Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 48 Species on Kauai as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat, 62592-62742 [E8-23561]

Agencies

• Fish and Wildlife Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Federal Register Volume 73, Number 204 (Tuesday, October 21, 2008)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 62592-62742]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E8-23561]



[[Page 62591]]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Part II





Department of the Interior





-----------------------------------------------------------------------



Fish and Wildlife Service



-----------------------------------------------------------------------



50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 48 Species on 
Kauai as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat; Proposed Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 204 / Tuesday, October 21, 2008 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 62592]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[FWS-R1-ES-2008-0046; MO 9221050083-B2]
RIN 1018-AV48


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 48 Species 
on Kauai as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to 
list 48 species on the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands as 
endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). 
We also propose to designate critical habitat for 47 of these species 
totaling 27,674 acres (ac) (11,199 hectares (ha)). Critical habitat 
designation is not prudent for one species, Pritchardia hardyi, which 
is threatened by overcollection, vandalism, or other human activity. 
This proposed rule, if made final, would extend the Act's protections 
to these species.

DATES: We will accept comments received on or before December 22, 2008. 
We must receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the 
address shown in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section by 
December 5, 2008.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing, 
Attn: FWS-R1-ES-2008-0046; Division of Policy and Directives 
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, 
Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203.
    We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We will post all comments on 
https://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any 
personal information you provide us (see the ``Public Comments'' 
section below for more information).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor, 
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 
50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808-792-9400; facsimile 808-792-
9581. If you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call 
the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Public Comments

    We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will 
be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as 
accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request comments 
or suggestions on this proposed rule from the public, other concerned 
governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other 
interested parties. We particularly seek comments concerning:
    (1) Specific information on:
     The amount and distribution of habitat for the species 
included in this proposed rule,
     What areas currently occupied, and that contain features 
essential for the conservation of the species, we should include in the 
designation and why, and
     What areas not currently occupied are essential to the 
conservation of the species and why.
    (2) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning 
threats (or lack thereof) to these species.
    (3) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and 
population sizes of these species, including the locations of any 
additional populations of these species.
    (4) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of 
these species. The following information regarding the potential 
economic and other impacts of the proposed critical habitat designation 
is requested solely so that we may consider the potential effects of 
critical habitat designation in the final rule; this information will 
not be considered in the decision whether to list these 48 species.
    (5) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the 
areas occupied by these species and their possible impacts on these 
species and proposed critical habitat.
    (6) Which areas are appropriate as critical habitat for these 
species and why they should be proposed for designation as critical 
habitat.
    (7) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat as 
``critical habitat'' under section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et 
seq.), including whether the benefit of designation outweighs threats 
to the species caused by the designation, such that the designation of 
critical habitat for any particular species is prudent.
    (8) Information on whether the draft economic analysis (DEA) 
identifies all State and local costs and benefits attributable to the 
proposed critical habitat designation, and information on any costs or 
benefits that we have overlooked.
    (9) Information on whether the DEA makes appropriate assumptions 
regarding current practices and any regulatory changes likely if we 
designate critical habitat.
    (10) Information on whether the DEA identifies all costs that could 
result from the critical habitat designation and whether you agree with 
the analysis.
    (11) Information on whether the DEA correctly assesses the effect 
on regional costs associated with any land use controls that may result 
from the critical habitat designation.
    (12) Information on areas that the critical habitat designation 
could potentially impact to a disproportionate degree.
    (13) Economic data on the incremental costs of designating any 
particular area as critical habitat.
    (14) Information on any quantifiable economic benefits of the 
designation of critical habitat.
    (15) Whether the benefits of excluding any particular area from 
critical habitat outweigh the benefits of including that area in 
critical habitat under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
    (16) Information on economic impacts that have occurred since the 
previous economic analyses were completed relevant to critical habitat 
``overlap'' areas, or that may occur in the future due to designation 
of critical habitat (see Economic Analysis, below, for details).
    (17) Information on economic impacts relevant to areas where the 
proposed critical habitat does not overlap with existing critical 
habitat for other plants on the island of Kauai.
    (18) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other 
potential impacts resulting from the proposed critical habitat 
designation and, in particular, any impacts on small entities, and the 
benefits of including or excluding areas that exhibit these impacts.
    (19) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating 
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation 
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and 
comments.
    You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed 
rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will not 
consider comments sent by e-mail or fax or to an address not listed in 
the ADDRESSES section.
    If you submit a comment via https://www.regulations.gov, your entire 
comment--including any personal identifying information--will be posted

[[Page 62593]]

on the website. If you submit a hardcopy comment that includes personal 
identifying information, you may request at the top of your document 
that we withhold this information from public review. However, we 
cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all 
hardcopy comments on https://www.regulations.gov.
    Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting 
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection at https://www.regulations.gov, or by 
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    You may obtain copies of the proposed rule and draft economic 
analysis by mail from the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking 
Portal at https://www.regulations.gov.

Background

An Ecosystem-based Approach

    On the island of Kauai, as on most of the Hawaiian Islands, native 
species that occur in the same habitat types (ecosystems) depend on 
many of the same biological features and on the successful functioning 
of that ecosystem to survive. We have therefore organized the species 
addressed in this proposed rule by common ecosystem. Although the 
listing determination for each species is analyzed separately, we have 
organized the specific analysis for each species within the context of 
the broader ecosystem in which it occurs to avoid redundancy. In 
addition, native species that share ecosystems often face a suite of 
common factors that may threaten them, and these threat factors require 
similar management actions to ameliorate or eliminate them. Effective 
management of these threat factors often requires implementation of 
conservation actions at the ecosystem scale to enhance or restore 
critical ecological processes and provide for long-term viability of 
those species in their native environment. Thus, by taking this 
approach, we hope to not only organize this proposed rule effectively, 
but also to more effectively focus conservation management efforts on 
the common threats that occur across these ecosystems, restore 
ecosystem function for the recovery of each species, and provide 
conservation benefits for associated native species, thereby 
potentially precluding the need to list other species under the Act 
that occur in these shared ecosystems.
    We propose to list each of the 48 species endemic to the island of 
Kauai addressed in this rule as an endangered species. These 48 species 
(45 plants, 2 birds, and 1 picture-wing fly) are found in 6 ecosystem 
types: lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, montane wet, dry 
cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1). Although most of these species are 
restricted to a single ecosystem, some are found in multiple 
ecosystems. For each species, we identified and evaluated those factors 
that threaten the species and that may be common to all of the species 
at the ecosystem level. For example, the degradation of habitat by 
feral ungulates is considered a threat to each species within each 
ecosystem. As a result, this threat factor is considered to be a 
multiple ecosystem-level threat, as each individual species within each 
ecosystem faces a threat that is essentially identical in terms of the 
nature of the impact, its severity, its imminence, and its scope. We 
further identified and evaluated any threat factors that may be unique 
to certain species, and do not apply to all species under consideration 
within the same ecosystem. For example, the threat of avian malaria is 
unique to the two birds in this proposed rule, and is not applicable to 
any of the other species proposed for listing. We have identified such 
threat factors, which apply only to certain species within the 
ecosystems addressed here, as species-specific threats.

