DNA-Sample Collection Under the DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005 and the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, 21083-21087 [E8-8339]

Agencies

• Department of Justice

[Federal Register Volume 73, Number 76 (Friday, April 18, 2008)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 21083-21087]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E8-8339]


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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

28 CFR Part 28

[OAG 119; AG Order No. 2957-2008]
RIN 1105-AB24


DNA-Sample Collection Under the DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005 and 
the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006

AGENCY: Department of Justice.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Department of Justice is publishing this proposed rule to 
implement amendments made by section 1004 of the DNA Fingerprint Act of 
2005 and section 155 of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act 
of 2006 to section 3 of the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 
2000. This rule directs agencies of the United States that arrest or 
detain individuals, or that supervise individuals facing charges, to 
collect DNA samples from individuals who are arrested, facing charges, 
or convicted, and from non-United States persons who are detained under 
the authority of the United States. Unless otherwise directed by the 
Attorney General, the collection of DNA samples may be limited to 
individuals from whom an agency collects fingerprints. The Attorney 
General also may approve other limitations or exceptions. Agencies 
collecting DNA samples are directed to furnish the samples to the 
Federal Bureau of Investigation, or to other agencies or entities as 
authorized by the Attorney General, for purposes of analysis and entry 
into the Combined DNA Index System.

DATES: Written comments must be submitted on or before May 19, 2008.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be mailed to David J. Karp, Senior Counsel, 
Office of Legal Policy, Room 4509, Main Justice Building, 950 
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20530. To ensure proper 
handling, please reference OAG Docket No. 119 on your correspondence. 
You may submit comments electronically or view an electronic version of 
this proposed rule at https://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David J. Karp, Senior Counsel, Office 
of Legal Policy. Telephone: (202) 514-3273.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Posting of Public Comments

    Please note that all comments received are considered part of the 
public record and made available for public inspection online at http:/
/www.regulations.gov. If you wish to submit a comment, the public 
posting will include voluntarily submitted personal identifying 
information (such as your name, address, etc.).
    If you want to submit personal identifying information (such as 
your name, address, etc.) as part of your comment, but do not want it 
to be posted online, you must include the phrase ``PERSONAL IDENTIFYING 
INFORMATION'' in the first paragraph of your comment. You also must 
locate all the personal identifying information you do not want posted 
online in the first paragraph of your comment and identify what 
information you want redacted.
    If you want to submit confidential business information as part of 
your comment but do not want it to be posted online, you must include 
the phrase ``CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION'' in the first paragraph 
of your comment. You also must identify prominently any confidential 
business information to be redacted within the comment. If a comment 
has so much confidential business information that it cannot be 
redacted effectively, all or part of that comment might not be posted 
on https://www.regulations.gov.
    Personal identifying information and confidential business 
information identified and located as set forth above will be placed in 
the agency's public docket file, but not posted online. If you wish to 
inspect the agency's public docket file in person by appointment, 
please see the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT paragraph.

