Closed Captioning of Video Programming; Closed Captioning Requirements for Digital Television Receivers, 1594-1605 [E8-31447]

Agencies

• FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

[Federal Register Volume 74, Number 8 (Tuesday, January 13, 2009)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 1594-1605]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E8-31447]


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FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

47 CFR Part 79

[CG Docket No. 05-231 and ET Docket No. 99-254; FCC 08-255]


Closed Captioning of Video Programming; Closed Captioning 
Requirements for Digital Television Receivers

AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: In this document, the Commission clarifies several points 
regarding video programming distributors' obligations to close caption 
digital programming in light of technological changes inherent in the 
digital television transition for full-power broadcasting. The 
Commission also amends the closed captioning rules to provide for more 
efficient complaint processes and methods for consumers to contact 
distributors with concerns about closed captioning.

DATES: Effective: February 12, 2009, except 47 CFR 79.1(g)(1) through 
(5) and 47 CFR 79.1(i) which contain information collection 
requirements subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995, 
Public Law 104-13, that have not been approved by the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB). The Commission will publish a separate 
document in the Federal Register announcing the effective date for the 
new and revised information collection requirements. Interested parties 
(including the general public, OMB, and other Federal agencies) that 
wish to submit written comments on the PRA information collection 
requirements must do so on or before March 16, 2009.

ADDRESSES: Interested parties may submit PRA comments identified by OMB 
Control Number 3060-0761, by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     Federal Communications Commission's Web site: https://
www.fcc.gov/cgb/ecfs/. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     E-mail: Parties who choose to file by e-mail should submit 
their comments to PRA@fcc.gov. Please include CG Docket Number 05-231, 
ET Docket Number 99-254, and OMB Control Number 3060-0761 in the 
subject line of the message.
     Mail: Parties who choose to file by paper should submit 
their comments to Cathy Williams, Federal Communications Commission, 
Room 1-C823, 445 12th Street, SW., Washington, DC 20554.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Amelia Brown, Consumer and 
Governmental Affairs Bureau, Disability Rights Office at (202) 418-2799 
(voice), (202) 418-7804 (TTY), or e-mail at Amelia.Brown@fcc.gov. For 
additional information concerning the PRA information collection 
requirements contained in this document, contact Cathy Williams at 
(202) 418-2918, or via the Internet at PRA@fcc.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This is a summary of the Commission's Closed 
Captioning of Video Programming; Closed Captioning Requirements for 
Digital Television Receivers, Declaratory Ruling and Order (2008 
Digital Closed Captioning Declaratory Ruling and Order), document FCC 
08-255, adopted November 3, 2008, and released November 7, 2008, in CG 
Docket No. 05-231 and ET Docket No. 99-254. Document FCC 08-255 
addresses issues arising from the Commission's Report and Order, Closed 
Captioning and Video Description of Video Programming, Implementation 
of Section 305 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Video Programming 
Accessibility (Closed Captioning Report and Order), MM Docket No. 95-
176, FCC 97-279, published at 62 FR 48487, September 16, 1997; the 
Commission's Order on Reconsideration, Closed Captioning and Video 
Description of Video Programming, Implementation of Section 305 of the 
Telecommunications Act of 1996, Video Programming Accessibility (Closed 
Captioning Reconsideration Order), MM Docket No. 95-176, FCC 98-236, 
published at 63 FR 55959, October, 20, 1998; the Commission's Report 
and Order, Closed Caption Decoder Requirements for Digital Television 
Receivers, Closed Captioning and Video Description of Video 
Programming, Implementation of Section 305 of the Telecommunications 
Act of 1996, Video Programming Accessibility (DTV Closed Captioning 
Order), ET Docket No. 99-254, FCC 00-259, published at 65 FR 58467, 
September 29, 2000; and the Commission's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 
Closed Captioning of Video Programming, Telecommunications for the 
Deaf, Inc., Petition for Rulemaking, (2005 Closed Captioning NPRM), CG 
Docket No. 05-231, FCC 05-142, published at 70 FR 56150, November 25, 
2005. The full text of document FCC 08-255 and copies of any 
subsequently filed documents in this matter will be available for 
public inspection and copying during regular business hours at the FCC 
Reference Information Center, Portals II, 445 12th Street, SW., Room 
CY-A257, Washington, DC 20554. Document FCC 08-255 and copies of 
subsequently filed documents in this matter also may be purchased from 
the Commission's duplicating contractor at Portals II, 445 12th Street, 
SW., Room CY-B402, Washington, DC 20554. Customers may contact the 
Commission's duplicating contractor at its Web site www.bcpiweb.com or 
by calling 1-800-378-3160. To request materials in accessible formats 
for people with disabilities (Braille, large print, electronic files, 
audio format), send an e-mail to fcc504@fcc.gov or call the Consumer 
and Governmental Affairs Bureau at (202) 418-0530 (voice), (202) 418-
0432 (TTY). Document FCC 08-255 can also be downloaded in Word or 
Portable Document Format (PDF) at: https://www.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/
caption.html.

[[Page 1595]]

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 Analysis

    Document FCC 08-255 contains new and modified information 
collection requirements subject to the PRA of 1995. It will be 
submitted to OMB for review under section 3507 of the PRA. OMB, the 
general public, and other Federal agencies are invited to comment on 
the modified information collection requirements contained in this 
proceeding. Public and agency comments are due March 16, 2009. In 
addition, the Commission notes pursuant to the Small Business Paperwork 
Relief Act of 2002, Public Law 107-198, see 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(4), that 
the Commission previously sought specific comment on how it may 
``further reduce the information collection burden for small business 
concerns with fewer than 25 employees.'' In this document, the 
Commission assessed the effects of requiring that video programming 
distributors provide contact information on their Web sites (if they 
have a Web site) and in bills and phone directories so that consumers 
can more easily complain about closed captioning concerns. The 
Commission also assessed the effects of providing this information to 
the FCC for posting on the FCC's Web site. The Commission has also 
considered the impact of requiring that distributors forward complaints 
to the appropriate entity for response, where applicable, and notifying 
the FCC and the complainant that the complaint has been forwarded. The 
Commission finds that none of these requirements will pose a 
substantial burden for businesses with fewer than 25 employees.