TABLE 1.--THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND
------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Ecosystem                             Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic                          Plants: Canavalia napaliensis,
                                        Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
                                        Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
                                        Charpentiera densiflora,
                                        Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia
                                        kenwoodii, Labordia helleri,
                                        Pittosporum napaliense,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
                                        hobdyi, Tetraplasandra
                                        bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet                            Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
                                        var. remyi, Charpentiera
                                        densiflora, Cyanea eleelensis,
                                        Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea
                                        kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba,
                                        Dubautia imbricata ssp.
                                        imbricata, Labordia helleri,
                                        Melicope paniculata, Melicope
                                        puberula, Phyllostegia renovans,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia
                                        hardyi, Stenogyne kealiae,
                                        Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic                          Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        remyi, Diellia mannii, Labordia
                                        helleri, Myrsine knudsenii,
                                        Myrsine mezii, Platydesma
                                        rostrata, Psychotria
                                        grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae,
                                        Tetraplasandra flynnii
                                       Animals: Akekee, Drosophila
                                        attigua
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet                            Plants: Astelia waialeale,
                                        Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
                                        Dryopteris crinalis var.
                                        podosorus, Dubautia
                                        kalalauensis, Dubautia
                                        waialeale, Geranium kauaiense,
                                        Keysseria erici, Keysseria
                                        helenae, Labordia helleri,
                                        Labordia pumila, Lysimachia
                                        daphnoides, Melicope degeneri,
                                        Melicope puberula, Myrsine
                                        mezii, Phyllostegia renovans,
                                        Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
                                        grandiflora, Tetraplasandra
                                        flynnii
                                       Animals: Akekee, Akikiki,
                                        Drosophila attigua
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Cliff                              Plants: Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
                                        Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea
                                        attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff                              Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
                                        kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
                                        var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda,
                                        Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra
                                        paliku, Dubautia plantaginea
                                        ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia
                                        iniki, Lysimachia pendens,
                                        Lysimachia venosa, Platydesma
                                        rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the Act, we are required to designate critical habitat to the 
maximum extent prudent and determinable concurrently with the 
publication of a final determination that a species is endangered or 
threatened. In this rule, we are proposing to designate critical 
habitat for 47 of the 48 Kauai species. We have determined that the 
designation of critical habitat is not prudent for one species of 
native palm tree due to the increased threat of

[[Page 62594]]

collection that may result from such designation. The designation of 
critical habitat for the other 47 Kauai species is organized by common 
ecosystem. Although critical habitat is identified for each species 
individually, we have found that the conservation of each depends, at 
least in part, on the successful functioning of the commonly shared 
ecosystem. Each critical habitat unit identified in this proposed rule 
therefore contains the physical and biological features essential to 
the conservation of each species and those areas that are essential for 
the conservation of each associated species. Where the unit is not 
occupied by a particular species, we believe it is essential for the 
conservation of that species. All of the areas proposed for designation 
would constitute critical habitat for multiple species, based upon 
their shared habitat requirements. The identification of critical 
habitat also takes into account any species-specific conservation needs 
as appropriate. For example, the presence of specific host plants for 
larval development is essential for the conservation of the picture-
wing fly Drosophila attigua, but is not a requirement shared by all 
species within the same ecosystem.
    This approach represents a departure from our previous approaches 
to designating critical habitat for threatened and endangered species 
in Hawaii, which focused on discrete areas occupied by the species at 
the time of listing. Because Hawaii has 394 listed species (294 
plants), the previous approach to critical habitat designations 
resulted in an overlapping and confusing patchwork of critical habitat 
areas that could be confusing to the public to interpret. More 
importantly, we have learned that many native Hawaiian plants and 
animals currently occupy areas of marginal habitat because the threats 
are reduced in those areas, but these species can thrive when 
reintroduced into historical habitats when threats are being 
effectively managed. For this reason, we believe it is important to 
designate unoccupied habitat in those cases where it is essential to 
the recovery of the species.
    We believe the approach adopted in this proposed rule will make 
critical habitat in Hawaii a more useful conservation tool for land 
managers. Focusing on the management and restoration of habitat at the 
ecosystem scale and on ecosystem processes that these species require 
will result in more effective conservation than a designation based 
solely on the locations of the last few known individuals. In addition, 
we believe this approach will aid recovery given the uncertainties of 
climate change and other processes that may impact highly localized 
habitat conditions and essential features in the future. Critical 
habitat areas for multiple species may also better provide for the 
recovery of these species by guiding our conservation efforts as well 
as those of our partners, and by providing better information to the 
public and other entities about important conservation areas.