Background

    All 50 States authorize the collection and analysis of DNA samples 
from convicted state offenders, and enter resulting DNA profiles into 
the Combined DNA Index System (``CODIS''), which the Federal Bureau of 
Investigation (``FBI'') has established pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 14132. In 
addition to collecting DNA samples from convicted state offenders, 
several states authorize the collection of DNA samples from individuals 
they arrest.
    Until recently, federal DNA-sample collection was more limited. The 
DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 (the ``Act'') authorized 
DNA-sample collection by federal agencies only from persons convicted 
of certain ``qualifying'' federal, military, and District of Columbia 
offenses. Public Law 106-546 (2000). The Act also addressed the 
responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (``BOP'') and federal 
probation offices to collect DNA samples from convicted offenders in 
their custody or under their supervision, and the responsibility of the 
FBI to analyze and index DNA samples. On June 28, 2001, the Department 
of Justice published an interim rule to implement these provisions. 66 
FR 34363. The rule, in part, specified the qualifying federal offenses 
for which DNA samples could be collected and addressed responsibilities 
of BOP and the FBI under the Act.
    After publication of the interim rule, Congress enacted the USA 
PATRIOT Act, Public Law 107-56. Section 503 of the USA PATRIOT Act 
added three additional categories of qualifying federal offenses for 
purposes of DNA-sample collection: (1) Any offense listed in section 
2332b(g)(5)(B) of title 18, United States Code; (2) any crime of 
violence (as defined in section 16 of title 18, United States Code); 
and (3) any attempt or conspiracy to commit any of the above offenses. 
The Department of Justice published a proposed rule in the Federal 
Register on March 11, 2003, to implement this expanded DNA-sample 
collection authority. 68 FR 11481. On December 29, 2003, the Department 
published a final rule implementing this authority. 68 FR 74855.
    After publication of that final rule, the DNA-sample collection 
categories again were expanded by Congress pursuant to section 203(b) 
of the Justice for All Act of 2004, Public Law 108-405. The Justice for 
All Act expanded the definition of qualifying federal offenses to 
include any felony, thereby permitting the collection of DNA samples 
from all convicted federal felons. The Department published an interim 
final rule implementing this reform on January 31, 2005. 70 FR 4763.
    More recently, section 1004 of the DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005 
(``DNA Fingerprint Act''), Public Law 109-162, broadened the categories 
of persons subject to DNA-sample collection to authorize such 
collection from ``individuals who are arrested or from non-United 
States persons who are detained under the authority of the United 
States.'' Before publication of a

[[Page 21084]]

rule implementing this new authority, the DNA-sample collection 
provisions were amended further by section 155 of the Adam Walsh Child 
Protection and Safety Act of 2006 (``Adam Walsh Act''), Public Law 109-
248. The amendments made by that Act left the statute in its current 
form: ``The Attorney General may, as prescribed by the Attorney General 
in regulation, collect DNA samples from individuals who are arrested, 
facing charges, or convicted or from non-United States persons who are 
detained under the authority of the United States.'' 42 U.S.C. 
14135a(a)(1)(A). This statute also provides that the Attorney General 
may ``direct any other agency of the United States that arrests or 
detains individuals or supervises individuals facing charges to carry 
out any function and exercise any power of the Attorney General under 
this section.'' Id.

