Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for 48 Species on Kauai and Designation of Critical Habitat, 18960-19165 [2010-1904]

Agencies

• Fish and Wildlife Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Federal Register Volume 75, Number 70 (Tuesday, April 13, 2010)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 18960-19165]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2010-1904]



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Part II





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of 
Endangered Status for 48 Species on Kauai and Designation of Critical 
Habitat; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 70 / Tuesday, April 13, 2010 / Rules 
and Regulations

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[FWS-R1-ES-2008-0046]
[MO 92210-0-0008]
RIN 1018-AV48


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of 
Endangered Status for 48 Species on Kauai and Designation of Critical 
Habitat

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), determine 
endangered status for 48 species on the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian 
Islands under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). We 
also designate 26,582 acres (ac) (10,757 hectares (ha)) of critical 
habitat for 47 of these species. The critical habitat is located in 
Kauai County, Hawaii. Critical habitat designation was determined to be 
not prudent for one species, Pritchardia hardyi (a palm), which is 
threatened by over collection and vandalism.

DATES: This rule becomes effective on May 13, 2010.

ADDRESSES: This final rule and economic impact analysis are available 
on the Internet at https://www.regulations.gov. Comments and materials 
received, as well as supporting documentation used in preparing this 
final are available for public inspection, by appointment, during 
normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific 
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 50088, 
Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808-792-9400; facsimile 808-792-9581.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor, 
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section). If 
you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the 
Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This document consists of: (1) a final rule 
to list 48 species as endangered; and (2) a final critical habitat 
designation for 47 species.

Previous Federal Action

    Thirty-one of the Kauai species in this final rule were previously 
candidate species. Candidate species are those taxa for which the 
Service has sufficient information on their biological status and 
threats to list as endangered or threatened under the Endangered 
Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), but for 
which the development of a listing regulation has been precluded to 
date by other higher priority listing activities.
    The candidates addressed in this final listing rule include the 
plants Astelia waialealae (painiu), Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki), 
Chamaesyce eleanoriae (akoko), Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis 
(akoko), Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (akoko), Charpentiera densiflora 
(papala), Cyanea eleeleensis (haha), Cyanea kuhihewa (also haha), 
Cyrtandra oenobarba (hiiwale), Dubautia imbricata subspecies (ssp). 
imbricata (naenae), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (also naenae), 
Dubautia waialealae (naenae), Geranium kauaiense (nohoanu), Keysseria 
erici (no common name (ncn)), Keysseria helenae (ncn), Labordia helleri 
(kamakahala), Labordia pumila (also kamakahala), Lysimachia daphnoides 
(lehua makanoe), Melicope degeneri (alani), Melicope paniculata (also 
alani), Melicope puberula (alani), Myrsine mezii (kolea), Pittosporum 
napaliense (hoawa), Platydesma rostrata (pilo kea lau li i), 
Pritchardia hardyi (loulu), Psychotria grandiflora (kopiko), Psychotria 
hobdyi (kopiko), Schiedea attenuata (ncn), and Stenogyne kealiae (ncn); 
the bird, akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi); and the picture-wing fly, 
Drosophila attigua (now D. sharpi, see explanation under ``Description 
of the 48 Species'' below).
    The candidate status of all of these species was most recently 
assessed and reaffirmed in the December 10, 2008, Notice of Review of 
Native Species that are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as 
Threatened or Endangered (CNOR) (73 FR 75176, December 10, 2008).
    On May 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the 
Secretary of the Interior to list 225 species of plants and animals, 
including the 31 candidate species listed above, as endangered or 
threatened under the provisions of the Act. Since then, we have 
published our annual findings on the May 4, 2004, petition (including 
our findings on the 31 candidate species listed above) in the CNORs 
dated May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), September 12, 2006 (71 FR 53756), 
December 6, 2007 (72 FR 69033), and December 10, 2008 (73 FR 75176).
    On October 11, 2007, we received a petition from Dr. Eric 
VanderWerf and the American Bird Conservancy to list the akikiki and 
the akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) as endangered or threatened 
species. According to the petitioners, the akikiki and akekee warrant 
listing under the Act because they have small populations; occur in 
small geographic ranges; are undergoing rapid population and range 
declines; and face numerous imminent and significant threats including, 
but not limited to, habitat loss and degradation by alien plants and 
nonnative ungulates, diseases spread by alien mosquitoes, predation by 
alien mammals, and catastrophic events such as hurricanes (VanderWerf 
and American Bird Conservancy 2007). The petitioners also cite the 
inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms as a threat, noting that as members 
of the subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers), the akikiki and 
akekee are not protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 
703-712; see 71 FR 50205, August 24, 2006). The akikiki was already a 
candidate species (59 FR 58982, November 15, 1994). The proposed rule 
(73 FR 62592, October 21, 2008) and this final designation constitute 
our response to the October 11, 2007, petition.
    In addition to the 31 candidate species and the akekee, we are 
listing and designating critical habitat for the following 16 species 
of plants endemic to Kauai: Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea dolichopoda, 
Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris 
crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii, 
Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia scopulensis, 
Lysimachia venosa, Myrsine knudsenii, Phyllostegia renovans, 
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynnii. These 16 Kauai 
plant species have been identified by the multiagency (Federal, State, 
and private) Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) program as being among 
the rarest of the rare Hawaiian plant species, and in need of immediate 
conservation. The goal of this program is to prevent the extinction of 
native plant species with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the 
wild on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii by 
establishing a network of multi-island plant propagation sites and 
storage facilities, and conducting emergency monitoring and genetic 
sampling of all PEP species (Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife 
(DOFAW) 2007; Service 2007). The Service has provided significant 
funding to this program since 2002, through section 6 (Cooperation with 
the States) of the Act. We believe these 16 plant species warrant 
listing under the Act for the reasons discussed below (``Description of 
the 48 Species'' and ``Summary of Factors Affecting the

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Species''). Since these species occur within the same 6 ecosystems and 
share common threats with the other 32 species, we have included them 
here in an effort to provide them with Federal protection in an 
expeditious manner.
    On October 21, 2008, we published a proposed rule to list these 48 
species as endangered throughout their ranges, and to designate 
critical habitat for 47 of these species (73 FR 62592). The comment 
period for that proposal opened on October 21, 2008, and closed on 
December 22, 2008.