The Island of Kauai

    The island of Kauai is the northernmost and oldest of the eight 
major Hawaiian Islands (Foote et al. 1972, p. 3). It was formed about 6 
million years ago by a single shield volcano and is 553 square miles 
(sq mi) (1,430 sq kilometers (km)) in area. The island is characterized 
by deeply dissected canyons and steep ridges (Department of Geography 
1998, p. 151). The large caldera, once the largest in the Hawaiian 
Islands, now extends about 10 mi (16 km) in diameter and comprises the 
elevated tableland of the Alakai Swamp (Department of Geography 1998, 
p. 151). To the west of the Alakai Swamp is the deeply dissected Waimea 
Canyon, extending 10 mi (16 km) in length and up to 1 mi (1.6 km) in 
width. Later volcanic activity on the southeastern flank of the volcano 
formed the smaller Haupu caldera. Subsequent erosion and collapse of 
its flank formed Haupu Ridge (Macdonald et al. 1983, p. 457).
    The amount of rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands depends greatly on 
topography, and the orographic (mountain-caused) effect is revealed by 
the wide range in the pattern of annual rainfall, from 10 inches (in) 
to 450 in (25 centimeters (cm) to 1,145 cm) (Giambelluca and Schroeder 
1998, p. 59). Variations in the landscape can create microclimates, 
with large changes in rainfall and wind patterns over very short 
distances (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 43). Mount Waialeale, Kauai's second 
highest point at 5,148 feet (ft) (1,569 meters (m)) in elevation 
(Walker 1999, p. 21) is one of the wettest spots on earth, with annual 
rainfall measured at more than 450 in (1,145 cm) (Department of 
Geography 1998, p. 151). One of the island's most famous features is 
the Na Pali Coast, where stream and wave action have cut deep valleys 
and eroded the land to form precipitous cliffs as high as 3,000 ft (910 
m) (Joesting 1984, p. 14).
    The current soil classification system for the Hawaiian Islands 
distinguishes soil types based on their measurable physical and 
chemical properties, and environmental factors that influenced their 
formation. Eleven of the 12 soil types occur in Hawaii (Gavenda et al. 
1998, p. 96). Hawaii's basaltic rocks decompose to clay and various 
oxides and hydroxides when exposed to the weather in high rainfall 
areas. Silica and other elements are leached out, leaving the iron 
oxides, which are conspicuously red in color, and very evident in the 
eroded cliffs of Waimea Canyon. These red soils support plant life, and 
have low fertility and nutrient content (Walker 1999, p. 32). The soils 
in drier areas lack significant organic material and are characterized 
by deposits, called caliche, of soluble salts near the soil surface. 
Caliche may form concretions (solid mass or coalescence) around plant 
roots and stems (Walker 1999, p. 32).
    Because of its age and relative isolation, levels of floristic 
diversity and endemism are higher on Kauai than on any other island in 
the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai has 
undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use. 
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more 
recently, converted to agricultural use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45) 
or pasture. Intentional and inadvertent introduction of alien plant and 
animal species has also contributed to the reduction in range of the 
native vegetation on the island of Kauai. (Throughout this rule, the 
terms ``alien,'' ``feral,'' ``nonnative,'' and ``introduced'' all refer 
to species that are not naturally native to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most 
of the taxa included in this rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous 
cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography 
has prevented urbanization and agricultural development, or where 
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and an!imal 
species.

Kauai Ecosystems

    The six Kauai ecosystems that support the species addressed in this 
proposed rule are described in the following sections.
    Lowland Mesic
    The lowland mesic ecosystem includes a variety of grasslands, 
shrublands, and forests, generally below 3,000 ft (1,000 m) elevation, 
that receive between 50 and 75 in (127 and 191 cm) annual rainfall, or 
in otherwise mesic substrate conditions (The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 
2006b). In the Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is found on Hawaii, 
Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai, on both windward and leeward 
sides of the islands. On Kauai, this ecosystem is typically found on 
the western slopes of the island

[[Page 62595]]

(Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 2006b). Biological diversity is 
high in this system (TNC 2006b), and 11 of the 48 species included in 
this proposed rule are reported from this ecosystem (Hawaii 
Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Lowland Wet
    The lowland wet ecological system is generally found below 3,000 ft 
(1,000 m) elevation on the windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands, 
except Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006c). 
These areas include a variety of wet grasslands, shrublands, and 
forests that receive greater than 75 in (191 cm) annual precipitation, 
or are found in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006c). On 
Kauai, this system is best developed in wet valleys and slopes adjacent 
to the summit plateau of Waialealae and Alakai (TNC 2006c). According 
to The Nature Conservancy (TNC), biological diversity is high in this 
system (TNC 2006c), and 16 of the 48 species included in this proposed 
rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Montane Mesic
    A variety of natural communities (e.g., grasslands, shrublands, and 
forests) are found in the montane mesic ecological system. This system 
is found between 3,000 and 6,000 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m) elevation in 
areas receiving 50 to 75 in (127 to 191 cm) of precipitation yearly 
(TNC 2006e). The montane mesic system is found on the islands of 
Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai. On Kauai, this system is best 
developed on the west-facing slopes. Biological diversity is ranked as 
moderate in the montane mesic system, according to TNC (TNC 2006e), and 
11 of the 48 species included in this proposed rule are reported from 
this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Montane Wet
    The montane wet ecological system is composed of natural 
communities (grasslands, shrublands, forests, bogs) found at elevations 
between 3,000 and 6,000 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m) and in areas where 
annual precipitation is greater than 75 in (191 cm) (TNC 2006f). This 
system is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and 
Kahoolawe (TNC 2006f). On Kauai it is best developed in the summit 
plateau of Waialeale and Alakai. In this system, biological diversity 
is moderate to high (TNC 2006f), and 21 of the 48 species included in 
this proposed rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007).
    Dry Cliff
    The dry cliff ecological system is composed of vegetation 
communities occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas 
that receive less than 75 in (191 cm) of rainfall annually, or in 
otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC 2006a). This system is found on 
all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, and on the island of 
Kauai is best developed in the leeward canyons. A variety of grasslands 
and shrublands occur within this system (TNC 2006a). Biological 
diversity is low to moderate in this system (TNC 2006a), and 4 of the 
48 species included in this proposed rule are reported from this 
ecosystem (Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2007; TNCH 
2007).
    Wet Cliff
    The wet cliff ecological system is generally composed of grasslands 
and shrublands on near-vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in 
areas that receive more than 75 in (191 cm) of annual precipitation, or 
that are in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). This system 
is found on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and 
Kauai. On Kauai, this system is typically found on the windward cliffs 
adjacent to Waialeale (TNC 2006d). Biological diversity is low to 
moderate in this system (TNC 2006d), and 11 of the 48 species included 
in this proposed rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007).

Description of the 48 Species

    Here we provide a brief description of each of the 48 species 
proposed for listing, presented in alphabetical order by genus; plants 
are presented first, followed by animals.