Purposes

    DNA analysis provides a powerful tool for human identification. DNA 
samples collected from individuals or derived from crime scene evidence 
are analyzed to produce DNA profiles that are entered into CODIS. These 
DNA profiles, which embody information concerning 13 ``core loci,'' 
amount to ``genetic fingerprints'' that can be used to identify an 
individual uniquely, but do not disclose an individual's traits, 
disorders, or dispositions. See United States v. Kincade, 379 F.3d 813, 
818-19 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc); Johnson v. Quander, 440 F.3d 489, 498 
(DC Cir. 2006). Hence, collection of DNA samples and entry of the 
resulting profiles into CODIS allow the government to ``ascertain[] and 
record[] the identity of a person.'' Jones v. Murray, 962 F.2d 302, 306 
(4th Cir. 1992). The design and legal rules governing the operation of 
CODIS reflect the system's function as a tool for law enforcement 
identification, and do not allow DNA samples or profiles within the 
scope of the system to be used for unauthorized purposes. See 42 U.S.C. 
14132, 14133(b)-(c), 14135e.
    The practical uses of the DNA profiles (``genetic fingerprints'') 
in CODIS are similar in general character to those of actual 
fingerprints, but the collection of DNA from individuals in the justice 
system offers important information that is not captured by taking 
fingerprints alone. Positive biometric identification, whether by means 
of fingerprints or by means of DNA profiles, facilitates the solution 
of crimes through database searches that match crime scene evidence to 
the biometric information that has been collected from individuals. 
Solving crimes by this means furthers the fundamental objectives of the 
criminal justice system, helping to bring the guilty to justice and 
protect the innocent, who might otherwise be wrongly suspected or 
accused, through the prompt and certain identification of the actual 
perpetrators. DNA analysis offers a critical complement to fingerprint 
analysis in the many cases in which perpetrators of crimes leave no 
recoverable fingerprints but leave biological residues at the crime 
scene. Hence, there is a vast class of crimes that can be solved 
through DNA matching that could not be solved in any comparable manner 
(or could not be solved at all) if the biometric identification 
information collected from individuals were limited to fingerprints.
    In addition, as with taking fingerprints, collecting DNA samples at 
the time of arrest or at another early stage in the criminal justice 
process can prevent and deter subsequent criminal conduct--a benefit 
that may be lost if law enforcement agencies wait until conviction to 
collect DNA. Indeed, recognition of the added value of early DNA-sample 
collection in solving and preventing murders, rapes, and other crimes 
was a specific motivation for the enactment of the legislation that 
this rule implements. See 151 Cong. Rec. S13756-58 (daily ed. Dec. 16, 
2005) (remarks of Sen. Kyl, sponsor of the DNA Identification Act) 
(explaining the value of including all arrestees in the DNA database). 
Moreover, in relation to aliens who are illegally present in the United 
States and detained pending removal, prompt DNA-sample collection could 
be essential to the detection and solution of crimes they may have 
committed or may commit in the United States. Since in most cases such 
aliens are not prosecuted for their immigration offenses, there is 
usually no later opportunity to collect a DNA sample premised on a 
criminal conviction. Hence, the individual's detention pending removal 
constitutes a unique opportunity to obtain this critical biometric 
information--and by that means to solve and hold the individual 
accountable for any crimes committed in the United States--before the 
individual's removal from the United States places him or her beyond 
the ready reach of the United States justice system.
    As with fingerprints, the collection of DNA samples at or near the 
time of arrest also can serve purposes relating directly to the arrest 
and ensuing proceedings. For example, analysis and database matching of 
a DNA sample collected from an arrestee may show that the arrestee's 
DNA matches DNA found in crime scene evidence from a murder, rape, or 
other serious crime. Such information helps authorities to assess 
whether an individual may be released safely to the public pending 
trial and to establish appropriate conditions for his release, or to 
ensure proper security measures in the case of his continued detention. 
The collection of a DNA sample may also provide an alternative means of 
directly ascertaining or verifying an arrestee's identity, where 
fingerprint records are unavailable, incomplete, or inconclusive. 
Hence, conducted incident to arrest, DNA-sample collection offers a 
legitimate means to obtain valuable information regarding the arrestee. 
See Anderson v. Virginia, 650 S.E.2d 702, 706 (2006) (upholding a state 
statute authorizing DNA-sample collection from arrestees based on ``the 
legitimate interest of the government in knowing for an absolute 
certainty the identity of the person arrested, in knowing whether he is 
wanted elsewhere, and in ensuring his identification in the event he 
flees prosecution'' (internal citation omitted)).
    In sum, this rule implements new statutory authority that will 
further the government's legitimate interest in proper identification 
of persons ``lawfully confined to prison'' or ``arrested upon probable 
cause.'' Jones, 962 F.2d at 306. By expanding CODIS pursuant to 
statutory authority to include persons arrested, facing charges, or 
convicted, and non-United States persons detained, this rule enhances 
the accuracy and efficacy of the United States criminal justice system.

Practical Implementation

    The rule allows DNA samples generally to be collected, along with a 
subject's fingerprints, as part of the identification process. As 
discussed above, the uses of DNA for law enforcement identification 
purposes are similar in general character to the uses of fingerprints, 
and these uses will be greatly enhanced as a practical matter if DNA is 
collected regularly in addition to fingerprints. Law enforcement 
agencies routinely collect fingerprints from individuals whom they 
arrest. See Anderson, 650 S.E.2d at 706 (``Fingerprinting an arrested 
suspect has long been considered a part of the routine booking 
process.''); Kincade, 379 F.3d at 836 n.31 (``[E]veryday `booking' 
procedures routinely require even the merely accused to provide 
fingerprint identification, regardless of whether investigation of the 
crime involves fingerprint evidence.''); Jones, 962 F.2d at 306 (noting 
``universal