Synopsis

    1. Closed captioning is an assistive technology that provides 
persons with hearing disabilities access to television programs. Closed 
captioning displays the audio portion of a television signal as printed 
words on the television screen. The Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 
1990 (TDCA) requires closed captioning capability for all television 
receivers with screen sizes of 13 inches or larger, manufactured or 
sold in the United States. As part of the Telecommunications Act of 
1996, Congress added a section entitled ``Video Programming 
Accessibility,'' to the Communications Act. Section 713 requires closed 
captioning of video programming to ensure access for persons with 
hearing disabilities. In 1997, the Commission adopted rules and 
implementation schedules for closed captioning that became effective on 
January 1, 1998. The implementation schedules for captioning differ, 
based on whether the programming is analog or digital, Spanish or 
English, and whether it is pre-rule (i.e., older) or new programming. 
The dates that determine whether digital programming is pre-rule or new 
differ from the dates used to determine whether analog programming is 
pre-rule or new because, when the Commission established the closed 
captioning rules in 1997, final standards for digital television (DTV) 
receivers did not yet exist, making it difficult to format captions for 
such receivers. In July 2000, the Commission adopted technical 
standards for the display of closed captions on DTV receivers. At the 
same time, the Commission established July 1, 2002, as the date that 
determines whether digital programming constitutes new or pre-rule 
programming, and adopted the same benchmark transition periods for new 
and pre-rule digital programming that exists for analog programming.
    2. In the Declaratory Ruling, the Commission clarifies programming 
distributors' obligations to close caption digital programming. First, 
although a particular digital channel may be exempt for other reasons 
pursuant to Sec.  79.1(d) of the Commission's rules, no digital 
channel, including an HD channel, is automatically exempt from the 
captioning rules simply because it is being transmitted in digital. 
Where a digital channel is exempt from the closed captioning rules, the 
distributor is still obligated to pass through any captioning it 
receives, but is not obligated to create new digital captions where 
only analog captions are provided.
    3. Second, where an existing broadcaster ceases operations on its 
current analog channel after the completion of the digital transition 
for full power television, and commences or continues to air 
programming on its main digital channel, that broadcaster is required 
to close caption its main digital channel pursuant to the relevant 
captioning benchmarks, as if there had been no change. With regard to 
broadcasters that are currently simulcasting their programming on their 
analog channel and main digital channel, they must caption the digital 
channel as well as the analog channel.
    4. Third, the ``new network'' exemption under Sec.  79.1(d)(9) of 
the Commission's rules does not apply to a channel that merely 
transitions from analog to digital.
    5. Fourth, in order for program distributors to count captioned 
digital programming toward their closed captioning requirements, they 
must transmit captions that can be decoded by the decoders in analog 
television sets even after the digital transition on February, 17, 
2009.
    6. Finally, the Commission reminds MVPDs that provide customer 
premises equipment (CPE), such as set-top boxes, to their subscribers, 
that they are responsible for ensuring that this equipment transmits 
all available captions to the television set, for both analog and 
digital formatted programs. Failure of the equipment to pass through 
captions would cause the distributor to be in violation of the pass-
through requirement.
    7. In the Order, the Commission amends the closed captioning rules 
to provide for more efficient complaint processes and methods for 
consumers to contact distributors with concerns about closed 
captioning. The Order addresses certain issues raised in the July 21, 
2005, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (2005 Closed Captioning NPRM), 
which initiated a proceeding to examine the Commission's closed 
captioning rules.
    8. The Order revises the closed captioning rules to permit the 
filing of closed captioning complaints with either the video 
programming distributor or the Commission. The Commission will still 
require closed captioning complaints to be in writing, and filed by e-
mail, fax, or letter. Consumers may file their complaint using the FCC 
Form 2000-C, which will be amended to delete the requirement that 
closed captioning complaints must first be filed with the distributor, 
and to add questions eliciting information about the name and type of 
MVPD, if any, to whom a complainant subscribes.
    9. The Order amends the time frames associated with filing closed 
captioning complaints. Regardless of whether the consumer files a 
complaint with the Commission or a video programming distributor, the 
consumer must file the complaint within sixty (60) days of the 
captioning problem. If the complaint is first filed with the 
Commission, the Commission shall promptly forward complaints that 
satisfy the complaint criteria to the appropriate video programming 
distributor. For a complaint forwarded by the Commission, video 
programming distributors must respond to the complainant in writing 
within thirty (30) days of receipt of the complaint from the 
Commission. For a complaint first filed with the video programming 
distributor, the video programming distributor must respond in writing 
to the complainant within thirty (30) days after receipt of a closed 
captioning complaint. If a video programming distributor fails to 
respond to the

[[Page 1596]]