Plants

    Astelia waialealae (painiu), an herb in the Asteliaceae family, 
occurs in bogs and on bog hummocks (low mounds or ridges of vegetation) 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) in the montane wet 
ecosystem at elevations between 4,000 and 5,000 ft (1,220 and 1,525 m) 
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,461; TNCH 2007). A. waialealae was known 
historically from five locations in the Alakai Swamp region of Kauai 
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,461; HBMP 2007). Between October and December 
1994, botanists from the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) and 
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) undertook a systematic 
survey of bogs on the island of Kauai, revisiting all of the 
historically known locations of A. waialealae, as well as 16 additional 
bogs. At that time, A. waialealae was confirmed to exist in three bogs. 
One bog, known as Sincock Bog 1, contained three Astelia clumps with 3 
individuals in one, 5 in another, and possibly 10 in the third, for a 
total of 18 individuals. Sincock Bog 2 contained two clumps, with one 
individual in each, and Waikoali Bog, or Circle Bog, contained two 
clumps with one individual in each (Perlman and Wood 1995, pp. 9-11). 
In 1996 and 1997, both Sincock Bog 1 and Sincock Bog 2 were fenced, 
followed by Circle bog in 1998. Regular monitoring of these bogs 
commenced, and with protection from the fences, there was an increase 
in numbers of clumps and individuals of A. waialealae found in all 
three bogs. By 2001, the numbers of clumps (and individuals) reached 
their peaks of 5 clumps (9 individuals) for Circle bog, 6 clumps (36 
individuals) for Sincock Bog 1, and 2 clumps (7 individuals) for 
Sincock Bog 2. By 2003, numbers of individuals began dropping 
dramatically, with visible signs of poor health for those remaining 
(USFWS Kauai monitoring database 2008). Some individuals were removed 
at that point for preservation in local propagation facilitie!s. 
Between December 2005 and January 2006, NTBG conducted botanical 
research around the summit bog region of Waialeale and located one 
clump of A. waialealae consisting of three individual plants. With the 
discovery of these three plants, the current total of A. waialealae is 
believed to be 27 individuals, possibly representing only 13 
genetically distinct plants (Service 2005a; Wood 2006, pp. 8-9; USFWS 
Kauai monitoring database 2008).
    Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki), a climbing plant in the pea 
family (Fabaceae), occurs in open sites, on talus slopes, and on gulch 
bottoms in mesic forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations 
between 20 and 1,900 ft (6 and 579 m) (Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654; 
TNCH 2007). C. napaliensis was historically known from 12 locations 
along the northwestern coast of the island of Kauai, extending westward 
from Haena to Makaha ridge (HBMP 2007). Currently, this species is 
restricted to a small section of the Na Pali coast from Haena to 
Kalalau Valley (S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007), in 5 
populations totaling approximately 106 to 206 individuals (HBMP 2007). 
The populations are located in Hoolulu Valley (50 to 100 individuals); 
Waiahuaka Valley (1 individual); Pohakuao (5 individuals); Kalalau 
Valley (50 to 100 individuals); and Limahuli Valley (1 individual) 
(Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654; HBMP 2007).
    Chamaesyce eleanoriae (akoko), a small shrub in the spurge family 
(Euphorbiaceae), is restricted to steep, north-facing, narrow ridge 
crests, outcrops, and steep rocky slopes and upper portions of basalt 
cliffs in the dry

[[Page 62596]]

cliff and lowland mesic ecosystems (Lorence and Wagner 1996, p. 68; K. 
Wood, NTBG, in litt. 2007a; TNCH 2007). Documented habitats include 
Metrosideros-Diospyros (ohia-lama) mesic forest, Metrosideros cliff 
shrubland, Metrosideros mesic shrubland, and Eragrostis variabilis 
(kawelu) coastal dry cliffs, at elevations between 885 and 3,499 ft 
(270 and 1,036 m) (HBMP 2007). C. eleanoriae was historically known 
from 10 populations totaling fewer than 500 individuals (K. Wood, in 
litt. 2007a; Lorence and Wagner 1996, pp. 68-70). Currently, three 
populations are known: one at the Kalalau Valley rim between 2,950 and 
3,200 ft (900 and 975 m), below and between the two Kalalau lookouts; 
one at Alealau above Kalalau at 3,100 ft (945 m) elevation; and one at 
Pohakuao, an isolated hanging valley northeast of Kalalau, at 
elevations from 886 to 2,592 ft (270 to 790 m). As of the last 
monitoring visit in 2001, these 3 populations combined totaled fewer 
than 50 individuals (NTBG 2007).
    Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (akoko), a shrub in the spurge 
family (Euphorbiaceae), is found in the lowland wet and wet cliff 
ecosystems in Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between 
1,900 and 2,297 ft (579 and 700 m) (Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known about the historical range of this 
species; however, two collections made on private lands at Kaholuamanao 
and near Hanapepe Falls in 1916 and 1926, respectively, indicate that 
its range likely extended south and west from its currently known 
locations on the island of Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently, C. remyi var. 
kauaiensis is found in Lumahai Valley, Wainiha, Wailua River, the 
``Blue Hole'' at the head of Wailua River in the Lihue-Koloa forest 
reserve, and at Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). 
Based on surveys conducted from 2000 through 2004, the number of 
individuals at Lumahai Valley dropped from 50 to only ``occasional.'' 
The number of individuals at Wailua River dropped from 500 to 200; the 
number of individuals at the Wainiha population increased from 200 to 