[[Page 21085]]

approbation of `booking' procedures * * * whether or not the proof of a 
particular suspect's crime will involve the use of fingerprint 
identification''). In addition, agencies that detain non-United States 
persons (i.e., persons who are not U.S. citizens or lawful permanent 
residents),\1\ such as the Department of Homeland Security (``DHS''), 
often collect fingerprints from such individuals.
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    \1\ Defining the scope of ``non-United States persons'' to mean 
persons who are not U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents 
follows the common understanding of this term in other provisions of 
law. See, e.g., 10 U.S.C. 2241 note, Pub. L. 108-7, div. M, Sec.  
111(e)(2)-(3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 536 (defining ``non-United 
States person'' as ``any person other than a United States person'' 
and ``United States person'' in the manner set forth in 50 U.S.C. 
1801(i)); 50 U.S.C. 1801(i) (defining ``United States person,'' in 
relation to individuals, as ``a citizen of the United States * * * 
[or] an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence'').
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    Accordingly, the Attorney General is directing all agencies of the 
United States that arrest or detain individuals or supervise 
individuals facing charges to collect DNA samples from individuals who 
are arrested, facing charges, or convicted, and from non-United States 
persons who are detained under the authority of the United States, 
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 14135a(a)(1)(A), if the agency takes fingerprints 
from such individuals.
    The Department recognizes, however, that there may be some 
circumstances in which agencies collect fingerprints but in which the 
collection of DNA samples would not be warranted or feasible. For 
example, in relation to non-arrestees, DHS will not be required to 
collect DNA samples from aliens who are fingerprinted in processing for 
lawful admission to the United States, or from aliens from whom DNA-
sample collection is otherwise not feasible because of operational 
exigencies or resource limitations. If any agency believes that such 
circumstances exist within its sphere of operations, the agency should 
bring these circumstances to the attention of the Department, and 
exceptions to the DNA-sample collection requirement may be allowed with 
the approval of the Attorney General.
    The Department also recognizes that some federal agencies 
exercising law enforcement authority do not collect fingerprints 
routinely from all individuals at a stage comparable to the arrest 
phase. For example, military personnel involved in court martial 
proceedings may not be fingerprinted because their fingerprints already 
are on file. In addition, persons facing federal charges in the 
District of Columbia may not be fingerprinted by any federal agency if 
they are fingerprinted by the Metropolitan Police Department. 
Nonetheless, the collection of DNA samples from such individuals serves 
the same purposes, and is warranted to the same degree, as DNA-sample 
collection from other federal arrestees and defendants. Therefore, if 
directed by the Attorney General, certain agencies will be required to 
collect DNA samples from individuals from whom they would not otherwise 
collect fingerprints.
    Agencies will be authorized to enter into agreements with other 
federal agencies, with state and local governments, and with private 
entities to carry out the required DNA-sample collection. Agencies that 
arrest, detain, or supervise individuals will not be required to 
duplicate DNA-sample collection if arrangements have been made to have 
the collection done by another authorized agency or entity, but will be 
responsible for ensuring that the DNA samples are collected and 
submitted for analysis and entry into CODIS. For example, an agency 
that arrests and fingerprints an individual and then transfers the 
individual to another agency (such as the United States Marshals 
Service) for detention cannot transfer responsibility for DNA-sample 
collection to the detention agency unless that agency agrees to assume 
responsibility for that function.
    The Department of Justice understands that agencies will need to 
revise their current procedures in order to implement these new DNA-
sample collection requirements. In addition, sample-collection kits 
will need to be distributed to the agencies and agency personnel will 
need to be trained in the proper collection techniques. Therefore, 
although the Attorney General is directing all agencies to implement 
DNA-sample collection as soon as feasible, agencies not able to collect 
samples from all covered individuals immediately may phase in their 
DNA-sample collection activities as resources allow. Agencies must 
implement fully their collection programs by December 31, 2008. 
However, if sample-collection kits authorized by the Attorney General 
have not been made available to an agency in sufficient numbers to 
allow collection of DNA samples from all covered individuals, the 
Attorney General will grant an exception allowing the agency to limit 
its DNA-sample collection program to the extent necessary.
    The collection of DNA samples by agencies will be performed in 
accordance with procedures and standards established by the Attorney 
General.
    Under the pre-existing DNA-sample collection program for federal 
convicts, BOP and federal probation offices have taken blood samples 
for this purpose, utilizing sample-collection kits provided by the FBI. 
In earlier stages of the program, these samples generally were obtained 
through venipuncture (blood drawn from the arm), but currently the FBI 
provides kits that allow a blood sample to be collected by means of a 
finger prick. However, the states that collect DNA samples from 
arrestees typically do so by swabbing the inside of the person's mouth 
(``buccal swab''), and many states use the same method to collect DNA 
samples from convicts. Therefore, although even blood tests ``are a 
commonplace in these days of periodic physical examinations and 
experience with them teaches * * * that for most people the procedure 
involves virtually no risk, trauma, or pain,'' Schmerber v. California, 
384 U.S. 757, 771 (1966) (footnote omitted), the rule permits and 
facilitates the use of buccal swabs to collect DNA samples.

