines ``species'' to include subspecies and any distinct 
population segment of a vertebrate species which interbreeds when 
mature (16 U.S.C. 1532(16)). To identify distinct population segments 
of salmon, we follow our Policy on Applying the Definition of Species 
under the ESA to Pacific Salmon (56 FR 58612; November 20, 1991). This 
policy states that we consider evolutionarily significant units (ESU) 
of salmon to be distinct population segments under the ESA. We consider 
populations of salmon to be an ESU if they are substantially 
reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species and 
represent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the 
species. The petitioner requested listing the ``populations of Puget 
Sound coho salmon.'' We evaluated whether the information provided or 
cited in the petition met the ESA's standard for ``substantial 
information.'' We also reviewed other information readily available to 
us (currently within our files).

Previous Status Review of Puget Sound Coho Salmon

    We announced our completion of a coastwide status review of coho 
salmon in a Federal Register document dated July 25, 1995 (60 FR 
38011). In that document, we delineated several ESUs of coho salmon 
throughout the west coast, including a Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia 
ESU. We proposed several ESUs of coho salmon as threatened under the 
ESA, but determined that listing the Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia ESU 
was not warranted. In making this finding, we determined that, 
``relative to the other coho salmon ESUs, populations in the Puget 
Sound/Strait of Georgia ESU are abundant, and with some exceptions, run 
sizes and natural spawning escapements have been generally stable.''
    In this previous Federal Register document we identified the Puget 
Sound/Strait of Georgia ESU to include coho salmon populations from 
drainages in Puget Sound and Hood Canal, the eastern Olympic Peninsula 
(east of Salt Creek), and the Strait of Georgia from the eastern side 
of Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland (north to and 
including Campbell and Powell rivers), excluding the upper Fraser 
River. While we expressed some uncertainty about including the Strait 
of Georgia populations, we concluded ``that at least until further 
information is developed, the geographic boundaries of this ESU extend 
into Canada to include drainages from both sides of the Strait of 
Georgia as far as the north end of the Strait.''
    In the 1995 status review report we found that abundance in the 
Canadian populations in the ESU had declined more severely than in the 
U.S. populations. Available data showed a long-term decline in coho 
abundance on Vancouver Island and along the south-central British 
Columbia coast (excluding the Fraser River) over the entire historical 
period of record for the species, based on comparison of 1800s 
abundance with 1953-1992 average abundance. Abundance decline for these 
areas was also apparent over the most recent shorter term period (1953-
1992). On Vancouver Island, coho salmon escapements had declined from 
more than 300,000 in the mid-1950s to about 150,000 through the time of 
the status review. Along the south-central coast, escapement declines 
in the same period were more dramatic, from about 500,000 in the mid-
1950s to less than 100,000 through the early 1990s. By contrast, 
estimated average run sizes of coho salmon in the U.S. portion of the 
ESU were comparable to the estimated historical (1896) abundance of 
1.25 million (although at least half of these were hatchery-origin coho 
salmon).
    Of the U.S. populations examined in the 1995 status review report, 
two had significant downward trends, five had significant upward 
trends, and the remaining 10 had no significant trend. Only three 
populations had long-term data sets (over 50 years) available for 
review. Two declined in the 1960s and 1970s, with some evidence of 
recovery in the 1980s. The third neither increased nor decreased in 
abundance. Long-term (1896-1992) abundance trends for naturally-
reproducing Puget Sound coho salmon were not statistically significant, 
but a marked short-term decline in abundance trends