Background

An Ecosystem-based Approach

    On the island of Kauai, as on most of the Hawaiian Islands, native 
species that occur in the same habitat types (ecosystems) depend on 
many of the same biological features and on the successful functioning 
of that ecosystem to survive. We have therefore organized the species 
addressed in this final rule by common ecosystem. Although the listing 
determination for each species is analyzed separately, we have 
organized the specific analysis for each species within the context of 
the broader ecosystem in which it occurs to avoid redundancy. In 
addition, native species that share ecosystems often face a suite of 
common threat factors that require similar management actions to reduce 
or eliminate those threats. Effective management of these threat 
factors often requires implementation of conservation actions at the 
ecosystem scale to enhance or restore critical ecological processes and 
provide for long-term viability of those species in their native 
environment. Thus, by taking this approach, we hope to not only 
organize this final rule effectively, but also to more effectively 
focus conservation management efforts on the common threats that occur 
across these ecosystems, restore ecosystem function for the recovery of 
each species, and provide conservation benefits for associated native 
species, thereby potentially precluding the need to list other species 
under the Act that occur in these shared ecosystems.
    We are listing each of the 48 species endemic to the island of 
Kauai addressed in this rule as an endangered species. These 48 species 
(45 plants, 2 birds, and 1 picture-wing fly) are found in 6 ecosystem 
types: lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, montane wet, dry 
cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1). Although most of these species are 
restricted to a single ecosystem, some are found in multiple 
ecosystems. For each species, we identified and evaluated those factors 
that threaten the species and that may be common to all of the species 
at the ecosystem level. For example, the degradation of habitat by 
feral ungulates is considered a threat to each species within each 
ecosystem. As a result, this threat factor is considered to be a 
multiple ecosystem-level threat, as each individual species within each 
ecosystem faces a threat that is essentially identical in terms of the 
nature of the impact, its severity, its imminence, and its scope. We 
further identified and evaluated any threat factors that may be unique 
to certain species, and do not apply to all species under consideration 
within the same ecosystem. For example, the threat of avian malaria is 
unique to the two birds in this final rule, but is not applicable to 
any of the other species in this final rule. We have identified such 
threat factors, which apply only to certain species within the 
ecosystems addressed here as species-specific threats.

TABLE 1.--THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND
------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Ecosystem                             Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic                          Plants: Canavalia napaliensis,
                                        Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
                                        Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
                                        Charpentiera densiflora,
                                        Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia
                                        kenwoodii, Labordia helleri,
                                        Pittosporum napaliense,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
                                        hobdyi, Tetraplasandra
                                        bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet                            Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
                                        var. remyi, Charpentiera
                                        densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis,
                                        Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea
                                        kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba,
                                        Dubautia imbricata ssp.
                                        imbricata, Labordia helleri,
                                        Melicope paniculata, Melicope
                                        puberula, Phyllostegia renovans,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia
                                        hardyi, Stenogyne kealiae,
                                        Tetraplasandra bisattenuata,
                                        Tetraplasandra flynii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic                          Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        remyi, Diellia mannii, Labordia
                                        helleri, Myrsine knudsenii,
                                        Myrsine mezii, Platydesma
                                        rostrata, Psychotria
                                        grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae,
                                        Tetraplasandra flynnii Animals:
                                        Akekee, Akikiki, Drosophila
                                        sharpi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet                            Plants: Astelia waialealae,
                                        Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
                                        Dryopteris crinalis var.
                                        podosorus, Dubautia
                                        kalalauensis, Dubautia
                                        waialealae, Geranium kauaiense,
                                        Keysseria erici, Keysseria
                                        helenae, Labordia helleri,
                                        Labordia pumila, Lysimachia
                                        daphnoides, Melicope degeneri,
                                        Melicope puberula, Myrsine
                                        mezii, Phyllostegia renovans,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
                                        grandiflora, Tetraplasandra
                                        flynnii Animals: Akekee,
                                        Akikiki, Drosophila sharpi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Cliff                              Plants: Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
                                        Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea
                                        attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff                              Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
                                        var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda,
                                        Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra
                                        paliku, Dubautia plantaginea
                                        ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia
                                        iniki, Lysimachia pendens,
                                        Lysimachia venosa, Platydesma
                                        rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the Act, we are required to designate critical habitat to the 
maximum extent prudent and determinable concurrently with the 
publication of a final determination that a species is endangered or 
threatened. In this rule, we are designating critical habitat for 47 of 
the 48 Kauai species. We have determined that the designation of 
critical habitat is not prudent for one species of native palm tree due 
to the increased threat of collection that may result from such 
designation. The designation of critical habitat for the other 47 Kauai 
species is organized by common ecosystem. Although critical habitat is 
identified for each species individually, we have found that the 
conservation of each depends, at least in part, on the successful 
functioning of the commonly shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat 
unit identified in this final rule therefore contains the physical and