Revisions to Existing Regulations

    The proposed rule would revise a section of the existing 
regulations, 28 CFR 28.12, to reflect the expansion of DNA-sample 
collection to include persons arrested, facing charges, or convicted, 
and non-United States persons detained under the authority of the 
United States.
    Section 28.12, in paragraph (a), is revised to require BOP to 
collect DNA samples from all federal (including military) convicts in 
its custody, as well as from individuals convicted of qualifying 
District of Columbia offenses. The expansion of DNA-sample collection 
to include all federal or military convicts in BOP custody, whether or 
not they fall within the previously covered categories of persons 
convicted of qualifying federal or military offenses, is based on the 
Attorney General's authority under 42 U.S.C. 14135a(a)(1)(A). The 
requirement for BOP to collect samples from individuals convicted of 
qualifying District of Columbia offenses appears in 42 U.S.C. 
14135b(a)(1).
    A new paragraph (b) will be inserted in section 28.12 to implement 
the new authority to collect DNA samples from federal arrestees, 
defendants, and detainees. As discussed above, agencies of the United 
States that arrest or detain individuals or supervise individuals 
facing charges will be required to collect DNA samples if they collect 
fingerprints from such individuals, subject to any limitations or 
exceptions the Attorney General may approve. This paragraph

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also specifies certain categories of aliens from whom DHS will not be 
required to collect DNA samples, even if DHS collects fingerprints. A 
new paragraph (c) is added that specifies a time frame for the 
implementation of the expanded DNA-sample collection program.
    Current paragraph (c) is redesignated as paragraph (d) and is 
revised to reflect the expansion of the categories of individuals from 
whom DNA samples will be collected and the agencies that conduct DNA-
sample collection. See 42 U.S.C. 14135a(a)(1)(A), 14135a(a)(4)(A). The 
current version of that paragraph only refers to the collection of DNA 
samples from persons convicted of qualifying offenses by BOP.
    A new paragraph (e), replacing current paragraphs (b) and (d), 
provides in part that agencies required to collect DNA samples under 
the section may enter into agreements with other federal agencies, in 
addition to units of state or local governments or private entities, to 
carry out DNA-sample collection. The authority to make such 
arrangements with state and local governments and with private entities 
is explicit in 42 U.S.C. 14135a(a)(4)(B), and the Attorney General is 
delegating this authority to other federal agencies pursuant to 42 
U.S.C. 14135a(a)(1)(A). The latter provision (42 U.S.C. 
14135a(a)(1)(A)) also sufficiently supports allowing such arrangements 
between federal agencies, since it authorizes the Attorney General to 
delegate DNA-sample collection to any Department of Justice component 
and to any other federal agency that arrests or detains individuals or 
supervises individuals facing charges.
    The new paragraph (e) also identifies three circumstances in which 
an agency need not collect a sample. The first is when arrangements 
have been made for some other agency or entity to collect the sample 
under that paragraph. The second is when CODIS already contains a DNA 
profile for the individual, an exception expressly authorized by 42 
U.S.C. 14135a(a)(3). The third is when waiver of DNA-sample collection 
in favor of collection by another agency is authorized by 42 U.S.C. 
14135a(a)(3) or 10 U.S.C. 1565(a)(2), statutes that provide that BOP 
and the Department of Defense need not duplicate DNA-sample collection 
with respect to military offenders.
    Current paragraph (e) is redesignated as paragraph (f) and is 
revised to require agencies subject to the rule to carry out DNA-sample 
collection utilizing buccal-swab collection kits provided by the 
Attorney General or other means authorized by the Attorney General. The 
samples then must be sent to the FBI, or to another agency or entity 
authorized by the Attorney General, for purposes of analysis and 
indexing in CODIS. This paragraph also is amended to require taking of 
another sample if the original sample is flawed and hence cannot be 
analyzed to derive a DNA profile that satisfies the requirements for 
entry into CODIS.
    A new paragraph (g) is added to clarify that the authorization of 
DNA-sample collection under this rule pursuant to the DNA Analysis 
Backlog Elimination Act does not limit DNA-sample collection by an 
agency pursuant to any other authority.