complainant within thirty (30) days, or the response does not satisfy 
the consumer, the complainant may file the complaint with the 
Commission within thirty (30) days after the time allotted for the 
video programming distributor to respond. If a consumer re-files his or 
her complaint with the Commission (after filing with the distributor), 
the Commission will forward the complaint to the distributor, and the 
distributor shall respond to the Commission and the complainant within 
thirty (30) days of receipt of the complaint from the Commission.
    10. A video programming distributor receiving a complaint regarding 
programming of a broadcast television licensee, or programming over 
which the video programming distributor does not exercise editorial 
control, must forward the complaint within seven (7) days to the 
appropriate party and inform the complainant that it has forwarded the 
complaint. The video programming distributor also must notify the 
Commission that it forwarded the complaint. Similar to the time period 
established for responding to complaints sent to the correct video 
programming distributor, the entity receiving the forwarded complaint 
shall respond to the complainant within 30 days of the forwarding date 
of the complaint.
    11. In order to assist consumers in filing closed captioning 
complaints, and to expedite further the handling of complaints, the 
Commission encourages consumers to include the following information in 
their filing: (1) The complainant's contact information, including 
name, mailing address, daytime phone number, and e-mail address if 
available; (2) the name of the broadcast station and, if applicable, 
the name and type of MVPD against whom the complaint is directed; (3) 
the name of the television program; (4) the date and time the closed 
captioning problem occurred; and (5) a description of the closed 
captioning problem. Where it appears from the video programming 
distributor's response to a complaint, or from other communications 
with the parties, that an informal complaint has been satisfied, the 
Commission may, in its discretion, consider the matter resolved, and 
will so notify the complainant. In all other cases, the Commission 
shall inform the parties of its review and disposition of the informal 
complaint. Complaints may also be referred to the Enforcement Bureau.
    12. The Order also adopts new rules requiring video programming 
distributors to make their contact information available to consumers. 
Specifically, the Commission requires video programming distributors to 
make available two different kinds of contact information--contact 
information for the receipt and handling of immediate closed captioning 
concerns by consumers, and contact information for written closed 
captioning complaints.
    13. First, the Commission requires video programming distributors 
to make available contact information for the receipt and handling of 
immediate closed captioning concerns raised by consumers (e.g., the 
captions suddenly disappear or become garbled). To this end, 
programming distributors must designate a telephone number, fax number, 
and e-mail address for purposes of receiving and responding immediately 
to any closed captioning concerns. To the extent that a distributor has 
personnel available, either onsite or remotely, to address any 
technical problems that may arise, consumers using this dedicated 
contact information must be able to reach someone, either directly or 
indirectly, who can address the consumer's captioning concerns. The 
Commission is not requiring distributors to alter their hours of 
operation or the hours during which they have staffing available; at 
the same time, however, where staff is available to address technical 
issues that may arise during the course of transmitting programming, 
they also must be knowledgeable about and able to address closed 
captioning concerns. In situations where a distributor is not 
immediately available, any calls or inquiries received, using this 
dedicated contact information, should be returned or otherwise 
addressed within 24 hours.
    14. Second, the Commission requires video programming distributors 
to make contact information available for the receipt and handling of 
written closed captioning complaints filed pursuant to Sec.  79.1(g) of 
the Commission's rules that do not raise the type of immediate issues 
that are addressed above. This contact information shall include the 
name of a person with primary responsibility for captioning issues and 
who can ensure compliance with the Commission's rules, as well as the 
person's title or office, telephone number, fax number, postal mailing 
address, and e-mail address. Distributors shall include the required 
contact information on their Web sites (assuming the distributor has a 
Web site), in telephone directories, and in billing statements (to the 
extent billing statements are issued). Distributors shall keep their 
contact information current, and when there are changes they must 
update this information as promptly as possible, and in any event 
within 10 business days for Web sites, by the next billing cycle for 
billing statements, and by the next publication of directories.
    15. To assist consumers in locating contact information, the 
Commission shall provide a list of video programming distributors' 
contact information (i.e., the name of the appropriate person and/or 
office to contact, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses) on its Web 
site. To establish this listing, video programming distributors and 
broadcast services must file the required contact information, for both 
immediate concerns and written captioning complaints, with the Chief of 
the Disability Rights Office, Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau, 
or by sending the information to CLOSEDCAPTIONING_POC@fcc.gov, within 
30 days of the publication in the Federal Register of a notice 
announcing approval by the Office of Management and Budget. After 
compiling and posting the list on the FCC's Web site, Commission staff 
shall prepare a Public Notice advising consumers and other interested 
parties how to obtain access to the contact information. This 
information shall also be available by telephone inquiry to the 
Commission's Consumer Center. Distributors shall promptly notify the 
Commission each time there is a change in any of this required 
information, and in any event within 10 business days.

Final Regulatory Flexibility Certification

    16. As required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, as 
amended (RFA), an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) was 
incorporated in the Notice of Proposed Rule Making (2005 Closed 
Captioning NPRM) in this proceeding. 2005 Closed Captioning NPRM, 20 
FCC Rcd at 13234, published at 70 FR 56150, November 25, 2005. The 
Commission sought written public comment on the proposals in the 2005 
Closed Captioning NPRM, including comment on the IRFA. The Commission 
received one comment on the IRFA, and it is discussed below. This 
present Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA) conforms to the 
RFA. See 5 U.S.C. 604.

Need for, and Objectives of, the Order

    17. The purpose of this proceeding was to consider the current 
status of the Commission's closed captioning rules. The rulemaking that 
was initiated in 2005 followed up on the Commission's prior assurances, 
made at the time the closed captioning rules were adopted in 1997, that 
certain captioning provisions would be reviewed and evaluated at a 
future date. The 2005 rulemaking sought to determine whether any 
revisions

[[Page 1597]]

should be made to enhance the effectiveness of the closed captioning 
rules.
    18. The closed captioning rules that were adopted in 1997 require 
that all video programming distributors, including over-the-air 
broadcast television services and all multichannel video programming 
distributors (``MVPDs'') (including cable television, direct-to-home 
satellite services, wireless cable systems, satellite master antenna 
television, and open video systems) increase gradually the amount of 
captioned programming offered and, generally require that 100 percent 
of new English language programming be closed captioned as of January 
1, 2006, subject to certain exceptions. ``Video programming 
distributor'' is defined in 47 CFR 79.1(a)(2) as any television 
broadcast station licensed by the Commission and any multichannel video 
programming distributor as defined in Sec.  76.1000(e) of the 
Commission's rules, and any other distributor of video programming for 
residential reception that delivers such programming directly to the 
home and is subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission. New analog 
programming is defined as analog programs first published or exhibited 
on or after January 1, 1998. 47 CFR 79.1(a)(5) of the Commission's 
rules. New digital programming is defined as digital programming first 
aired after June 30, 2002. Closed Caption Decoder Requirements for 
Digital Television Receivers and Converter Boxes, Closed Captioning and 
Video Description of Video Programming , Implementation of Section 305 
of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Video Programming Accessibility, 
ET Docket No. 99-254, MM Docket No. 95-176, Report and Order, 15 FCC 
Rcd 16788, 16790-91, paragraph 5 (July 31, 2000) (DTV Closed Captioning 
Order), published at 65 FR 58467, September 29, 2000. Additionally, 
these rules established a transition period for captioning of pre-rule 
programming, and required that 75 percent of all pre-rule nonexempt 
English language programming delivered to consumers during the first 
quarter of 2008 and thereafter must be captioned. 47 CFR 79.1(b)(2)(ii) 
of the Commission's rules. Pre-rule analog programming is defined as 
programs first published or exhibited before January 1, 1998. 47 CFR 
79.1(a)(6) of the Commission's rules. Pre-rule digital programming is 
defined as digital programming first aired before July 1, 2002. DTV 
Closed Captioning Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 16790-91, paragraph 5. The rules 
also require that, pursuant to an established phase-in schedule, as of 
January 1, 2010, 100 percent of nonexempt new Spanish language 
programming be closed captioned, and, as of January 1, 2012, and 
thereafter, 75 percent of nonexempt Spanish language pre-rule 
programming be closed captioned. 47 CFR 79.1(b)(3)(iv) and 47 CFR 
79.1(b)(4)(ii) of the Commission's rules. The existing rules contain 
several exemptions, pursuant to which entities or programming that meet 
the prescribed criteria are exempt from the rules without having to 
seek Commission approval. 47 CFR 79.1(d) of the Commission's rules. In 
addition, the existing rules provide a process whereby video 
programming providers may petition the Commission for an exemption from 
the rules where it would be an undue burden to require captioning. 47 
CFR 79.1(f) of the Commission's rules.
    19. The 2005 Closed Captioning NPRM sought comment on several 
aspects of the rules. It also sought comment on a Petition for 
Rulemaking that was filed by Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc. and 
several other consumer advocacy groups. It sought comment on, inter 
alia, the possibility that the existing rule would allow for shorter 
complaint filing and response times, what those time frames should be, 
and on the possibility that complainants should be permitted to 
complain directly to the Commission without complaining to the video 
programming distributor first. Further, the 2005 Closed Captioning NPRM 
sought comment on the possibility that video programming distributors 
would be required to provide contact information to viewers and to give 
this information to the Commission for posting on the Commission's Web 
site, in order to assist consumers in having their closed captioning 
concerns addressed more quickly.
    20. The Order responds to the proposals made in the 2005 Closed 
Captioning NPRM and the Comments submitted thereto. Specifically, the 
Order amends the existing closed captioning rules to shorten the 
complaint processing times and allows complaints to be filed directly 
with the FCC. The Order also adopts a new requirement that video 
programming distributors make information available on their Web sites 
(if they have a Web site) in bills and in directories to make it easier 
for closed captioning consumers to contact them with closed captioning 
concerns and complaints. The Order also adds a requirement to the rules 
to ensure that any staff reachable through the above-noted contact 
information has the capability to immediately respond to and address 
consumers' concerns.