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biological features essential to the conservation of each species and 
those areas that are essential for the conservation of each associated 
species.
    Where the unit is not occupied by a particular species, we believe 
it is essential for the conservation of that species because it 
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the 
expansion of populations in the wild. All of the areas designated 
constitute critical habitat for multiple species, based upon the 
species' shared habitat requirements. The identification of critical 
habitat also takes into account any species-specific physical and 
biological features necessary for the conservation of that species as 
appropriate. For example, the presence of specific host plants for 
larval development is essential for the conservation of the picture-
wing fly Drosophila sharpi, but is not a requirement shared by all 
species within the same ecosystem.
    This approach represents a departure from our previous approaches 
to designating critical habitat for endangered and threatened species 
in Hawaii, which focused on discrete areas occupied by the species at 
the time of listing. Because Hawaii has 330 species listed under the 
Act, the previous approach to critical habitat designations resulted in 
an overlapping patchwork of critical habitat areas that could be 
confusing to the public to interpret. More importantly, we have learned 
that many native Hawaiian plants and animals currently occupy areas of 
marginal habitat because the threats are reduced in those areas, but 
these species can thrive when reintroduced into historical habitats 
when threats are being effectively managed. For this reason, we believe 
it is important to designate unoccupied habitat in those cases where it 
is essential to the recovery of the species and a designation limited 
to its present range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of 
the species (50 CFR 424.12 (e)).
    We believe the approach adopted in this final rule will make 
critical habitat in Hawaii a more useful conservation tool for land 
managers. Focusing on the management and restoration of habitat at the 
ecosystem scale and on ecosystem processes that these species require 
will result in more effective conservation than a designation based 
solely on the locations of the last few known individuals. In addition, 
we believe this approach will aid recovery given the uncertainties of 
climate change and other processes that may impact highly localized 
habitat conditions and features essential to the conservation of the 
species in the future. Critical habitat areas for multiple species may 
also better provide for the recovery of these species by guiding our 
conservation efforts as well as those of our partners, and by providing 
better information to the public and other entities about important 
conservation areas.
The Island of Kauai
    The island of Kauai is the northernmost and oldest of the eight 
major Hawaiian Islands (Foote et al. 1972, p. 3). It was formed about 6 
million years ago by a single shield volcano and is 553 square miles 
(sq mi) (1,430 sq kilometers (km)) in area. The island is characterized 
by deeply incised canyons and steep ridges (Department of Geography 
1998, p. 151). The large caldera, once the largest in the Hawaiian 
Islands, now extends about 10 mi (16 km) in diameter and comprises the 
elevated tableland of the Alakai Swamp (Department of Geography 1998, 
p. 151). To the west of the Alakai Swamp is the deeply incised Waimea 
Canyon, extending 10 mi (16 km) in length and up to 1 mi (1.6 km) in 
width. Later volcanic activity on the southeastern flank of the volcano 
formed the smaller Haupu caldera. Subsequent erosion and collapse of 
its flank formed Haupu Ridge (Macdonald et al. 1983, p. 457).
    The amount of rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands depends greatly on 
topography, and the orographic (mountain-caused) effect is revealed by 
the wide range in the pattern of annual rainfall, from 10 inches (in) 
to 450 in (25 centimeters (cm) to 1,145 cm) (Giambelluca and Schroeder 
1998, p. 59). Variations in the landscape can create microclimates, 
with large changes in rainfall and wind patterns over very short 
distances (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 43). Mount Waialeale, Kauai's second 
highest point at 5,148 feet (ft) (1,569 meters (m)) in elevation 
(Walker 1999, p. 21) is one of the wettest spots on earth, with annual 
rainfall measured at more than 450 in (1,145 cm) (Department of 
Geography 1998, p. 151). One of the island's most famous features is 
the Na Pali Coast, where stream and wave action have cut deep valleys 
and eroded the land to form precipitous cliffs as high as 3,000 ft (914 
m) (Joesting 1984, p. 14).
    The current soil classification system for the Hawaiian Islands 
distinguishes soil types based on their measurable physical and 
chemical properties, and environmental factors that influenced their 
formation. These characteristics include fertility, climate zone, 
degree of weathering, composition and arrangement of horizons (soil 
layers), and the soil's developmental history. Eleven of the 12 
described soil orders have been reported in Hawaii (Gavenda et al. 
1998, p. 96). Hawaii's basaltic rocks decompose to clay and various 
oxides and hydroxides when exposed to the weather in high rainfall 
areas. Silica and other elements are leached out, leaving the iron 
oxides, which are conspicuously red in color and very evident in the 
eroded cliffs of Waimea Canyon. These red soils support plant life, and 
have low fertility and nutrient content (Walker 1999, p. 32). The soils 
in drier areas lack significant organic material and are characterized 
by deposits, called caliche, of soluble salts near the soil surface. 
Caliche may form concretions (solid mass or coalescence) around plant 
roots and stems (Walker 1999, p. 32).
    Because of its age and relative isolation, levels of floristic 
diversity and endemism are higher on Kauai than on any other island in 
the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai has 
undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use. 
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more 
recently, converted to agricultural use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45) 
or pasture. Intentional and inadvertent introduction of alien plant and 
animal species has also contributed to the reduction in range of the 
native vegetation on the island of Kauai. (Throughout this rule, the 
terms ``alien,'' ``feral,'' ``nonnative,'' and ``introduced'' all refer 
to species that are not native to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most of the 
taxa included in this rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, 
valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography has 
prevented urbanization and agricultural development, or where 
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and animal 
species.
Kauai Ecosystems
    The six Kauai ecosystems that support the species addressed in this 
final rule are described in the following sections..
Lowland Mesic
    The lowland mesic ecosystem includes a variety of grasslands, 
shrublands, and forests, generally below 3,000 ft (914 m) elevation, 
that receive between 50 and 75 in (127 and 191 cm) of annual rainfall, 
or in otherwise mesic substrate conditions (The Nature Conservancy 
(TNC) 2006b). In the Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is found on 
Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai, on both windward and 
leeward sides of the islands. On Kauai, this ecosystem is typically 
found

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on the western slopes of the island (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 
2006b). Biological diversity is high in this system (TNC 2006b), and 11 
of the 48 species included in this final rule are reported from this 
ecosystem (Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2007; The 
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) 2007).
Lowland Wet
    The lowland wet ecological system is generally found below 3,000 ft 
(914 m) elevation on the windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands, 
except Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006c). 
These areas include a variety of wet grasslands, shrublands, and 
forests that receive greater than 75 in (191 cm) of annual 
precipitation, or are found in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 
2006c). On Kauai, this system is best developed in wet valleys and 
slopes adjacent to the summit plateau of Waialealae and Alakai (TNC 
2006c). According to TNC, biological diversity is high in this system 
(TNC 2006c), and 17 of the 48 species included in this final rule are 
reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Montane Mesic
    A variety of natural communities (e.g., grasslands, shrublands, and 
forests) are found in the montane mesic ecological system. This system 
is found between 3,000 and 6,600 ft (914 and 2,012 m) elevation in 
areas receiving 50 to 75 in (127 to 191 cm) of precipitation yearly 
(TNC 2006e). The montane mesic system is found on the islands of 
Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai. On Kauai, this system is best 
developed on the west-facing slopes. The upper elevation for the 
montane mesic system on Kauai is constrained by the maximum elevation 
on the island (5,243 ft (1,598 m)). Biological diversity is ranked as 
moderate in the montane mesic system, according to TNC (TNC 2006e), and 
12 of the 48 species included in this final rule are reported from this 
ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Montane Wet
    The montane wet ecological system is composed of natural 
communities (grasslands, shrublands, forests, bogs) found at elevations 
between 3,000 and 6,600 ft (914 and 2,012 m) and in areas where annual 
precipitation is greater than 75 in (191 cm) (TNC 2006f). The upper 
elevation for the montane wet system on Kauai is constrained by the 
maximum elevation on the island (5,243 ft (1,598 m)). This system is 
found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe 
(TNC 2006f). On Kauai it is best developed in the summit plateau of 
Waialeale and Alakai. In this system, biological diversity is moderate 
to high (TNC 2006f), and 21 of the 48 species included in this final 
rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Dry Cliff
    The dry cliff ecological system is composed of vegetation 
communities occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas 
that receive less than 75 in (191 cm) of rainfall annually, or in 
otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC 2006a). This system is found on 
all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, and on the island of 
Kauai is best developed in the leeward canyons. A variety of grasslands 
and shrublands occur within this system (TNC 2006a). Biological 
diversity is low to moderate in this system (TNC 2006a), and 4 of the 
48 species included in this final rule are reported from this ecosystem 
(HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Wet Cliff
    The wet cliff ecological system is generally composed of grasslands 
and shrublands on near-vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in 
areas that receive more than 75 in (191 cm) of annual precipitation, or 
that are in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). This system 
is found on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and 
Kauai. On Kauai, this system is typically found on the windward cliffs 
adjacent to Waialeale (TNC 2006d). Biological diversity is low to 
moderate in this system (TNC 2006d), and 11 of the 48 species included 
in this final rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007).

Description of the 48 Species

    Here we provide a brief description of each of the 48 species, 
presented in alphabetical order by genus; plants are presented first, 
followed by animals.