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Attorney General, in accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility 
Act, has reviewed this regulation and by approving it certifies that 
this regulation will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities for the following reason: The 
regulation concerns the collection, analysis, and indexing by federal 
agencies of DNA samples from certain individuals. See 5 U.S.C. 605(b).

Executive Order 12866--Regulatory Planning and Review

    This regulation has been drafted and reviewed in accordance with 
Executive Order 12866, Sec.  1(b) (``The Principles of Regulation''). 
The Department of Justice has determined that this rule is a 
``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866, Sec.  
3(f), and accordingly this rule has been reviewed by the Office of 
Management and Budget.
    The cost of buccal swab kits is expected to be similar to the cost 
of finger-prick kits, which the FBI has provided in the existing 
program for the collection of DNA samples from federal convicts. 
Resulting per-sample analysis and storage costs also are expected to be 
similar. A finger-prick DNA-sample collection kit costs approximately 
$7.50, and it costs the FBI approximately $28.50 to analyze the DNA 
sample and $1.50 to store the sample (for a total of $37.50). The 
individuals from whom DNA-sample collection is authorized under the 
proposed rule, not covered by previous law and practice, generally fall 
into two broad categories: (1) Persons arrested for or charged with 
(but not yet convicted of) federal crimes; and (2) illegal aliens 
arrested or detained by DHS. According to the Department of Justice's 
2004 Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, over 140,000 suspects 
were arrested for federal offenses in fiscal year 2004. See Bureau of 
Justice Statistics, U.S. Dep't of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 
Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2004, available at https://
ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cfjs04.htm, at 1, 13, & 18. According to the 
DHS 2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, 1,206,457 aliens were 
apprehended. Based on these figures, the Department estimates that on 
an annual basis the number of individuals from whom DNA-sample 
collection is authorized under this rule will be approximately 1.2 
million. The actual number of individuals from whom DNA samples are 
collected will be less to the extent that the Attorney General grants 
exceptions or the Secretary of Homeland Security exercises his 
discretion to limit DNA-sample collection in accordance with proposed 
28 CFR 28.12(b), and to the extent that individuals entering the system 
through arrest or detention previously have had DNA samples collected 
and repetitive collection is not required.

Executive Order 13132--Federalism

    This regulation will not have substantial direct effects on the 
States, on the relationship between the national government and the 
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with Executive 
Order 13132, it is determined that this rule does not have sufficient 
federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism 
Assessment.

Executive Order 12988--Civil Justice Reform

    This regulation meets the applicable standards set forth in 
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    This rule will not result in the expenditure by State, local, and 
tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 
million or more in any one year, and it will not significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments. Therefore, no actions were deemed 
necessary under the provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 
1995.

Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996

    This rule is not a major rule as defined in section 251 of the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996. See 5 
U.S.C. 804. This rule will not result in an annual effect on the 
economy of $100 million or more; a major increase in costs or prices; 
or significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, 
productivity, or innovation, or on the

[[Page 21087]]

ability of United States-based companies to compete with foreign-based 
companies in domestic and export markets.

List of Subjects in 28 CFR Part 28

    Crime, Information, Law enforcement, Prisoners, Prisons, Probation 
and parole, Records.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Department of Justice 
proposes to amend 28 CFR part 28 as follows:

PART 28--DNA IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

    1. The authority citation for part 28 is revised to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 28 U.S.C. 509, 510; 42 U.S.C. 14132, 14135a, 14135b; 
10 U.S.C. 1565; Public Law 106-546, 114 Stat. 2726; Public Law 107-
56, 115 Stat. 272; Public Law 108-405, 118 Stat. 2260; Public Law 
109-162, 119 Stat. 2960; Pub. L. 109-248, 120 Stat. 587.