Summary of Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments in Response to 
the IRFA

    21. Media Captioning Services (MCS) filed the only comment in this 
proceeding responding to the IRFA. See Comments of Media Captioning 
Services (MCS) to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, November 9, 2005. 
As stated, MCS' comments were the only comments we received regarding 
the regulatory flexibility analysis. Several other commenters raised 
concerns regarding the impact of the proposals on small entities, but 
not in the regulatory flexibility context. Some of these commenters 
would be considered small businesses. In general, these commenters 
stated that the proposals set forth in the 2005 Closed Captioning NPRM 
could result in increased costs and decreased local programming. For 
example, Hubbard Broadcasting commented that real-time captioning 
services are ``disproportionately burdensome'' to smaller broadcasters, 
and that the suggestions proposed in the 2005 Closed Captioning NPRM 
would ``vastly increase the costs of local news production.'' Reply 
Comments of Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc. at 4-5. MCS commented on many 
issues raised in the 2005 Closed Captioning NPRM, as well. 
Specifically, with regard to the issues raised in the 2005 Closed 
Captioning NPRM, MCS commented that, in order to encourage high quality 
captioning, the FCC should promote tax incentives for video programmers 
who use very small captioning concerns to meet captioning requirements; 
should utilize the antitrust laws (presumably to penalize entities that 
engage in anticompetitive behavior resulting in higher captioning 
prices); should use the Telecommunications Relay Service fund to 
compensate very small captioning companies; and should establish a fund 
from the sale of analog spectrum to compensate very small captioning 
companies that provide captioning services to video programmers in the 
DMAs between 26 and 100. MCS also suggested that the Commission require 
a functional equivalence guideline for real-time captioning and for 
pre-produced programming. MCS offered specific suggestions for these 
standards, and MCS also suggested that complaints regarding closed 
captioning should be directed to the video programming distributor and 
the FCC, simultaneously.
    22. In its comments pertaining to the regulatory flexibility 
analysis, MCS

[[Page 1598]]

noted that the IRFA does not include any discussion of the impact that 
proposed regulations would have on closed captioning companies. MCS 
noted that SBA considers companies providing real-time captioning 
services with annual gross receipts of $6 million or less to be small 
entities, and considers companies earning $25 million or less from pre-
production business to be small entities. MCS asserted that virtually 
all companies in the closed captioning industry would be classified as 
small businesses. In its comments, MCS referred to Standard Industry 
Classification (SIC) codes. However, SIC codes were replaced on August 
26, 2008, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
codes; accordingly, the FCC must use the NAICS codes. MCS stated that 
the definitions are deficient since an ``element of the definition of 
`small business' is that the entity would not be dominant in its field 
of operations.'' However, according to MCS, three dominant companies in 
the industry would be classified as small entities based on the annual 
gross receipts standards noted above.
    23. The Commission appreciates the comments filed by MCS in this 
regard. The Commission notes that video programming distributors (VPDs) 
are the entities directly responsible for compliance with closed 
captioning rules, and may only air programming that is not captioned if 
the programming is not subject to a captioning benchmark or is exempt 
from the rules pursuant to Sec. Sec.  79.1(d) or 79.1(f) of the 
Commission's rules. Even with regard to programming that is not 
produced by a video programming distributor, the VPD is responsible for 
ensuring that the program owner has certified that it or its 
programming is exempt from the closed captioning rules. Although closed 
captioning companies play a vital role in the closed captioning regime, 
they are not the entities that are directly affected by the 
Commission's requirements that video programming be captioned, because 
they are not the entities ultimately responsible for compliance with 
the closed captioning rules. The 2005 IRFA included all multi-channel 
video programming distributors and broadcasters--these are the entities 
that are ultimately responsible for closed captioning. In addition to 
captioners, program owners and producers that are not the video 
programming distributors were also omitted from the 2005 IRFA, for the 
same reason--they are merely indirectly affected by the rules and are 
not ultimately responsible for compliance with the rules. However, in 
order to better inform the public about our actions and to create a 
more complete record in this FRFA, the Commission is including 
captioners as entities affected by the modifications adopted in the 
Order (see paragraphs 28-30, infra).

Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities Impacted

    24. The RFA directs the Commission to provide a description of and, 
where feasible, an estimate of the number of small entities that will 
be affected by the rules. 5 U.S.C. 604(a)(3). The RFA generally defines 
the term ``small entity'' as having the same meaning as the terms 
``small business,'' ``small organization,'' and ``small business 
concern'' under section 3 of the Small Business Act. 5 U.S.C 601(6). 
Under the Small Business Act, a small business concern is one which: 
(1) Is independently owned and operated; (2) is not dominant in its 
field of operation; and (3) satisfies any additional criteria 
established by the SBA. 5 U.S.C. 632.
    25. Nationwide, there are a total of approximately 22.4 million 
small businesses, according to SBA data. See SBA, Programs and 
Services, SBA Pamphlet No. CO-0028, at page 40 (July 2002). A ``small 
organization'' is generally ``any not-for-profit enterprise which is 
independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field.'' 5 
U.S.C. 601(4). Nationwide, as of 2002, there were approximately 1.6 
million small organizations. Independent Sector, The New Nonprofit 
Almanac & Desk Reference (2002). The term ``small governmental 
jurisdiction'' is defined generally as ``governments of cities, towns, 
townships, villages, school districts, or special districts, with a 
population of less than fifty thousand.'' 5 U.S.C. 601(5). Census 
Bureau data for 2002 indicate that there were 87,525 local governmental 
jurisdictions in the United States. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical 
Abstract of the United States: 2006, Sec.  8, page 272, Table 415. The 
Commission estimates that, of this total, 84,377 entities were ``small 
governmental jurisdictions.'' The Commission assumes that the villages, 
school districts, and special districts are small, and total 48,558. 
See U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 
2006, Sec.  8, page 273, Table 417. For 2002, Census Bureau data 
indicate that the total number of county, municipal, and township 
governments nationwide was 38,967, of which 35,819 were small. Thus, 
the Commission estimates that most governmental jurisdictions are 
small.
    26. Wired Telecommunications Carriers. The Census Bureau defines 
this category as follows: ``This industry comprises establishments 
primarily engaged as third-party distribution systems for broadcast 
programming. The establishments of this industry deliver visual, aural, 
or textual programming received from cable networks, local television 
stations, or radio networks to consumers via cable or direct-to-home 
satellite systems on a subscription or fee basis. These establishments 
do not generally originate programming material.'' U.S. Census Bureau, 
2002 NAICS Definitions, ``517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers''; 
https://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/def/NDEF517.HTM. The SBA has 
developed a small business size standard for wireline firms within the 
broad economic census category, ``Wired Telecommunications Carriers.'' 
13 CFR 121.201, NAICS code 517110. Under this category, the SBA deems a 
wireline business to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees. 
Census Bureau data for 2002 show that there were 2,432 firms in this 
category that operated for the entire year. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 
Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, ``Establishment and Firm 
Size: 2002 (Including Legal Form of Organization),'' Table 5, NAICS 
code 517110 (issued Nov. 2005). Of this total, 2,395 firms had 
employment of 999 or fewer employees, and 37 firms had employment of 
1,000 employees or more. The census data do not provide a more precise 
estimate of the number of firms that have employment of 1,500 or fewer 
employees; the largest category provided is for firms with ``1000 
employees or more.'' Thus, under this category and associated small 
business size standard, the majority of firms can be considered small.
    27. Cable Television Distribution Services. Since 2007, these 
services have been defined within the broad economic census category of 
Wired Telecommunications Carriers; that category is defined as follows: 
``This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating 
and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure 
that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, 
sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission 
facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of 
technologies.'' U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, ``517110 
Wired Telecommunications Carriers'' (partial definition); https://
www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND517110.HTM#N517110. The SBA has 
developed a small business size standard for this category, which is: 
All

[[Page 1599]]

such firms having 1,500 or fewer employees. The NAICS Code associated 
with this size standard is 517110. To gauge small business prevalence 
for these cable services, we must, however, use current census data 
that are based on the previous category of Cable and Other Program 
Distribution and its associated size standard; that size standard was: 
All such firms having $13.5 million or less in annual receipts. 13 CFR 
121.201, NAICS code 517110. According to Census Bureau data for 2002, 
there were a total of 1,191 firms in this previous category that 
operated for the entire year. Of this total, 1,087 firms had annual 
receipts of under $10 million, and 43 firms had receipts of $10 million 
or more but less than $25 million. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic 
Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms 
for the United States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 (issued November 2005). 
Thus, the majority of these firms can be considered small.
    28. Cable Companies and Systems. The Commission has also developed 
its own small business size standards, for the purpose of cable rate 
regulation. Under the Commission's rules, a ``small cable company'' is 
one serving 400,000 or fewer subscribers, nationwide. 47 CFR 76.901(e) 
of the Commission's rules. The Commission determined that this size 
standard equates approximately to a size standard of $100 million or 
less in annual revenues. Implementation of Sections of the 1992 Cable 
Act: Rate Regulation, Sixth Report and Order and Eleventh Order on 
Reconsideration, 10 FCC Rcd 7393, 7408 (1995), published at 60 FR 
35854, July 12, 1995. Industry data indicate that, of 1,076 cable 
operators nationwide, all but eleven are small under this size 
standard. These data are derived from: R.R. Bowker, Broadcasting & 
Cable Yearbook 2006, ``Top 25 Cable/Satellite Operators,'' pages A-8 & 
C-2 (data current as of June 30, 2005); Warren Communications News, 
Television & Cable Factbook 2006, ``Ownership of Cable Systems in the 
United States,'' pages D-1805 to D-1857. In addition, under the 
Commission's rules, a ``small system'' is a cable system serving 15,000 
or fewer subscribers. 47 CFR 76.901(c) of the Commission's rules. 
Industry data indicate that, of 7,208 systems nationwide, 6,139 systems 
have fewer than 10,000 subscribers, and an additional 379 systems have 
10,000-19,999 subscribers. Warren Communications News, Television & 
Cable Factbook 2006, ``U.S. Cable Systems by Subscriber Size,'' page F-
2 (data current as of October 2005). The data do not include 718 
systems for which classifying data were not available. Thus, under this 
second size standard, most cable systems are small. Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers with fewer than 1500 employees are 
considered to be small. See 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS code 517110.
    29. Cable System Operators. The Communications Act of 1934, as 
amended, also contains a size standard for small cable system 
operators, which is ``a cable operator that, directly or through an 
affiliate, serves in the aggregate fewer than 1 percent of all 
subscribers in the United States and is not affiliated with any entity 
or entities whose gross annual revenues in the aggregate exceed 
$250,000,000.'' 47 U.S.C. 43(m)(2); see 47 CFR 76.901(f) of the 
Commission's rules and nn. 1-3. The Commission has determined that an 
operator serving fewer than 677,000 subscribers shall be deemed a small 
operator, if its annual revenues, when combined with the total annual 
revenues of all its affiliates, do not exceed $250 million in the 
aggregate. 47 CFR 76.901(f); Industry data indicate that, of 1,076 
cable operators nationwide, all but ten are small under this size 
standard. These data are derived from: R.R. Bowker, Broadcasting & 
Cable Yearbook 2006, ``Top 25 Cable/Satellite Operators,'' pages A-8 & 
C-2 (data current as of June 30, 2005); Warren Communications News, 
Television & Cable Factbook 2006, ``Ownership of Cable Systems in the 
United States,'' pages D-1805 to D-1857. We note that the Commission 
neither requests nor collects information on whether cable system 
operators are affiliated with entities whose gross annual revenues 
exceed $250 million, and therefore the Commission is unable to estimate 
more accurately the number of cable system operators that would qualify 
as small under this size standard. The Commission does receive such 
information on a case-by-case basis if a cable operator appeals a local 
franchise authority's finding that the operator does not qualify as a 
small cable operator pursuant to Sec.  76.901(f) of the Commission's 
rules.
    30. Cable Television Relay Service. This service includes 
transmitters generally used to relay cable programming within cable 
television system distribution systems. As noted, Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers with fewer than 1500 employees are 
considered to be small, under the currently applicable SBA 
classification. NAICS Code 517110. The data presented were acquired 
when the applicable SBA small business size standard was called Cable 
and Other Program Distribution, and which referred to all such firms 
having $13.5 million or less in annual receipts. 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS 
code 517110. According to Census Bureau data for 2002, there were a 
total of 1,191 firms in this category that operated for the entire 
year. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: 
Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms for the United States: 
2002, NAICS code 517510 (issued November 2005). Of this total, 1,087 
firms had annual receipts of under $10 million, and 43 firms had 
receipts of $10 million or more but less than $25 million. U.S. Census 
Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 4, 
Receipts Size of Firms for the United States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 
(issued November 2005). Thus, under this size standard, the majority of 
firms can be considered small.
    31. Direct Broadcast Satellite (``DBS'') Service. DBS service is a 
nationally distributed subscription service that delivers video and 
audio programming via satellite to a small parabolic ``dish'' antenna 
at the subscriber's location. DBS falls under the SBA definition of 
``Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except satellite)'', which 
establishes as a small DBS company any DBS company which has less then 
1500 employees. 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS Code 517210. The data presented 
were acquired when the applicable SBA small business size standard was 
called Cable and Other Program Distribution, and which referred to all 
such firms having $13.5 million or less in annual receipts. 13 CFR 
121.201, NAICS code 517110. According to Census Bureau data for 2002, 
there were a total of 1,191 firms in this category that operated for 
the entire year. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject 
Series: Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms for the United 
States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 (issued November 2005). Of this total, 
1,087 firms had annual receipts of under $10 million, and 43 firms had 
receipts of $10 million or more but less than $25 million. Currently, 
only four operators hold licenses to provide DBS service, which 
requires a great investment of capital for operation. All four 
currently offer subscription services. Two of these four DBS operators, 
DirecTV and EchoStar Communications Corporation (``EchoStar''), report 
annual revenues that are in excess of the threshold for a small 
business. DirecTV is the largest DBS operator and the second largest 
MVPD, serving an estimated 13.04 million subscribers nationwide. See 
Annual Assessment of Status of