as many as 700; about 200 are found at ``Blue Hole''; and a population 
of 20 individuals was found in Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; 
HBMP 2007). The total number of individuals is at least 920 and 
possibly over 1,000 in the 5 populations.
    Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (akoko) is a vine-like shrub in the 
spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) found in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, 
wet cliff, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems in mesic to wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (ohia-uluhe) forest, at 
elevations between 1,200 and 4,100 ft (366 and 1,250 m) (Wood 1998; 
Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is 
historically known from widely distributed populations on the island of 
Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently C. remyi var. remyi is found in 10 
populations totaling a little more than 350 individuals at Pohakupili, 
Makaleha, Malamamaiki, Limahuli, Lumahai, Limahuli-Hanakapiai, Kalalau-
Honopu, Koaie canyon, Wahiawa drainage, and Puu Kolo (Wood 1998; K. 
Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007).
    Charpentiera densiflora (papala) is a tree in the amaranth family 
(Amaranthaceae) which occurs primarily in the lowland mesic ecosystem, 
with one record from the lowland wet ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 
190; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is found in moist, closed 
areas, and grows along drainages and in gulches in valleys, primarily 
in Diospyros-Metrosideros (lama-ohia) mixed mesic forest, at elevations 
between 400 and 2,200 ft (122 and 671 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically, C. 
densiflora was found along the Kalalau trail in the Hoolulu Valley, 
with limited distribution in three valleys (including Hanakapiai and 
Hanakoa) along the Na Pali Coast of Kauai (Sohmer 1972, p. 294). 
Currently, 7 populations are known, totaling approximately 400 
individuals, in Hanakapiai, Kalalau, Limahuli, Hoolulu, and Waiahuakua 
valleys, and in Pohakuao, a hanging valley between Kalalau and Hanakoa 
(HBMP 2007).
    Cyanea dolichopoda (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae). It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet 
shrubland on a cliff face at approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) elevation 
within the wet cliff ecosystem (Lammers and Lorence 1993, p. 432; TNCH 
2007). The species was first discovered in 1990 in the ``Blue Hole'' 
area below Mt. Waialeale, and the plant was last seen in 1992 (Lammers 
and Lorence 1993, pp. 431-432). However, additional individuals are 
very likely to be found in the extremely steep habitat with additional 
surveys (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007).
    Cyanea eleeleensis (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and is reported from the lowland wet ecosystem (Lammers 
1992, p. 129; TNCH 2007). It was found growing in a shaded gulch in wet 
forest, surrounded by steep, precipitous cliffs of Pali Eleele, at an 
elevation of 699 ft (213 m) (HBMP 2007; Lammers 1992, p. 129). This 
species was discovered in Wainiha Valley on the island of Kauai in 
1977, in one population noted as ``fewer than 10'' individuals (Lammers 
1992, p. 129; K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007). Collections for 
genetic storage and ex situ propagation were not made at the time of 
the 1977 discovery. Since its discovery in 1977, subsequent surveys for 
this species have not been conducted in the original (type) location. 
Although individuals of this species were not relocated in surveys 
conducted in August 2001 and June 2002 in areas adjacent to the 
original location, much of the suitable habitat (Metrosideros lowland 
wet forest) for this species on Kauai has not been surveyed. If surveys 
are conducted, additional individuals are likely to be found (S. 
Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007).
    Cyanea kolekoleensis (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), occurs in wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest in the 
lowland wet ecosystem at elevations of 2,125 to 2,500 ft (650 to 765 m) 
(Lammers 1992, p. 130; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1987 
in the Wahiawa drainage, the last known C. kolekoleensis was observed 
in 1992. Seeds were in storage and propagation for this species was 
attempted, but none survived (M. Clark, NTBG, in litt. 2007; Lyon 
Arboretum 2007). However, there are many areas within the ecosystem 
type in the Wahiawa drainage that have not been surveyed for this 
species, from Mt. Kahili to Kapalaoa and the Hanapepe Valley rim, and 
species experts are confident that additional individuals will be found 
(S. Perlman, in litt. 2007).
    Cyanea kuhihewa (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is reported from Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 
linearis wet forest at an elevation of 1,680 ft (512 m) in the lowland 
wet ecosystem (Lammers 1996, pp. 238-240; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). In a 
1994 survey for C. kuhihewa, seven individuals were observed, most of 
which were damaged by a nonnative insect, the two-spotted leafhopper 
(Sophonia rufofacia) (NTBG Provenance Report 1994). In 2001, only one 
individual plant remained, and was observed dead in 2003 (Wood et al. 
2002, p. 3; S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003a). Prior to that time, seeds 
and tissue were collected for genetic storage and propagation (Wood et 
al. 2002, p. 3; Bender 2006, p. 1; N. Sugii, Lyon Arboretum, pers. 
comm. 2006; V. Pence, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, pers. comm. 
2007). This species is still found in cultivation at the Lyon Arboretum 
and the Cincinnati Zoo,