    2. Section 28.12 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  28.12  Collection of DNA samples.

    (a) The Bureau of Prisons shall collect a DNA sample from each 
individual in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons who is, or has been, 
convicted of--
    (1) A Federal offense (including any offense under the Uniform Code 
of Military Justice); or
    (2) A qualifying District of Columbia offense, as determined under 
section 4(d) of Public Law 106-546.
    (b) Any agency of the United States that arrests or detains 
individuals or supervises individuals facing charges shall collect DNA 
samples from individuals who are arrested, facing charges, or 
convicted, and from non-United States persons who are detained under 
the authority of the United States. For purposes of this paragraph, 
``non-United States persons'' means persons who are not United States 
citizens and who are not lawfully admitted for permanent residence as 
defined in 8 CFR 1.1(p). Unless otherwise directed by the Attorney 
General, the collection of DNA samples under this paragraph may be 
limited to individuals from whom the agency collects fingerprints and 
may be subject to other limitations or exceptions approved by the 
Attorney General. The DNA-sample collection requirements for the 
Department of Homeland Security in relation to non-arrestees do not 
include, except to the extent provided by the Secretary of Homeland 
Security, collecting DNA samples from:
    (1) Aliens lawfully in, or being processed for lawful admission to, 
the United States;
    (2) Aliens held at a port of entry during consideration of 
admissibility and not subject to further detention or proceedings;
    (3) Aliens held in connection with maritime interdiction; or
    (4) Other aliens with respect to whom the Secretary of Homeland 
Security, in consultation with the Attorney General, determines that 
the collection of DNA samples is not feasible because of operational 
exigencies or resource limitations.
    (c) The DNA-sample collection requirements under this section shall 
be implemented by each agency as soon as feasible, and in any event 
shall be implemented fully by each agency no later than December 31, 
2008.
    (d) Each individual described in paragraph (a) or (b) of this 
section shall cooperate in the collection of a DNA sample from that 
individual. Agencies required to collect DNA samples under this section 
may use or authorize the use of such means as are reasonably necessary 
to detain, restrain, and collect a DNA sample from an individual 
described in paragraph (a) or (b) who refuses to cooperate in the 
collection of the sample.
    (e) Agencies required to collect DNA samples under this section may 
enter into agreements with other agencies described in paragraph (a) or 
(b) of this section, with units of state or local governments, and with 
private entities to carry out the collection of DNA samples. An agency 
may, but need not, collect a DNA sample from an individual if--
    (1) Another agency or entity has collected, or will collect, a DNA 
sample from that individual pursuant to an agreement under this 
paragraph;
    (2) The Combined DNA Index System already contains a DNA analysis 
with respect to that individual; or
    (3) Waiver of DNA-sample collection in favor of collection by 
another agency is authorized by 42 U.S.C. 14135a(a)(3) or 10 U.S.C. 
1565(a)(2).
    (f) Each agency required to collect DNA samples under this section 
shall--
    (1) Carry out DNA-sample collection utilizing sample-collection 
kits provided or other means authorized by the Attorney General, 
including approved methods of blood draws or buccal swabs;
    (2) Furnish each DNA sample collected under this section to the 
Federal Bureau of Investigation, or to another agency or entity as 
authorized by the Attorney General, for purposes of analysis and entry 
of the results of the analysis into the Combined DNA Index System; and
    (3) Repeat DNA-sample collection from an individual who remains or 
becomes again subject to the agency's jurisdiction or control if 
informed that a sample collected from the individual does not satisfy 
the requirements for analysis or for entry of the results of the 
analysis into the Combined DNA Index System.
    (g) The authorization of DNA-sample collection by this section 
pursuant to Public Law 106-546 does not limit DNA-sample collection by 
any agency pursuant to any other authority.

    Dated: April 11, 2008.
Michael B. Mukasey,
Attorney General.
 [FR Doc. E8-8339 Filed 4-17-08; 8:45 am]
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