Plants

    Astelia waialealae (painiu), an herb in the Asteliaceae family, 
occurs in bogs and on bog hummocks (low mounds or ridges of vegetation) 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) in the montane wet 
ecosystem at elevations between 4,000 and 5,000 ft (1,220 and 1,525 m) 
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1461; TNCH 2007). Astelia waialealae was known 
historically from five locations in the Alakai Swamp region of Kauai 
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1461; HBMP 2007). Between October and December 
1994, botanists from the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) and 
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) undertook a systematic 
survey of bogs on the island of Kauai, revisiting all of the 
historically known locations of A. waialealae, as well as 16 additional 
bogs. At that time, A. waialealae was confirmed to exist in three bogs. 
One bog, known as Sincock Bog 1, contained 3 Astelia clumps with 3 
individuals in one, 5 in another, and possibly 10 in the third, for a 
total of 18 individuals.
    Sincock Bog 2 contained two clumps, with one individual in each, 
and Waikoali Bog, or Circle Bog, contained two clumps with one 
individual in each (Perlman and Wood 1995, pp. 9--11). In 1996 and 
1997, both Sincock Bog 1 and Sincock Bog 2 were fenced, followed by 
Circle bog in 1998. Regular monitoring of these bogs commenced, and 
with protection from the fences, there was an increase in numbers of 
clumps and individuals of A. waialealae found in all three bogs. By 
2001, the numbers of clumps (and individuals) reached their peaks of 5 
clumps (9 individuals) for Circle bog, 6 clumps (36 individuals) for 
Sincock Bog 1, and 2 clumps (7 individuals) for Sincock Bog 2. By 2003, 
numbers of individuals began dropping dramatically, with visible signs 
of poor health for those remaining (USFWS Kauai monitoring database 
2008). Some individuals were removed at that point for preservation in 
local propagation facilities. Currently, there are 16 individuals, 
possibly representing 6 genetically distinct plants (Service 2005a; 
Wood 2006, pp. 8-9; USFWS Kauai monitoring database 2008; Wood 2008).
    Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki), a climbing plant in the pea 
family (Fabaceae), occurs in open sites, on talus slopes, and on gulch 
bottoms in mesic forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations 
between 20 and 1,900 ft (6 and 579 m) (Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654; 
TNCH 2007). Canavalia napaliensis was historically known from 12 
locations along the northwestern coast of the island of Kauai, 
extending westward from Haena to Makaha ridge (HBMP 2007). Currently, 
this species is restricted to a small section of the Na Pali coast from 
Haena to Kalalau Valley (S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007), in 5 
populations totaling approximately 106 to 206 individuals (HBMP 2007). 
The populations are located in Hoolulu Valley (50 to 100 individuals); 
Waiahuaka Valley (1 individual); Pohakuao (5 individuals); Kalalau 
Valley (50 to 100 individuals); and Limahuli Valley (1 individual) 
(Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654; HBMP 2007).
    Chamaesyce eleanoriae (akoko), a small shrub in the spurge family

[[Page 18964]]

(Euphorbiaceae), is restricted to steep, north-facing, narrow ridge 
crests, outcrops, and steep rocky slopes and upper portions of basalt 
cliffs in the dry cliff and lowland mesic ecosystems (Lorence and 
Wagner 1996, p. 68; K. Wood, NTBG 2007a; TNCH 2007). Documented 
habitats include Metrosideros-Diospyros (ohia-lama) mesic forest, 
Metrosideros cliff shrubland, Metrosideros mesic shrubland, and 
Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu) coastal dry cliffs, at elevations 
between 885 and 3,499 ft (270 and 1,036 m) (HBMP 2007). Chamaesyce 
eleanoriae was historically known from 10 populations totaling fewer 
than 500 individuals (K. Wood 2007a; Lorence and Wagner 1996, pp. 68-
70). Currently, three populations are known: one at the Kalalau Valley 
rim between 2,950 and 3,200 ft (900 and 975 m), below and between the 
two Kalalau lookouts; one at Alealau above Kalalau at 3,100 ft (945 m) 
elevation; and one at Pohakuao, an isolated hanging valley northeast of 
Kalalau, at elevations from 886 to 2,592 ft (270 to 790 m). As of the 
last monitoring visit in 2001, these 3 populations combined totaled 
fewer than 50 individuals (NTBG 2007).
    Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (akoko), a shrub in the spurge 
family (Euphorbiaceae), is found in the lowland wet and wet cliff 
ecosystems in Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between 
1,900 and 2,297 ft (579 and 700 m) (Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known about the historical range of this 
species; however, two collections made on private lands at Kaholuamanao 
and near Hanapepe Falls in 1916 and 1926, respectively, indicate that 
its range likely extended south and west from its currently known 
locations on the island of Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently, C. remyi var. 
kauaiensis is found in Lumahai Valley, Wainiha, Wailua River, the 
``Blue Hole'' at the head of Wailua River in the Lihue-Koloa forest 
reserve, and at Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). 
Based on surveys conducted from 2000 through 2004, the number of 
individuals at Lumahai Valley dropped from 50 to only ``occasional.'' 
The number of individuals at Wailua River dropped from 500 to 200; the 
number of individuals at the Wainiha population increased from 200 to 