[[Page 1600]]

Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, 
Eleventh Annual Report, FCC 05-13, paragraph 55 (released February 4, 
2005) (``2005 Cable Competition Report''), published at 60 FR 35854, 
July 12, 1995. EchoStar, which provides service under the brand name 
Dish Network, is the second largest DBS operator and the fourth largest 
MVPD, serving an estimated 10.12 million subscribers nationwide. See 
2005 Cable Competition Report, paragraph 55. A third operator, Rainbow 
DBS, is a subsidiary of Cablevision's Rainbow Network, which also 
reports annual revenues in excess of $13.5 million, and thus does not 
qualify as a small business. Rainbow DBS, which provides service under 
the brand name VOOM, reported an estimated 25,000 subscribers. See 2005 
Cable Competition Report, paragraph 55. The fourth DBS operator, 
Dominion Video Satellite, Inc. (``Dominion''), offers religious 
(Christian) programming and does not report its annual receipts. 
Dominion, which provides service under the brand name Sky Angel, does 
not publicly disclose its subscribership numbers on an annualized 
basis. The Commission does not know of any source which provides this 
information and, thus, the Commission has no way of confirming whether 
Dominion qualifies as a small business. Because DBS service requires 
significant capital, the Commission believes it is unlikely that a 
small entity as defined by the SBA would have the financial wherewithal 
to become a DBS licensee. Nevertheless, given the absence of specific 
data on this point, the Commission acknowledges the possibility that 
there are entrants in this field that may not yet have generated $13.5 
million in annual receipts, and therefore may be categorized as a small 
business, if independently owned and operated.
    32. Television Broadcasting. This Economic Census category 
``comprises establishments primarily engaged in broadcasting images 
together with sound. These establishments operate television 
broadcasting studios and facilities for the programming and 
transmission of programs to the public.'' U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 
NAICS Definitions, ``515120 Television Broadcasting'' (partial 
definition); https://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND515120.HTM#N515120. 
The SBA has created the following small business size standard for 
Television Broadcasting firms: Those having $14 million or less in 
annual receipts. 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS code 515120 (updated for 
inflation in 2008). The Commission has estimated the number of licensed 
commercial television stations to be 1,379. See FCC News Release, 
``Broadcast Station Totals as of December 31, 2007,'' dated March 18, 
2008; https://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2008/db0318/
DOC-280836A1.pdf. In addition, according to Commission staff review of 
the BIA Publications, Inc., Master Access Television Analyzer Database 
(BIA) on March 30, 2007, about 986 of an estimated 1,374 commercial 
television stations (or approximately 72 percent) had revenues of $13 
million or less. The Commission recognizes that BIA's estimate differs 
slightly from the FCC total given supra. The Commission therefore 
estimates that the majority of commercial television broadcasters are 
small entities.
    33. The Commission notes, however, that in assessing whether a 
business concern qualifies as small under the above definition, 
business (control) affiliations must be included. ``[Business concerns] 
are affiliates of each other when one concern controls or has the power 
to control the other or a third party or parties controls or has to 
power to control both.'' 13 CFR 21.103(a)(1). The Commission's 
estimate, therefore, likely overstates the number of small entities 
that might be affected by our action, because the revenue figure on 
which it is based does not include or aggregate revenues from 
affiliated companies. In addition, an element of the definition of 
``small business'' is that the entity not be dominant in its field of 
operation. The Commission is unable at this time to define or quantify 
the criteria that would establish whether a specific television station 
is dominant in its field of operation. Accordingly, the estimate of 
small businesses to which rules may apply does not exclude any 
television station from the definition of a small business on this 
basis and is therefore possibly over-inclusive to that extent.
    34. In addition, the Commission has estimated the number of 
licensed noncommercial educational (NCE) television stations to be 380. 
See FCC News Release, ``Broadcast Station Totals as of December 31, 
2007,'' dated March 18, 2008; https://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/
Daily_Business/2008/db0318/DOC-280836A1.pdf. These stations are non-
profit, and therefore considered to be small entities. See generally 5 
U.S.C. 601(4), (6). In addition, there are also 2,295 low power 
television stations (LPTV). See FCC News Release, ``Broadcast Station 
Totals as of December 31, 2007,'' dated March 18, 2008; https://
www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2008/db0318/DOC-
280836A1.pdf.
    Given the nature of this service, the Commission will presume that 
all LPTV licensees qualify as small entities under the above SBA small 
business size standard.
    35. Local Multipoint Distribution Service. Local Multipoint 
Distribution Service (LMDS) is a fixed broadband point-to-multipoint 
microwave service that provides for two-way video telecommunications. 
See Rulemaking to Amend Parts 1, 2, 21, 25, of the Commission's Rules 
to Redesignate the 27.5-29.5 GHz Frequency Band, Reallocate the 29.5-
30.5 Frequency Band, to Establish Rules and Policies for Local 
Multipoint Distribution Service and for Fixed Satellite Services, 
Second Report and Order, Order on Reconsideration, and Fifth Notice of 
Proposed Rule Making, 12 FCC Rcd 12545, 12689-90, paragraph 348 (1997), 
published at 62 FR 16514, April 7, 1997. The auction of the 986 Local 
Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) licenses began on February 18, 
1998 and closed on March 25, 1998. The Commission established a small 
business size standard for LMDS licenses as an entity that has average 
gross revenues of less than $40 million in the three previous calendar 
years. See Rulemaking to Amend Parts 1, 2, 21, 25, of the Commission's 
Rules to Redesignate the 27.5-29.5 GHz Frequency Band, Reallocate the 
29.5-30.5 Frequency Band, to Establish Rules and Policies for Local 
Multipoint Distribution Service and for Fixed Satellite Services, 
Second Report and Order, Order on Reconsideration, and Fifth Notice of 
Proposed Rule Making, 12 FCC Rcd 12545, 12689-90, paragraph 348 (1997). 
An additional small business size standard for ``very small business'' 
was added as an entity that, together with its affiliates, has average 
gross revenues of not more than $15 million for the preceding three 
calendar years. See Rulemaking to Amend Parts 1, 2, 21, 25, of the 
Commission's Rules to Redesignate the 27.5-29.5 GHz Frequency Band, 
Reallocate the 29.5-30.5 Frequency Band, to Establish Rules and 
Policies for Local Multipoint Distribution Service and for Fixed 
Satellite Services, Second Report and Order, Order on Reconsideration, 
and Fifth Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 12 FCC Rcd 12545, 12689-90, 
paragraph 348 (1997). The SBA has approved these small business size 
standards in the context of LMDS auctions. See Letter to Dan Phythyon, 
Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, FCC, from Aida Alvarez, 
Administrator, SBA (Jan. 6, 1998). There were 93 winning bidders