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was observed within this period (between 1935 and 1975)
    The 1995 status review report also evaluated potential threats to 
the viability of the ESU, including overharvest in fisheries and 
hatchery operations. Prior to 1995, overall ocean exploitation rates on 
the U.S. portion of the ESU (as estimated from coded wire tag data) 
were relatively high but showed no apparent trend. Harvest rates on 
naturally-reproducing populations were substantially lower than harvest 
rates on hatchery-dominated populations. We expressed considerable 
concern that over half of the U.S. portion of the run was hatchery 
fish. Little information was available about hatchery contributions to 
the Canadian portion of the ESU, except that hatchery production had 
rapidly increased relative to low historical levels. The average size 
of adult coho salmon in the Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia ESU had also 
decreased (this was observed beginning in the 1950s, but documented 
first in the 1970s) along with fecundity (Weitkamp et al., 1995). The 
decrease in size and fecundity was expected to decrease productivity in 
the ESU as a whole. Other threats identified in the assessment included 
widespread habitat degradation, droughts, and changes in ocean 
productivity, all of which were expected to reduce ESU productivity.
    Despite the threats facing this ESU in the described 1995 status 
review report, we noted that total abundance of naturally-reproducing 
fish was fairly high and apparently stable. For this reason, we 
concluded that listing was not warranted (60 FR 38011; July 25, 1995). 
However, because of the threats to the overall health of this ESU, we 
added it to the Candidate List (later to become known as the ``Species 
of Concern List''). The Species of Concern List can aid in the 
conservation of species by highlighting needed research and stewardship 
opportunities. We did not conduct a new status review until we were 
petitioned because we did not have information in our files to indicate 
that the species might warrant ESA protection.

Analysis of Petition

    When reviewing a petition to list a species under the ESA, we 
consider information provided in the petition as well as information 
readily available in agency files. We first review information from the 
petition and our files regarding delineation of the Puget Sound/Strait 
of Georgia coho salmon ESU, and next review information from the 
petition and our files regarding the status of coho salmon in Puget 
Sound.
    The petition states that ``any connectivity [of the Puget Sound 
coho salmon populations] with Canadian stocks has been effectively 
severed by 35 years of managing the entire Nooksack River system as a 
Hatchery Salmon Management Zone. The Skagit River system now forms the 
northern boundary of a much smaller and isolated viable ESU that now 
has its southern boundary formed by the Snohomish river system.'' The 
petitioner refers to this proposed, truncated Puget Sound population 
(representing a smaller proportion of the ESU than that delineated and 
reviewed by NMFS in 1995) as being a ``new and much smaller viable 
ESU.'' Without agreeing with the petitioner that creation of a 
truncated Puget Sound coho ESU is warranted, the petition is correct 
that Nooksack River coho continue to be managed for hatchery 
production, a management approach unchanged from the strategy in effect 
when we reviewed the status of the ESU in 1995. The Nooksack River 
watershed represents just one of seven coho management units making up 
the ESU, five of which are managed for wild coho production. We 
determined in 1995 that, based on the relatively healthy viability 
status of these wild coho populations and considering the standing of 
threats to their viability, hatchery production in the Nooksack River 
did not constitute a significant threat to the ESU as a whole. This 
previous finding is further supported by new scientific evidence 
indicating the tendency for hatchery-origin coho salmon not to 
successfully interbreed with native Nooksack watershed coho salmon 
(Small et al., 2004). These researchers reached this conclusion through 
comparison of microsatellite DNA variation in wild-spawning and 
hatchery-strain coho salmon from the Nooksack River. Significant 
heterogeneity in genotype frequencies was detected between wild-
spawning coho salmon from the upper North Fork Nooksack River and 
Kendall Creek Hatchery coho salmon, which were descendants of primarily 
native Nooksack River broodstock. These findings suggest that a 
distinct Nooksack River wild coho salmon population persists, amidst 
continued management of the watershed for hatchery coho production, and 
that the wild population contributes positively to the abundance, 
diversity, and spatial structure of the ESU. Considering this new 
information, and that the petition presents no new information 
regarding threats to ESU viability associated with hatchery fish 
management in the Nooksack watershed, we reach the same conclusion that 
we reached in 1995, that hatchery management in the Nooksack does not 
pose a significant threat to the ESU.
    Genetics data available in our files since our last review do 
suggest that a change in ESU configuration may be warranted. That 
information suggests that coho salmon in Canadian and U.S. rivers may 
be reproductively isolated and therefore represent different ESUs. Even 
if that is the case, before initiating a status review we must 
determine whether the petitioned action of listing a potential coho ESU 
in Puget Sound may be warranted. We, therefore, consider information in 
the petition and our files to determine whether it indicates that 
listing of a Puget Sound ESU may be warranted.
    The petition claims that Puget Sound coho salmon face a variety of 
threats including: (1) the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 
which has deliberately planned for overfishing on many populations and 
has failed to set escapement goals for many populations; (2) the 
decrease in size of adult coho salmon in the State of Washington; and 
(3) pre-spawning mortality associated with land use practices. With the 
exception of pre-spawning mortality, the petition presents no new 
information on these threats beyond what we considered in our 1995 
review. As previously mentioned, the petitioner indicates that a 
different ESU configuration may exist; however, there is no information 
available to indicate that the severity of threats or ESU viability 
would increase if a smaller, Puget Sound ESU was established. In fact, 
the opposite may be true. In our 1995 review, we noted that declines in 
abundance in the Canadian portion of the Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia 
ESU were much more severe than in the U.S. portion of the ESU. If the 
ESU was reconfigured to include stocks only within Puget Sound, it is 
likely that overall ESU viability would improve and the severity of 
threats facing this smaller ESU would decrease.
    Regarding the high harvest rates that were highlighted in our last 
assessment, the petition fails to provide any recent data to indicate 
whether these trends have continued and therefore still present risks 
to the ESU. A review of data available in our files suggests that the 
risk from harvest has decreased in recent years. With the near complete 
cessation of coho salmon fisheries by Canada on the West Coast of 
Vancouver Island since the time of our last status review, overall 
fisheries exploitation rates for all key naturally-reproducing coho 
populations in Puget Sound have been markedly reduced. For example,