as many as 700; about 200 are found at ``Blue Hole''; and a population 
of 20 individuals was found in Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; 
HBMP 2007). The total number of individuals is at least 920 and 
possibly over 1,000 in the 5 populations.
    Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (akoko) is a vine-like shrub in the 
spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) found in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, 
wet cliff, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems in mesic to wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (ohia-uluhe) forest, at 
elevations between 1,200 and 4,100 ft (366 and 1,250 m) (Wood 1998; 
Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is 
historically known from widely distributed populations on the island of 
Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently C. remyi var. remyi is found in 10 
populations totaling a little more than 350 individuals at Pohakupili, 
Makaleha, Malamamaiki, Limahuli, Lumahai, Limahuli-Hanakapiai, Kalalau-
Honopu, Koaie canyon, Wahiawa drainage, and Puu Kolo (Wood 1998; K. 
Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007).
    Charpentiera densiflora (papala) is a tree in the amaranth family 
(Amaranthaceae) which occurs primarily in the lowland mesic ecosystem, 
with one record from the lowland wet ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 
190; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is found in moist, closed 
areas, and grows along drainages and in gulches in valleys, primarily 
in Diospyros-Metrosideros (lama-ohia) mixed mesic forest, at elevations 
between 400 and 2,200 ft (122 and 671 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically, C. 
densiflora was found along the Kalalau trail in the Hoolulu Valley, 
with limited distribution in three valleys (including Hanakapiai and 
Hanakoa) along the Na Pali Coast of Kauai (Sohmer 1972, p. 294). 
Currently, 7 populations are known, totaling approximately 400 
individuals, in Hanakapiai, Kalalau, Limahuli, Hoolulu, and Waiahuakua 
valleys, and in Pohakuao, a hanging valley between Kalalau and Hanakoa 
(HBMP 2007).
    Cyanea dolichopoda (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae). It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet 
shrubland on a cliff face at approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) elevation 
within the wet cliff ecosystem (Lammers and Lorence 1993, p. 432; TNCH 
2007). The species was first discovered in 1990 in the ``Blue Hole'' 
area below Mt. Waialeale, and the plant was last seen in 1992 (Lammers 
and Lorence 1993, pp. 431-432). However, additional individuals are 
very likely to be found in the extremely steep habitat with additional 
surveys (S. Perlman 2007).
    Cyanea eleeleensis (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and is reported from the lowland wet ecosystem (Lammers 
1992, p. 129; TNCH 2007). It was found growing in a shaded gulch in wet 
forest, surrounded by steep, precipitous cliffs of Pali Eleele, at an 
elevation of 699 ft (213 m) (HBMP 2007; Lammers 1992, p. 129). This 
species was discovered in Wainiha Valley on the island of Kauai in 
1977, in one population noted as ``fewer than 10'' individuals (Lammers 
1992, p. 129; K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007). Collections for 
genetic storage and ex situ (off site) propagation were not made at the 
time of the 1977 discovery. Since its discovery in 1977, subsequent 
surveys for this species have not been conducted in the original (type) 
location. Although individuals of this species were not observed in 
surveys conducted in August 2001 and June 2002 in areas adjacent to the 
original location, much of the suitable habitat (Metrosideros lowland 
wet forest) for this species on Kauai has not been surveyed. If surveys 
are conducted, additional individuals are likely to be found (S. 
Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007).
    Cyanea kolekoleensis (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), occurs in wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest in the 
lowland wet ecosystem at elevations of 2,125 to 2,500 ft (650 to 765 m) 
(Lammers 1992, p. 130; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1987 
in the Wahiawa drainage, the last known C. kolekoleensis was observed 
in 1992. Seeds were in storage and propagation for this species was 
attempted, but none survived (M. Clark, NTBG 2007; Lyon Arboretum 
2007). However, there are many areas within the ecosystem type in the 
Wahiawa drainage that have not been surveyed for this species, from Mt. 
Kahili to Kapalaoa and the Hanapepe Valley rim, and species experts are 
confident that additional individuals will be found (S. Perlman 2007).
    Cyanea kuhihewa (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is reported from Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 
linearis wet forest at an elevation of 1,680 ft (512 m) in the lowland 
wet ecosystem (Lammers 1996, pp. 238-240; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). In a 
1994 survey for C. kuhihewa, seven individuals were observed, most of 
which were damaged by a nonnative insect, the two-spotted leafhopper 
(Sophonia rufofacia) (NTBG Provenance Report 1994). In 2001, only one 
individual plant remained, which was observed dead in 2003 (Wood et al. 
2002, p. 3; S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003a). Prior to that time, seeds 
and tissue were collected for genetic storage and propagation; however, 
this species is no longer in storage or propagation (Wood et al. 2002, 
p. 3; Bender 2006, p. 1; N. Sugii, Lyon Arboretum, pers.