[[Page 1601]]

that qualified as small entities in the LMDS auctions. A total of 93 
small and very small business bidders won approximately 277 A Block 
licenses and 387 B Block licenses. On March 27, 1999, the Commission 
re-auctioned 161 licenses; there were 32 small and very small 
businesses winning that won 119 licenses. Because some LMDS services 
may not have been auctioned, the SBA standard which applies to such 
services is Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except satellite), 
pursuant to which a service is small if it has fewer than 1500 
employees. The NAICS Code for this SBA classification is 517110.
    36. Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except satellite). NAICS 
code 517210. Standard for small business is 1500 employees or fewer. 
Wireless Telecommunications Carriers, except satellite, is a NAICS 
standard which has a size standard of fewer than 1500 employees. NAICS 
Code 517210. Wireless cable systems use 2 GHz band frequencies of the 
Broadband Radio Service (``BRS''), formerly Multipoint Distribution 
Service (``MDS''), and the Educational Broadband Service (``EBS''), 
formerly Instructional Television Fixed Service (``ITFS''), to transmit 
video programming and provide broadband services to residential 
subscribers. These services were originally designed for the delivery 
of multichannel video programming, similar to that of traditional cable 
systems, but over the past several years licensees have focused their 
operations instead on providing two-way high-speed Internet access 
services. The Commission estimates that the number of wireless cable 
subscribers is approximately 100,000, as of March 2005. As noted, 
within the category of Wireless Telecommunications Carriers, except 
satellite, such firms with fewer than 1500 employees are considered to 
be small. 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS Code 517210. The data presented were 
acquired when the applicable SBA small business size standard was 
called Cable and Other Program Distribution, and which referred to all 
such firms having $13.5 million or less in annual receipts. 13 CFR 
121.201, NAICS Code 517110. According to Census Bureau data for 2002, 
there were a total of 1,191 firms in this category that operated for 
the entire year. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject 
Series: Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms for the United 
States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 (issued November 2005). Of this total, 
1,087 firms had annual receipts of under $10 million, and 43 firms had 
receipts of $10 million or more but less than $25 million. U.S. Census 
Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 4, 
Receipts Size of Firms for the United States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 
(issued November 2005). The SBA small business size standard for the 
broad census category of Wireless Telecommunications Carriers, which 
consists of such entities with fewer than 1,500 employees, appears 
applicable to MDS and ITFS. Other standards also apply, as described.
    37. The Commission has defined small MDS (now BRS) entities in the 
context of Commission license auctions. In the 1996 MDS auction, the 
Commission defined a small business as an entity that had annual 
average gross revenues of less than $40 million in the previous three 
calendar years. This definition of a small entity in the context of MDS 
auctions has been approved by the SBA. In the MDS auction, 67 bidders 
won 493 licenses. Of the 67 auction winners, 61 claimed status as a 
small business. At this time, the Commission estimates that of the 61 
small business MDS auction winners, 48 remain small business licensees. 
In addition to the 48 small businesses that hold BTA authorizations, 
there are approximately 392 incumbent MDS licensees that have gross 
revenues that are not more than $40 million and are thus considered 
small entities. MDS licensees and wireless cable operators that did not 
receive their licenses as a result of the MDS auction fall under the 
SBA small business size standard for Wireless Telecommunications 
Carriers (except satellite). 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS Code 517210. As 
noted, within the category of Wireless Telecommunications Carriers, 
such firms with fewer than 1500 employees are considered to be small. 
13 CFR 121.201, NAICS Code 517210. The data presented were acquired 
when the applicable SBA small business size standard was called Cable 
and Other Program Distribution, and which referred to all such firms 
having $13.5 million or less in annual receipts. 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS 
Code 517110. According to Census Bureau data for 2002, there were a 
total of 1,191 firms in this category that operated for the entire 
year. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: 
Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms for the United States: 
2002, NAICS code 517510 (issued November 2005). Of this total, 1,087 
firms had annual receipts of under $10 million, and 43 firms had 
receipts of $10 million or more but less than $25 million. U.S. Census 
Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 4, 
Receipts Size of Firms for the United States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 
(issued November 2005). Information available indicates that there are 
approximately 850 of these licensees and operators that do not generate 
revenue in excess of $13.5 million annually. Therefore, the Commission 
estimates that there are approximately 850 small entity MDS (or BRS) 
providers, as defined by the SBA and the Commission's auction rules.
    38. Educational institutions are included in this analysis as small 
entities; however, the Commission has not created a specific small 
business size standard for ITFS (now EBS). The Commission estimates 
that there are currently 2,032 ITFS (or EBS) licensees, and all but 100 
of the licenses are held by educational institutions. Thus, the 
Commission estimates that at least 1,932 ITFS licensees are small 
entities.
    39. Open Video Services. Open Video Service (OVS) systems provide 
subscription services. See 47 U.S.C. section 573. The data presented 
were acquired when the applicable SBA small business size standard was 
called Cable and Other Program Distribution, and which referred to all 
such firms having $13.5 million or less in annual receipts. 13 CFR 
121.201, NAICS Code 517110. According to Census Bureau data for 2002, 
there were a total of 1,191 firms in this category that operated for 
the entire year. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject 
Series: Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms for the United 
States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 (issued November 2005). Of this total, 
1,087 firms had annual receipts of under $10 million, and 43 firms had 
receipts of $10 million or more but less than $25 million. U.S. Census 
Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 4, 
Receipts Size of Firms for the United States: 2002, NAICS code 517510 
(issued November 2005). This standard has been replaced by the Wireless 
Telecommunications Carriers (except satellite) standard, which 
considers firms with fewer than 1,500 employees to be small. NAICS Code 
517210. The Commission has certified approximately 100 OVS operators to 
serve 75 areas, and some of these are currently providing service. See 
https://www.fcc.gov/csb/ovs/csovscer.html (current as of June 2004). 
This data was collected when ``Cable and Other Program Distribution'' 
was the operative distribution technology. Affiliates of Residential 
Communications Network, Inc. (RCN) received approval to operate OVS 
systems in New York City, Boston, Washington, DC, and other areas. RCN 
has sufficient revenues to assure that