[[Page 62597]]

Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (D. Burney, 
NTBG, pers. comm. 2006; N. Sugii, pers. comm. 2006a; V. Pence, pers. 
comm. 2007).
    Cyrtandra oenobarba (haiwale) is a subshrub (a lowgrowing woody 
shrub or perennial with a woody base) in the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems 
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 770-771; TNCH 2007). C. oenobarba is found on 
wet slopes, mossy areas, or in rock crevices near waterfalls in 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet cliffs, forest and 
shrubland, at elevations between 1,320 and 2,800 ft (402 and 853 m) 
(Wood 1998, p. 3; HBMP 2007). Historically, wide-ranging collections 
were made of C. oenobarba on the island of Kauai, from the eastern side 
at Kekoiki ridge, the northern coast at Haena, the south-central area 
at Olokele and Hanapepe, and from the south at Haupu (NTBG Provenance 
Report 1993; HBMP 2007). Currently, populations of C. oenobarba in the 
Halelea Forest Reserve include east Mamalahoa (10 individuals), north 
Namolokama (15 to 200 individuals), and Hanalei Valley (scattered) on 
State land, and upper Lumahai Valley (50 individuals) and Wainiha (100 
individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). Populations of C. oenobarba 
in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve include Wailua River (40 to 50 
individuals) on State land, and Iliiliula drainage (occasional) and 
Wahiawa drainage (50 individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). The 8 
populations total 270 to as many as 450 individuals (NTBG Provenance 
Report 1993; HBMP 2007; Wood 1998, p. 3).
    Cyrtandra paliku (haiwale) is a subshrub in the African violet 
family (Gesneriaceae) that occurs on seeping basalt rock faces of 
north-facing cliffs dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and 
Dicranopteris linearis in the wet cliff ecosystem, at elevations 
between 2,200 and 2,800 ft (670 to 850 m). C. paliku was first 
discovered in 1993 on the cliffs below Kekoiki, in the Makaleha 
Mountains of Kauai, where approximately 70 individuals were found 
(Wagner et al. 2001, pp. 150-151; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The species 
maintained a population of approximately 70 individuals from 1993 
through 1999; however, there are currently only 10 known individuals 
(Perlman, in litt. 2006).
    Diellia mannii is a fern in the asplenium family (Aspleniaceae). It 
is found on a northwest-facing slope just above a gulch bottom in what 
was likely Acacia koa (koa)-Metrosideros polymorpha dominated montane 
mesic forest in the past, but which is now a forest dominated by the 
nonnative Corynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut) in the montane mesic 
ecosystem, at an elevation of 3,450 ft (1,050 m) (Aguraiuja and Wood 
2003, p. 155; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). D. mannii was historically known 
from one location in the Halemanu area of what is now Kokee State Park, 
in the northwestern region of Kauai. The species was thought to be 
extinct since the early 1900s, until 2002 when a single individual was 
rediscovered (Aguraiuja and Wood 2003, pp. 154-155; Palmer 2003, p. 
120). Currently, the species is known only from this one individual in 
the southeastern branch of Nawaimaka Stream in the Halemanu Mountains 
of Kokee State Park (HBMP 2007).
    Doryopteris angelica is a fern in the pteris family (Pteridaceae) 
found in Acacia koa (koa)-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest 
in the lowland mesic ecosystem at elevations between roughly 1,900 and 
3,000 ft (579 and 914 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Three populations of 
fewer than 20 individuals were discovered in 1994, and currently the 
species is known from approximately 29 to 54 individuals in 5 
populations at Awaawapuhi (2 to 3 individuals), Mahanaloa (3 to 6 
individuals), Makaha (10 to 20 individuals), Kuia (10 to 20 
individuals), and Paaiki (4 to 5 individuals) (NTBG 1998; Wagner [W.H.] 
et al. 1999b, p. 147; Wood 1999, 2000, 2007a; Perlman, in litt. 2006; 
HBMP 2007).
    Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, a fern in the dryopteris family 
(Dryopteridaceae), is known from steep to vertical riparian basalt 
walls within dark seeping drainages in Metrosideros polymorpha montane 
wet forest within the montane wet ecosystem, from 4,000 to 5,100 ft 
(1,200 to 1,550 m) in elevation (TNCH 2007; Wood 2007c). Historically, 
this variety was known from the Kokee area, Kawaikoi, and Waialeale 
(Palmer 2003, p. 139). Currently, 3 populations totaling 32 to 47 
individuals are known. The Mohihi population is made up of 10 to 20 
individuals, from 15 to 20 individuals comprise the south Kilohana 
population, and the Waialeale population is known from 7 individuals 
(Wood 2007c).
    Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata (naenae), a shrub in the 
sunflower family (Asteraceae), currently occurs in the lowland wet 
ecosystem, although there are historical records from the montane wet 
ecosystem as well (Carr 1999, p. 298; TNCH 2007). Occurrence records 
show that D. imbricata ssp. imbricata has typically been found in wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros, Oreobolus (sedge), 
Rhynchospora (kuolohia) bogs at elevations between approximately 2,165 
and 3,640 ft (660 and 1,110 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically and currently, 
D. imbricata ssp. imbricata is known only from the Wahiawa Mountains of 
Kauai (St. John and Carr 1981, pp. 198, 201; Carr 1999, p. 298; HBMP 
2007). There are approximately 200 individuals at Wahaiawa drainage, 
approximately 1,000 individuals on both sides of the ridge between 
Hanapepe and Iole, and an estimate of several hundred individuals at 
Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). These 3 populations 
total approximately 1,400 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 
2007).
    Dubautia kalalauensis (naenae), a shrub or tree in the sunflower 
family (Asteraceae), is found in the montane wet ecosystem in 
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between 4,000 and 
4,050 ft (1,205 and 1,235 m) (Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 261; TNCH 
2007). Historically, this species, as a part of the species Dubautia 
laxa, was known from several locations below the rim of Kalalau Valley 
in Kokee State Park in the northwestern region of Kauai. Currently, D. 
kalalauensis is found in only one location along the rim of Kalalau 
Valley near Puu o Kila Lookout and totals 26 individuals (Baldwin and 
Carr 2005, p. 261).
    Dubautia kenwoodii (naenae), a shrub in the sunflower family 
(Asteraceae), is found in diverse lowland mesic forest in the lowland 
mesic ecosystem at an elevation of 2,625 ft (800 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 
2007; Wood 2007b). First described in 1998 as a new species, D. 
kenwoodii is known from one individual found below the western rim of 
Kalalau Valley, in the northwestern region of Kauai (Carr 1998).
    Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (naenae) is a shrub or small 
tree in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) found in the wet cliff 
ecosystem (Carr 1999, p. 304; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Typical habitat 
for this species includes wet cliff and wet forest and shrubland at 
elevations between 1,542 and 2,395 ft (470 and 730 m) (HBMP 2007). 
Historically, D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia was known from two 
populations less than 2 mi (3.2 km) apart in bog habitat in the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve on Kauai (HBMP 
2007). In 1992, the year that Hurricane Iniki struck Kauai, the only 
known population at ``Blue Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River 
of ``a couple hundred'' individuals was greatly reduced. Currently, 
there are