[[Page 18965]]

comm. 2006; V. Pence, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, pers. comm. 
2007; D. Burney, NTBG, pers. comm. 2009). Much of the suitable habitat 
(Metrosideros lowland wet forest) for this species on Kauai has not 
been surveyed.
    Cyrtandra oenobarba (haiwale) is a subshrub (a low-growing woody 
shrub or perennial with a woody base) in the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems 
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 770-771; TNCH 2007). Cyrtandra oenobarba is 
found on wet slopes, mossy areas, or in rock crevices near waterfalls 
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet cliffs, forest, 
and shrubland, at elevations between 1,320 and 2,800 ft (402 and 853 m) 
(Wood 1998, p. 3; HBMP 2007). Historically, wide-ranging collections 
were made of C. oenobarba on the island of Kauai, from the eastern side 
at Kekoiki ridge, the northern coast at Haena, the south-central area 
at Olokele and Hanapepe, and from the south at Haupu (NTBG Provenance 
Report 1993; HBMP 2007). Currently, populations of C. oenobarba in the 
Halelea Forest Reserve include east Mamalahoa (10 individuals), north 
Namolokama (15 to 200 individuals), and Hanalei Valley (scattered) on 
State land, and upper Lumahai Valley (50 individuals) and Wainiha (100 
individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). Populations of C. oenobarba 
in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve include Wailua River (40 to 50 
individuals) on State land, and Iliiliula drainage (occasional) and 
Wahiawa drainage (50 individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). The 8 
populations total 270 to as many as 450 individuals (NTBG Provenance 
Report 1993; HBMP 2007; Wood 1998, p. 3).
    Cyrtandra paliku (haiwale) is a subshrub in the African violet 
family (Gesneriaceae) that occurs on seeping basalt rock faces of 
north-facing cliffs dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and 
Dicranopteris linearis in the wet cliff ecosystem, at elevations 
between 2,200 and 2,800 ft (670 to 850 m). Cyrtandra paliku was first 
discovered in 1993 on the cliffs below Kekoiki, in the Makaleha 
Mountains of Kauai, where approximately 70 individuals were found 
(Wagner et al. 2001, pp. 150-151; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The species 
maintained a population of approximately 70 individuals from 1993 
through 1999; however, there are currently only 10 known individuals 
(S. Perlman 2006).
    Diellia mannii is a fern in the asplenium family (Aspleniaceae). It 
is found on a northwest-facing slope just above a gulch bottom in what 
was likely Acacia koa (koa)-Metrosideros polymorpha dominated montane 
mesic forest in the past, but which is now a forest dominated by the 
nonnative Corynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut) in the montane mesic 
ecosystem, at an elevation of 3,450 ft (1,050 m) (Aguraiuja and Wood 
2003, p. 155; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Diellia mannii was historically 
known from one location in the Halemanu area of what is now Kokee State 
Park, in the northwestern region of Kauai. The species was thought to 
be extinct since the early 1900s, until 2002 when a single individual 
was rediscovered (Aguraiuja and Wood 2003, pp. 154-155; Palmer 2003, p. 
120). Currently, the species is known only from this one individual in 
the southeastern branch of Nawaimaka Stream in the Halemanu Mountains 
of Kokee State Park (HBMP 2007).
    Doryopteris angelica is a fern in the pteris family (Pteridaceae) 
found in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest in the 
lowland mesic ecosystem at elevations between roughly 1,900 and 3,000 
ft (579 and 914 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Three populations of fewer 
than 20 individuals were discovered in 1994, and currently the species 
is known from approximately 29 to 54 individuals in 5 populations at 
Awaawapuhi (2 to 3 individuals), Mahanaloa (3 to 6 individuals), Makaha 
(10 to 20 individuals), Kuia (10 to 20 individuals), and Paaiki (4 to 5 
individuals) (NTBG 1998; Wagner [W.H.] et al. 1999b, p. 147; Wood 1999, 
2000, 2007a; S. Perlman 2006; HBMP 2007).
    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, a fern in the dryopteris family 
(Dryopteridaceae), is known from steep to vertical riparian basalt 
walls within dark seeping drainages in Metrosideros polymorpha montane 
wet forest within the montane wet ecosystem, from 4,000 to 5,100 ft 
(1,200 to 1,550 m) in elevation (TNCH 2007; Wood 2007a). Historically, 
this variety was known from the Kokee area, Kawaikoi, and Waialeale 
(Palmer 2003, p. 139). Currently, 3 populations totaling 32 to 47 
individuals are known. The Mohihi population is made up of 10 to 20 
individuals, from 15 to 20 individuals comprise the south Kilohana 
population, and the Waialeale population is known from 7 individuals 
(Wood 2007a).
    Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata (naenae), a shrub in the 
sunflower family (Asteraceae), currently occurs in the lowland wet 
ecosystem, although there are historical records from the montane wet 
ecosystem as well (Carr 1999, p. 298; TNCH 2007). Occurrence records 
show that D. imbricata ssp. imbricata has typically been found in wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros, Oreobolus (sedge), 
Rhynchospora (kuolohia) bogs at elevations between approximately 2,165 
and 3,640 ft (660 and 1,110 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically and currently, 
D. imbricata ssp. imbricata is known only from the Wahiawa Mountains of 
Kauai (St. John and Carr 1981, pp. 198, 201; Carr 1999, p. 298; HBMP 
2007). There are approximately 200 individuals at Wahaiawa drainage, 
approximately 1,000 individuals on both sides of the ridge between 
Hanapepe and Iole, and an estimate of several hundred individuals at 
Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). These 3 populations 
total approximately 1,400 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 
2007).
    Dubautia kalalauensis (naenae), a shrub or tree in the sunflower 
family (Asteraceae), is found in the montane wet ecosystem in 
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between 4,000 and 
4,050 ft (1,205 and 1,235 m) (Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 261; TNCH 
2007). Historically, this species, as a part of the species Dubautia 
laxa, was known from several locations below the rim of Kalalau Valley 
in Kokee State Park in the northwestern region of Kauai. Currently, D. 
kalalauensis is found in only one location along the rim of Kalalau 
Valley near Puu o Kila Lookout and totals 26 individuals (Baldwin and 
Carr 2005, p. 261).
    Dubautia kenwoodii (naenae), a shrub in the sunflower family 
(Asteraceae), is found in diverse lowland mesic forest in the lowland 
mesic ecosystem at an elevation of 2,625 ft (800 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007; Wood 2007b). First described in 1998 as a new species, D. 
kenwoodii is known from one individual found below the western rim of 
Kalalau Valley, in the northwestern region of Kauai (Carr 1998). This 
individual was not observed after Hurricane Iniki, and may possibly be 
extirpated; however, more individuals may be found in future surveys 
(D. Burney, NTBG, pers. comm. 2009).
    Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (naenae) is a shrub or small 
tree in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) found in the wet cliff 
ecosystem (Carr 1999, p. 304; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Typical habitat 
for this species includes wet cliff and wet forest and shrubland at 
elevations between 1,542 and 2,395 ft (470 and 730 m) (HBMP 2007). 
Historically, D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia was known from two 
populations less than 2 mi (3.2 km)

[[Page 18966]]