[[Page 1602]]

they do not qualify as a small business entity. Little financial 
information is available for the other entities that are authorized to 
provide OVS and are not yet operational. Given that some entities 
authorized to provide OVS service have not yet begun to generate 
revenues, the Commission concludes that those OVS operators remaining 
might qualify as small businesses that may be affected by the rules and 
policies adopted herein.
    40. In addition, an element of the definition of ``small business'' 
is that the entity not be dominant in its field of operation. The 
Commission is unable at this time to define or quantify the criteria 
that would establish whether a specific television station is dominant 
in its field of operation. Accordingly, the estimate of small 
businesses to which rules may apply does not exclude any television 
station from the definition of a small business on this basis and is 
therefore over-inclusive to that extent. Also as noted, an additional 
element of the definition of ``small business'' is that the entity must 
be independently owned and operated. The Commission notes that it is 
difficult at times to assess these criteria in the context of media 
entities and our estimates of small businesses to which they apply may 
be over-inclusive to this extent.
    41. Telephone Companies. Neither the Commission nor the SBA has 
developed a small business size standard specifically for incumbent 
local exchange services. The appropriate size standard under SBA rules 
is for the category Wired Telecommunications Carriers. Under that size 
standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees. 
13 CFR 121.201, NAICS code 517110. According to Commission data, 1,307 
carriers have reported that they are engaged in the provision of 
incumbent local exchange services. FCC, Wireline Competition Bureau, 
Industry Analysis and Technology Division, ``Trends in Telephone 
Service'' at Table 5.3, Page 5-5 (Feb. 2007). This source uses data 
that are current as of October 20, 2005.
    Of these 1,307 carriers, an estimated 1,019 have 1,500 or fewer 
employees and 288 have more than 1,500 employees. Consequently, the 
Commission estimates that most providers of incumbent local exchange 
service are small businesses that may be affected by our action. The 
Commission estimates that ten LECs currently provide video programming, 
and several smaller telephone companies provide the service.
    42. Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (LECs). Neither the 
Commission nor the SBA has developed a small business size standard 
specifically for incumbent local exchange services. The appropriate 
size standard under NCAIS rules is for the category Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers. Under that size standard, such a business 
is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees. 13 CFR 121.201, NAICS code 
517110. According to Commission data, 1,307 carriers have reported that 
they are engaged in the provision of incumbent local exchange services. 
FCC, Wireline Competition Bureau, Industry Analysis and Technology 
Division, ``Trends in Telephone Service'' at Table 5.3, Page 5-5 (Feb. 
2007). This source uses data that are current as of October 20, 2005. 
Of these 1,307 carriers, an estimated 1,019 have 1,500 or fewer 
employees and 288 have more than 1,500 employees. Consequently, the 
Commission estimates that most providers of incumbent local exchange 
service are small businesses that may be affected by our action. The 
Commission estimates that ten LECs currently provide video programming, 
and several smaller telephone companies provide the service.
    43. Closed Captioning Services. These entities are indirectly 
affected by our action. The SBA has developed two small business size 
standards that may be used for closed captioning services. The two size 
standards track the economic census categories, ``Teleproduction and 
Other Postproduction Services'' and ``Court Reporting and Stenotype 
Services.''
    44. The first category of Teleproduction and Other Postproduction 
Services ``comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing 
specialized motion picture or video postproduction services, such as 
editing, film/tape transfers, subtitling, credits, closed captioning, 
and animation and special effects.'' The relevant size standard for 
small businesses in these services is an annual revenue of less than 
$29.5 million. U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 NAICS Definitions, ``512191 
Teleproduction and Other Postproduction Services''; https://
www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/def/NDEF512.HTM. The size standard is $29.5 
million. For this category, Census Bureau data for 2002 show that there 
were 1,316 firms that operated for the entire year. U.S. Census Bureau, 
2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, ``Establishment and 
Firm Size (Including Legal Form of Organization),'' Table 4, NAICS code 
512191 (issued Nov. 2005). Of this total, 1,301 firms had annual 
receipts of under $25 million, and 10 firms had receipts of $25 million 
to $49,999,999. An additional 5 firms had annual receipts of $50 
million or more. Consequently, we estimate that the majority of 
Teleproduction and Other Postproduction Services firms are small 
entities that might be affected by our action.
    45. The second category of Court Reporting and Stenotype Services 
``comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing verbatim 
reporting and stenotype recording of live legal proceedings and