[[Page 62598]]

approximately 100 individuals in the only known population (Blue Hole) 
(S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003b).
    Dubautia waialealae (naenae) is a dome or tussock-shaped shrub in 
the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that occurs in bogs in the montane 
wet ecosystem at elevations between 3,980 and 5,249 ft (1,213 and 1,600 
m) (Carr 1999, p. 308; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The type collection was 
made on the summit of Waialeale in 1909 (Rock 1910, p. 304), but little 
is known of other historical locations of D. waialealae on Kauai. 
Currently, there is one large population centered on the rain-gauge 
summit of Waialeale, with many subpopulations radiating about 0.6 mi (1 
km) to the north and south. These subpopulations were observed in 
groups of 7 to 400 individuals (Wood 2006, pp. 25-29), with a total 
population of 3,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 9). In 1994, a single 
individual of D. waialealae was reported at North Bog, 8.5 mi (14 km) 
away from the population at Waialeale; however, in 2006, it was 
reported that this individual had died (K. Wood, in litt. 1994a; M. 
Bruegmann, pers. comm. 2006b; HBMP 2007).
    Geranium kauaiense (nohoanu) is a decumbent (reclining) subshrub in 
the geranium family (Geraniaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733). It 
occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in Metrosideros-Rhynchospora bogs 
and bog margins at elevations between 4,000 and 4,080 ft (1,219 and 
1,463 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
    Historically, G. kauaiense was known from montane bogs on the 
island of Kauai, ranging from North Bog to as far south as the summit 
of Waialeale (HBMP 2007). Currently, there are three subpopulations 
within a very small range (within 0.5 mi, 0.8 km) in the Halehaha Bogs 
of the Alakai Wilderness Preserve totaling approximately 140 
individuals (K. Wood, in litt. 1994b; S. Perlman, pers. comm. 1999b; 
Wood 2006, p. 10; HBMP 2007).
    Keysseria erici is a herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that 
occurs in Metrosideros mixed bogs in the montane wet ecosystem, at 
elevations between 4,000 and 5,120 ft (1,219 and 1,561 m) (Mill 1999, 
pp. 329-330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical 
occurrences of K. erici. The type was collected by Forbes (1918, p. 
306) from the ``Alakai swamp, Waimea drainage basin'' on Kauai. 
Currently, this species is found in three to four populations totaling 
several thousand individuals (HBMP 2007). The populations occur at 
Namolokama, Hanakapiai-Wainiha ridge, In-between Bog, and at the 
Kilohana bogs (including Rain Gauge Bog, T Bog, and Platanthera Bog) 
(HBMP 2007).
    Keysseria helenae is an herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) 
and is found in Metrosideros polymorpha or mixed sedge and grass bogs 
at elevations between 3,900 and 5,120 ft (1,189 and 1,561 m) in the 
montane wet ecosystem (Mill 1999, p. 330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little 
is known of the historical occurrences of K. helenae. The type was 
collected from the ``swamp near Kaholuamano'' by Forbes (1918, p. 306). 
Currently, this species is found at Kauluwehi Bog in the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve, at Waialeale, and on Kahili-Kawaikini Ridge, 
totaling approximately 300 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2003b; 
HBMP 2007).
    Labordia helleri (kamakahala) is a shrub, sometimes climbing, in 
the logania family (Loganiaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 856-857). It 
occurs in Metrosideros-Acacia-Dicranopteris mesic to wet forest, at 
elevations between 1,200 and 3,900 ft (366 and 1,189 m), in the lowland 
mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems (HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. helleri was wide-ranging on Kauai. 
Collections were made as far south as the Haupu Mountains, through 
central Kauai to the northwestern coast (HBMP 2007). Currently, there 
are 10 populations totaling 350 to 550 individuals. The largest 
population extends from the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve into Kuia 
Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and contains 300 to 500 individuals at 
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kuia drainage, and Kalalau-Milolii ridge. Other 
much smaller populations occur at upper Mahanaloa (10 individuals), 
Limahuli (recorded as ``occasional'' in HBMP database), Waioli (1 
individual), Kaunuohua ridge (1 individual), Kohua ridge (1 
individual), Koaie stream (10 individuals), Kawaiiki (3 individuals), 
southeast Puu Kolo (recorded as ``localized'' in HBMP database), and 
Puu Kolo-Kahuamoa (1 individual) (HBMP 2007).
    Labordia pumila (kamakahala), a shrub in the logania family 
(Loganiaceae), occurs in the montane wet ecosystem at elevations 
between 3,478 and 5,100 ft (1,060 to 1,555 m) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha mixed sedge and grass bogs (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 860; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical locations of L. 
pumila on Kauai. The type specimen was collected by Wawra (1869, 1870) 
at the summit of Waialeale. Currently, L. pumila is found in three 
populations on the Alakai plateau. The largest population along the 
Wainiha rim totals 500 individuals (HBMP 2007). There are also about 
300 to 400 individuals at the summit of Waialeale, and occasional 
individuals at Namolakama (Wood 2006, p. 10). The total number of known 
individuals from all 3 populations is 800 to 900; however, one estimate 
suggests that the overall population in the summit areas may be as high 
as 5,000 to 6,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 10).
    Lysimachia daphnoides (lehua makanoe), a member of the myrsine 
family (Myrsinaceae), is found in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed bogs at 
elevations between 3,960 and 4,440 ft (1,207 and 1,353 m) in the 
montane wet ecosystem (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 265; Wagner et al. 1999, 
p. 1,080; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. daphnoides was known 
from the more southerly mountains of Kauai, including the Wahiawa 
drainage and ridges, in what is now the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve 
(HBMP 2007). Currently, this species is found in the Alakai Wilderness 
Preserve and the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, in 3 populations totaling 
200 to 300 individuals (HBMP 2007; Service 2005a). The population along 
the Alakai swamp trail (including Charlie's Bog, Kilohana, south 
Kilohana, and northwest Kilohana) totals 190 to 280 individuals; the 
second population includes Sincock Bog 1 and Kauluwehi (21 
individuals); and the third population occurs at Waiakoali-Mohihi and 
Mohihi drainage (7 individuals) (HBMP 2007).
    Lysimachia iniki is a woody shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae) that occurs on wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the wet 
cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271; 
TNCH 2007). This species was first described in 1997 from material 
collected in the ``Blue Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River on 
Kauai. At the time it was discovered it was known from 26 individuals, 
but currently at least 40 individuals are known (Marr and Bohm 1997, 
pp. 270-271; S. Perlman, in litt. 2006, 2007).
    Lysimachia pendens is a many-branched shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae) and is reported from wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the 
wet cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 275; 
TNCH 2007). This species was discovered in the ``Blue Hole'' area of 
Kauai in 1987 from several small populations totaling approximately 100 
individuals (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 275; Division of Forestry and 
Wildlife 2005 [Comprehensive Conservation Wildlife Strategy]). Many 
plants were destroyed by two major landslides that apparently occurred 
between 1997 and 2003, based

[[Page 62599]]