apart in bog habitat in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and the Na Pali-
Kona Forest Reserve on Kauai (HBMP 2007). In 1992, the year that 
Hurricane Iniki struck Kauai, the only known population at ``Blue 
Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River of ``a couple hundred'' 
individuals was greatly reduced. Currently, there are approximately 100 
individuals (S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003b).
    Dubautia waialealae (naenae) is a dome or tussock-shaped shrub in 
the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that occurs in bogs in the montane 
wet ecosystem at elevations between 3,980 and 5,249 ft (1,213 and 1,600 
m) (Carr 1999, p. 308; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The type collection was 
made on the summit of Waialeale in 1909 (Rock 1910, p. 304), but little 
is known of other historical locations of D. waialealae on Kauai. 
Currently, there is one large population centered on the rain-gauge 
summit of Waialeale, with many subpopulations radiating about 0.6 mi (1 
km) to the north and south. These subpopulations were observed in 
groups of 7 to 400 individuals (Wood 2006, pp. 25-29), with a total 
population of 3,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 9). In 1994, a single 
individual of D. waialealae was reported at North Bog, 8.5 mi (14 km) 
away from the population at Waialeale; however, in 2006, it was 
reported that this individual had died (K. Wood 1994a; M. Bruegmann, 
pers. comm. 2006b; HBMP 2007).
    Geranium kauaiense (nohoanu) is a decumbent (reclining) subshrub in 
the geranium family (Geraniaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733). It 
occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in Metrosideros-Rhynchospora bogs 
and bog margins at elevations between 4,000 and 4,080 ft (1,219 and 
1,463 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). 
Historically, G. kauaiense was known from montane bogs on the island of 
Kauai, ranging from North Bog to as far south as the summit of 
Waialeale (HBMP 2007). Currently, there are 3 subpopulations within a 
very small range (within 0.5 mi, 0.8 km) in the Halehaha Bogs of the 
Alakai Wilderness Preserve totaling approximately 140 individuals, and 
3 individuals at the Waialeale Summit Bog (K. Wood 1994b; S. Perlman, 
pers. comm. 1999b; Wood 2006, p. 10; HBMP 2007; Wood 2008).
    Keysseria erici is a herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that 
occurs in Metrosideros mixed bogs in the montane wet ecosystem, at 
elevations between 4,000 and 5,120 ft (1,219 and 1,561 m) (Mill 1999, 
pp. 329-330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical 
occurrences of K. erici. The type was collected by Forbes (1918, p. 
306) from the ``Alakai swamp, Waimea drainage basin'' on Kauai. 
Currently, this species is found in three to four populations totaling 
several thousand individuals (HBMP 2007). The populations occur at 
Namolokama, Hanakapiai-Wainiha ridge, In-between Bog, and at the 
Kilohana bogs (including Rain Gauge Bog, T Bog, and Platanthera Bog) 
(HBMP 2007).
    Keysseria helenae is an herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) 
and is found in Metrosideros polymorpha or mixed sedge and grass bogs 
at elevations between 3,900 and 5,120 ft (1,189 and 1,561 m) in the 
montane wet ecosystem (Mill 1999, p. 330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little 
is known of the historical occurrences of K. helenae. The type was 
collected from the ``swamp near Kaholuamano'' by Forbes (1918, p. 306). 
Currently, this species is found at Kauluwehi Bog in the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve, at Waialeale, and on Kahili-Kawaikini Ridge, 
totaling approximately 300 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2003b; 
HBMP 2007).
    Labordia helleri (kamakahala) is a shrub, sometimes climbing, in 
the logania family (Loganiaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 856-857). It 
occurs in Metrosideros-Acacia-Dicranopteris mesic to wet forest, at 
elevations between 1,200 and 3,900 ft (366 and 1,189 m), in the lowland 
mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems (HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. helleri was wide-ranging on Kauai. 
Collections were made as far south as the Haupu Mountains, through 
central Kauai to the northwestern coast (HBMP 2007). Currently, there 
are 10 populations totaling 350 to 550 individuals. The largest 
population extends from the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve into Kuia 
Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and contains 300 to 500 individuals at 
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kuia drainage, and Kalalau-Milolii ridge. Other 
much smaller populations occur at upper Mahanaloa (10 individuals), 
Limahuli (recorded as ``occasional'' in HBMP database), Waioli (1 
individual), Kaunuohua ridge (1 individual), Kohua ridge (1 
individual), Koaie stream (10 individuals), Kawaiiki (3 individuals), 
southeast Puu Kolo (recorded as ``localized'' in HBMP database), and 
Puu Kolo-Kahuamoa (1 individual) (HBMP 2007).
    Labordia pumila (kamakahala), a shrub in the logania family 
(Loganiaceae), occurs in the montane wet ecosystem at elevations 
between 3,478 and 5,100 ft (1,060 to 1,555 m) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha mixed sedge and grass bogs (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 860; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical locations of L. 
pumila on Kauai. The type specimen was collected by Wawra (1869, 1870) 
at the summit of Waialeale. Currently, L. pumila is found in three 
populations on the Alakai plateau. The largest population along the 
Wainiha rim totals 500 individuals (HBMP 2007). There are also about 
300 to 400 individuals at the summit of Waialeale, and occasional 
individuals at Namolakama (Wood 2006, p. 10). The total number of known 
individuals from all 3 populations is 800 to 900; however, one estimate 
suggests that the overall population in the summit areas may be as high 
as 5,000 to 6,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 10).
    Lysimachia daphnoides (lehua makanoe), a member of the myrsine 
family (Myrsinaceae), is found in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed bogs on 
hummocks, at elevations between 3,960 and 4,440 ft (1,207 and 1,353 m) 
in the montane wet ecosystem (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 265; Wagner et al. 
1999, p. 1,080; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. daphnoides was 
known from the more southerly mountains of Kauai, including the Wahiawa 
drainage and ridges, in what is now the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve 
(HBMP 2007). Currently, this species is found in the Alakai Wilderness 
Preserve and the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, in 3 populations totaling 
200 to 300 individuals (HBMP 2007; Service 2005a). The population along 
the Alakai swamp trail (including Charlie's Bog, Kilohana, south 
Kilohana, and northwest Kilohana) totals 190 to 280 individuals; the 
second population includes Sincock Bog 1 and Kauluwehi (21 
individuals); and the third population occurs at Waiakoali-Mohihi and 
Mohihi drainage (7 individuals) (HBMP 2007).
    Lysimachia iniki is a woody shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae) that occurs on wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the wet 
cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271; 
TNCH 2007). This species was first described in 1997 from material 
collected in the ``Blue Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River on 
Kauai. At the time it was discovered it was known from 26 individuals, 
and currently at least 40 individuals are known (Marr and Bohm 1997, 
pp. 270-271; S. Perlman 2006, 2007).
    Lysimachia pendens is a many-branched shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae) and is reported from wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the 
wet cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 275; 
TNCH 2007). This

[[Page 18967]]