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total harvest rates for Skagit naturally-reproducing coho salmon have 
been reduced from an average of 51 percent in the early to mid 1990s, 
to an average of 30 percent for the period 1999--2008. Similarly, 
average total fishery harvest rates have been reduced from 57 percent 
to 21 percent for Stillaguamish naturally-reproducing coho; 57 percent 
to 22 percent for Snohomish naturally-reproducing coho; 57 percent to 
35 percent for Hood Canal naturally-reproducing coho; and 39 percent to 
8 percent for Strait of Juan de Fuca naturally-reproducing coho (L. 
LaVoy, NMFS Sustainable Fisheries Division data, pers. comm., April 9, 
2010). Harvest rates have also been substantially reduced on Deschutes 
River coho salmon (from 85 percent to 45 percent), a population the 
petition mentions in particular.
    Regarding the decrease in size of adult coho, we considered this 
decrease in our 1995 review. The petitioner provides no details and no 
new information since our previous review nor do we have any additional 
information in our files on this matter.
    Regarding pre-spawning mortality, the petition includes a 2004 
report titled ``Land Use and Coho Pre-spawning Mortality in the 
Snohomish Watershed, Washington.'' The petition does not demonstrate 
that this is a new phenomenon, and does not explain how this 
information affects the overall status of coho in Puget Sound in a way 
not considered in the 1995 review. The petition also includes smolt 
(juvenile salmon) production data for Big Beef Creek, describing it as 
representing a decline. In contrast to the petition's characterization 
of the data as showing a decline, it actually suggests that recent 
smolt production is comparable to or exceeds that of previous years. 
Although we did not explicitly consider effects of pre-spawning 
mortality in the 1995 review, there is no information in the petition 
or our files indicating that this mortality is different from what it 
was in 1995.

Petition Finding

    After reviewing the petition, as well as information readily 
available to us, we have determined that the petition does not present 
substantial scientific information indicating the petitioned action may 
be warranted. The petition correctly states that the scientific 
information used in NMFS' previous review is at least 15 years old. 
However, the petition does not offer adequate new information on the 
status, trends, and threats to the Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia ESU of 
coho salmon to warrant the initiation of a status review at this time. 
Moreover, information available to us does not suggest that listing may 
be warranted.
    If new information becomes available to suggest that the Puget 
Sound populations of coho salmon may warrant listing under the ESA, we 
will reconsider conducting a species status review.

References

    A complete list of all references cited herein is available upon 
request (see ADDRESSES section).

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.; 16 U.S.C. 742a et seq.; 31 
U.S.C. 9701; 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.

    Dated: June 29, 2010.
Samuel D. Rauch III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.
[FR Doc. 2010-16361 Filed 7-2-10; 8:45 am]
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