on information taken from field survey reports. Currently, the species 
is known from only eight individuals (S. Perlman, in litt. 2003, 2006, 
2007).
    Lysimachia scopulensis, a shrub in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae), is found on cliffs in lowland diverse mesic forest 
pockets at elevations between 2,950 and 3,200 ft (900 and 975 m) within 
the dry cliff ecosystem (Wood 2007d; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 
1991 in Kalalau Valley, this species is currently known from two 
populations. The Kalalau population is comprised of approximately 15 
individuals and the Puu Kii population is comprised of 10 to 15 
individuals, for a total of 25 to 30 individuals (Marr and Bohm 1997, 
pp. 283-284; Wood 2007d).
    Lysimachia venosa, a shrub in the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), 
occurs in Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forest areas in the wet 
cliff ecosystem, at elevations between 3,000 and 5,700 ft (915 and 
1,740 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284; Wood 2006, p. 11; TNCH 2007). L. 
venosa was known historically from two collections in the early 1900s 
from the Waialeale summit region of Kauai (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284; 
Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,085; HBMP 2007). In 1991, a broken branch of 
this species was collected from the headwaters of the Wailua River that 
had fallen from the cliffs above, possibly from the summit area of 
Waialeale (Wood 2006, p. 11; Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284). While no 
plants were found during surveys of the summit area in 2006, there is 
still additional habitat to be surveyed, and species experts believe L. 
venosa still exists (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007; Wood 2006, p. 11).
    Melicope degeneri (alani) is a small shrub or tree in the rue 
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in 
Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris wet forest between the 
elevations of 3,000 and 3,800 ft (914 and 1,158 m) (Stone et al. 1999, 
p. 1,186; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). M. degeneri was thought to be extinct 
until it was rediscovered in Pohakuao, just beyond the northwest corner 
of the Hono o Na Pali NAR, in 1993 (Wood 2000, p. 6), and subsequently 
observed in upper Hanakoa in 1995 and along Koaie Stream in 1999 (NTBG 
Accession Data 1999). The Pohakuao individual has not been relocated 
since its discovery (Wood 2000, p. 5). Ten trees were originally 
documented during the discovery of the Hanakoa population in 1995 (Wood 
2000, p. 4; Wood 2007 pp. 4-6). Since 1995, 2 of the trees have died 
and 3 additional individuals were located, for a current total of 11 
individuals (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007c; N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007a). 
In addition, 1 small mature tree of M. degeneri was found growing in 
Koaie Canyon's upper drainage in 1999, and was last observed there in 
September of 2006 (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007b), bringing the total 
known number of M. degeneri to 12, and possibly 13, known individuals 
(including the Pohakuao occurrence).
    Melicope paniculata (alani) is a tree in the rue family (Rutaceae) 
(Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199). It occurs in the lowland wet ecosystem 
in forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 
1,200 and 2,680 ft (365 and 815 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). This species was historically reported from central 
Kauai (HBMP 2007; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199). Currently, M. 
paniculata is known from six sites, with five individuals in upper 
Limahuli Valley, three individuals along the north fork of the Wailua 
River, five individuals along Koaie Stream, and three individuals on 
the ridge between Hulua and Kapalaoa. The population in Lumahai Valley 
is estimated to be approximately 100 to 200 individuals; however Bender 
(2006, p. 7) estimated that there may be a total of 500 individuals 
(Wood 1998, p. 4; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199; Wagner and Herbst 2003, 
p. 45; HBMP 2007).
    Melicope puberula (alani) is a shrub or small tree in the rue 
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and montane wet 
ecosystems in wet forest and bogs at elevations ranging between 2,080 
and 4,100 ft (634 and 1,250 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,202; HBMP 2007; 
TNCH 2007). Historically, M. puberula was known from the Alakai Swamp 
on the island of Kauai (St. John 1944b, p. 266). Currently, this 
species is known from the south rim of Kalalau east to the Alakai-
Kilohana plateau area, and north into Hono o Na Pali NAR (HBMP 2007). 
The Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program delineated these three 
areas as one population (named the Kalalau-Wainiha population) (HBMP 
2007). In 1993, a single individual was observed near Hinalele Falls in 
the southern portion of the Wainiha Mountain Range (HBMP 2007). The 
largest population occurs in the Alakai-Kilohana Plateau area with 
approximately 600 individuals. About 100 individuals are found within 
the Kalalau area, and approximately 200 individuals occur within the 
Hono o Na Pali NAR, for a total of approximately 900 individuals (HBMP 
2007).
    Myrsine knudsenii (kolea) is a small tree in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae). Historically, the species may have been found in lowland 
mesic and wet ecosystems, but currently it is only known from Acacia 
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis mesic forest at 
elevations between 3,200 and 3,900 ft (975 and 1,200 m) in the montane 
mesic ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941; Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; 
HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, M. knudsenii was found in Hanapepe 
Valley in south-central Kauai; Kawaiula Trail in western Kauai; and 
Awaawapuhi, Kumuwela, Honopu, and Nualolo in the Kokee region of the 
island of Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941). Currently, the species is 
known from 3 populations totaling approximately 30 individuals at 
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, and Nualolo (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007; Wood et al. 
2001, p. 10; Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; HBMP 2007; Wood 4907 (BISH)).
    Myrsine mezii (kolea), a small tree in the myrsine family 
(Myrsinaceae), is found in Acacia-Metrosideros forest in the montane 
mesic and montane wet ecosystems at elevations between 3,380 and 3,480 
ft (1,030 and 1,060 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 943; HBMP 2007; NTBG 
Accession Data 9888, 2002; TNCH 2007). M. mezii is known from only two 
locations totaling five individuals, in the Koaie Canyon area of 
western Kauai (N. Tangalin, in litt. 2007b). Four trees comprise one 
population at Nawaimaka, and the second known occurrence at Kawaiiki is 
composed of a single tree in poor condition (N. Tangalin, in litt. 
2007b). The population size has not changed in the last 10 years, and 
historical locations and numbers are unknown.
    Phyllostegia renovans, a subshrub in the mint family (Lamiaceae), 
occurs at elevations from 2,700 to 3,700 ft (225 to 1,125 m) in 
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest in the lowland wet and montane wet 
ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1989 in the 
headwaters of the Wainiha River, this species is currently known from 4 
populations: approximately 30 surviving individuals reintroduced into 
Limahuli Valley after the last wild individual from that area died, 5 
individuals at Wainiha, 10 individuals at Kalalau Valley, and 1 
individual in Lumahai Valley (K. Wood, in litt. 1994, p.4; Wagner 1999, 
p. 275; HBMP 2007).
    Pittosporum napaliense (hoawa) is a small tree in the pittosporum 
family (Pittosporaceae) typically found in Pandanus and lowland mesic 
forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations between 400 and 
2,100 ft (122 and 640 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,045-1,047; HBMP 
2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, P. napaliense was known from 
northwestern Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,047; HBMP 2007). 
Currently, this species is known from 3 populations; 2 of these are 
located

[[Page 62600]]

within the Hono o Na Pali NAR in Waiahuakua (50 individuals) and 
Hoolulu valleys (100 individuals), with the third population (10 to 50 
individuals) located in upper Kalalau Valley in the Na Pali Coast State 
Park (HBMP 2007).
    Platydesma rostrata (pilo kea lau lii) is a shrub in the rue family 
(Rutaceae). It occurs in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, wet cliff, 
montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems, in forest dominated by 
Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 2,500 and 
4,000 ft (760 and 1,220 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,210; HBMP 2007; 
TNCH 2007). P. rostrata was historically known from Makaha and Milolii 
ridge in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, and Kaunuohua ridge and 
Nualolo trail in Kokee State Park, on the island of Kauai (HBMP 2007). 
Currently, this species is found in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve on 
the Awaawapuhi and Honopu trails; in Halelea Forest Reserve at Lumahai; 
in Hono o Na Pali NAR at Pihea; in Kunia NAR on the Nualolo Trail; in 
Mahanaloa and Kuia valleys; and in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve at 
Pohakupele, Hulua, Kapalaoa, and Iliiliula Valley (HBMP 2007). These 
small populations total approximately 100 individuals (HBMP 2007).
    Pritchardia hardyi (loulu) is a tree in the palm family (Arecaceae) 
that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (Read and Hodel 
1999, p. 1,370; TNCH 2007). It is found in Metrosideros-Dicranopteris 
wet forest and shrubland and on windswept windward ridges and headwater 
drainages, at elevations between 1,800 and 3,400 ft (548 and 1,036 m) 
(Read and Hodel 1999, p. 1,370; HBMP 2007). Historically, P. hardyi was 
known from a single population totaling about 200 individuals in an 
area on the southeast (windward) side of Kauai (HBMP 2007). An 
additional population totaling about 100 individuals was found north of 
that area (NTBG Provenance Report 040094), bringing the total number of 
known individuals of P. hardyi to approximately 300. Both populations 
occur almost entirely within the Lihue-Koloa and Halelea Forest 
Reserves (HBMP 2007).
    Psychotria grandiflora (kopiko) is a small tree or shrub in the 
coffee family (Rubiaceae) that occurs in the montane mesic and montane 
wet ecosystems (K. Wood, in l