species was discovered in the ``Blue Hole'' area of Kauai in 1987 from 
several small populations totaling approximately 100 individuals (Marr 
and Bohm 1997, p. 275; DOFAW 2005 [Comprehensive Conservation Wildlife 
Strategy]). Many plants were destroyed by two major landslides that 
apparently occurred between 1997 and 2003, based on information taken 
from field survey reports. Currently, the species is known from only 
eight individuals (S. Perlman 2003, 2006, and 2007).
    Lysimachia scopulensis, a shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae), is found on cliffs in lowland diverse mesic forest 
pockets at elevations between 2,950 and 3,200 ft (900 and 975 m) within 
the dry cliff ecosystem (Wood 2007d; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 
1991 in Kalalau Valley, this species is currently known from two 
populations. The Kalalau population is comprised of approximately 15 
individuals and the Puu Kii population is comprised of 10 to 15 
individuals, for a total of 25 to 30 individuals (Marr and Bohm 1997, 
pp. 283-284; Wood 2007d).
    Lysimachia venosa, a shrub in the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), 
occurs in Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forest areas in the wet 
cliff ecosystem, at elevations between 3,000 and 5,700 ft (915 and 
1,740 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284; Wood 2006, p. 11; TNCH 2007). 
Lysimachia venosa was known historically from two collections in the 
early 1900s from the Waialeale summit region of Kauai (Marr and Bohm 
1997, p. 284; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,085; HBMP 2007). In 1991, a 
broken branch of this species was collected from the headwaters of the 
Wailua River that had fallen from the cliffs above, possibly from the 
summit area of Waialeale (Wood 2006, p. 11; Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 
284). While no plants were found during surveys of the summit area in 
2006, there is still additional habitat to be surveyed, and species 
experts believe L. venosa still exists (S. Perlman 2007; Wood 2006, p. 
11).
    Melicope degeneri (alani) is a small shrub or tree in the rue 
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in 
Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris wet forest between the 
elevations of 3,000 and 3,800 ft (914 and 1,158 m) (Stone et al. 1999, 
p. 1186; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Melicope degeneri was thought to be 
extinct until it was rediscovered in Pohakuao, just beyond the 
northwest corner of the Hono o Na Pali NAR, in 1993 (Wood 2000, p. 6), 
and subsequently observed in upper Hanakoa in 1995 and along Koaie 
Stream in 1999 (NTBG Accession Data 1999). The Pohakuao individual has 
not been relocated since its discovery (Wood 2000, p. 5). Ten trees 
were originally documented during the discovery of the Hanakoa 
population in 1995 (Wood 2000, p. 4; Wood 2007 pp. 4-6). Since 1995, 2 
of the trees have died and 3 additional individuals were located, for a 
current total of 11 individuals at Hanakoa (S. Perlman 2007c; N. 
Tangalin 2007a). One small mature individual of M. degeneri was found 
growing in Koaie Canyon's upper drainage in 1999, and was last observed 
there in September of 2006 (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007b). A new 
population of 9 individuals was found in Wainiha Valley, bringing the 
total known number of M. degeneri to 22, or possibly 23, known 
individuals (Wood 2008).
    Melicope paniculata (alani) is a tree in the rue family (Rutaceae) 
(Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199). It occurs in the lowland wet ecosystem 
in forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 
1,200 and 2,680 ft (365 and 815 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1199; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). This species was historically reported from central 
Kauai (HBMP 2007; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1199). Currently, M. paniculata 
is known from 6 sites, with 5 individuals in upper Limahuli Valley, 3 
individuals along the north fork of the Wailua River, 1 to 5 
individuals along Koaie Stream, and 3 individuals on the ridge between 
Hulua and Kapalaoa. The population in Lumahai Valley is estimated to be 
approximately 100 to 200 individuals; however Bender (2006, p. 7) 
estimated that there may be a total of 500 individuals (Wood 1998, p. 
4; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1199; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 45; HBMP 
2007).
    Melicope puberula (alani) is a shrub or small tree in the rue 
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and montane wet 
ecosystems in wet forest and bogs at elevations ranging between 2,080 
and 4,100 ft (634 and 1,250 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1202; HBMP 2007; 
TNCH 2007). Historically, M. puberula was known from the Alakai Swamp 
on the island of Kauai (St. John 1944b, p. 266). Currently, this 
species is known from the south rim of Kalalau east to the Alakai-
Kilohana plateau area, and north into Hono o Na Pali NAR (HBMP 2007). 
The Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program delineated these three 
areas as one population (referred to as the Kalalau-Wainiha population) 
(HBMP 2007). In 1993, a single individual was observed near Hinalele 
Falls in the southern portion of the Wainiha Mountain Range (HBMP 
2007). The largest population occurs in the Alakai-Kilohana Plateau 
area with approximately 600 individuals. About 100 individuals are 
found within the Kalalau area, and approximately 200 individuals occur 
within the Hono o Na Pali NAR, for a total of approximately 900 
individuals (HBMP 2007).
    Myrsine knudsenii (kolea) is a small tree in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae). Historically, the species may have been found in lowland 
mesic and lowland wet ecosystems, but currently it is only known from 
Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis mesic forest 
at elevations between 3,200 and 3,900 ft (975 and 1,200 m) in the 
montane mesic ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941; Wood et al. 2002, 
p. 15; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, M. knudsenii was found in 
Hanapepe Valley in south-central Kauai; Kawaiula Trail in western 
Kauai; and Awaawapuhi, Kumuwela, Honopu, and Nualolo in the Kokee 
region of the island of Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941). Currently, 
the species is known from 3 populations totaling approximately 30 
individuals at Honopu, Awaawapuhi, and Nualolo (S. Perlman 2007; Wood 
et al. 2001, p. 10; Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; HBMP 2007; Wood 4907 
(BISH)).
    Myrsine mezii (kolea), a small tree in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae), is found in Acacia-Metrosideros forest in the montane 
mesic and montane wet ecosystems at elevations between 3,380 and 3,480 
ft (1,030 and 1,060 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 943; HBMP 2007; NTBG 
Accession Data 9888, 2002; TNCH 2007). Myrsine mezii is known from only 
two locations totaling five individuals, in the Koaie Canyon area of 
western Kauai (N. Tangalin 2007b). Four trees comprise one population 
at Nawaimaka, and the second known occurrence at Kawaiiki is composed 
of a single tree in poor condition (N. Tangalin 2007b). The population 
size has not changed in the last 10 years, and historical locations and 
numbers are unknown.
    Phyllostegia renovans, a subshrub in the mint family (Lamiaceae), 
occurs at elevations from 2,700 to 3,700 ft (225 to 1,125 m) in 
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest in the lowland wet and montane wet 
ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1989 in the 
headwaters of the Wainiha River, this species is currently known from 6 
populations: approximately 30 surviving individuals reintroduced into 
Limahuli Valley after the last wild individual from that area died, 23 
individuals at Wainiha, 10 individuals at Kalalau Valley, 1 individual 
in Lumahai Valley, 1 individual at Kapalaoa, and 1 individual at the 
headwaters of Kamooloa Stream (K. Wood 1994, p. 4; Wagner 1999, p. 275;

[[Page 18968]]

HBMP 2007, D. Burney, NTBG, pers. comm. 2009).
    Pittosporum napaliense (hoawa) is a small tree in the pittosporum 
family (Pittosporaceae) typically found in Pandanus and lowland mesic 
forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations between 400 and 
2,100 ft (122 and 640 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1045-1047; HBMP 2007; 
TNCH 2007). Historically, P. napaliense was known from northwestern 
Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1047; HBMP 2007). Currently, this species 
is known from 3 populations; two of which are located within the Hono o 
Na Pali NAR in Waiahuakua (50 individuals) and Hoolulu valleys (100 
individuals), with the third population (10 to 50 individuals) located 
in upper Kalalau Valley in the Na Pali Coast State Park (HBMP 2007).
    Platydesma rostrata (pilo kea lau lii) is a shrub in the rue family 
(Rutaceae). It occurs in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, wet cliff, 
montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems, in forest dominated by 
Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 2,500 and 
4,000 ft (760 and 1,220 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1210; HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007). Platydesma rostrata was historically known from Makaha and 
Milolii ridge in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, and Kaunuohua ridge 
and Nualolo trail in Kokee State Park, on the island of Kauai (HBMP 
2007). Currently, this species is found in the Na Pali Kona Forest 
Reserve on the Awaawapuhi and Honopu trails; in Halelea Forest Reserve 
at Lumahai; in Hono o Na Pali NAR at Pihea; in Kunia NAR on the Nualolo 
Trail; in Mahanaloa and Kuia valleys; and in the Lihue-Koloa Forest 
Reserve at Pohakupele, Hulua, Kapalaoa, and Iliiliula Valley (HBMP 
2007). These small populations total approximately 100 individuals 
(HBMP 2007).
    Pritchardia hardyi (loulu) is a tree in the palm family (Arecaceae) 
that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (Read and Hodel 
1999, p. 1370; TNCH 2007). It is found in Metrosideros-Dicranopteris 
wet forest and shrubland and on windswept windward ridges and headwater 
drainages, at elevations between 1,800 and 3,400 ft (548 and 1036 m) 
(Read and Hodel 1999, p. 1370; HBMP 2007). Historically, P. hardyi was 
known from a single population totaling about 200 individuals in an 
area on the southeast (windward) side of Kauai (HBMP 2007). An 
additional population totaling about 100 individuals was found north of 
that area (NTBG Provenance Report 040094), bringing the total number of 
known individuals of P. hardyi to approximately 300.
    Psychotria grandiflora (kopiko) is a small tree or shrub in the 
coffee family (Rubiaceae) that occurs in the montane mesic and montane 
wet ecosystems (K. Wood