Incidental Takes of Marine Mammals During Specified Activities; Geophysical Surveys in South San Francisco Bay South of the Dumbarton Bridge, 57476-57484 [E6-16089]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[Federal Register Volume 71, Number 189 (Friday, September 29, 2006)]
[Notices]
[Pages 57476-57484]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E6-16089]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[I.D. 072006A]


Incidental Takes of Marine Mammals During Specified Activities; 
Geophysical Surveys in South San Francisco Bay South of the Dumbarton 
Bridge

AGENCY:  National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION:  Notice; issuance of an incidental take authorization.

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SUMMARY:  In accordance with provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection 
Act (MMPA) as amended, notification is hereby given that an Incidental 
Harassment Authorization (IHA) has been issued to Fugro West, Inc. 
(Fugro), to take small numbers of California sea lions, Pacific harbor 
seals, harbor porpoises, and gray whales, by harassment, incidental to 
geographical seismic surveys being conducted in south San Francisco Bay 
(SFB or Bay) in California.

DATES:  This authorization is effective from September 11, 2006, until 
September 10, 2007.

ADDRESSES:  A copy of the application, IHA, the Environmental 
Assessment (EA), and/or a list of references used in this document may 
be obtained by writing to P. Michael Payne, Chief, Permits, 
Conservation and Education Division, Office of Protected Resources, 
National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver 
Spring, MD 20910-3225.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:  Shane Guan, NMFS, (301) 713-2289, ext 
137, or Monica DeAngelis, NMFS, (562) 980-3232.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Sections 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) 
direct the Secretary of Commerce to allow, upon request, the 
incidental, but not intentional, taking of marine mammals by U.S. 
citizens who engage in a specified activity (other than commercial 
fishing) within a specified geographical region if certain findings are 
made and either regulations are issued or, if the taking is limited to 
harassment, notice of a proposed authorization is provided to the 
public for review.
    An authorization shall be granted if NMFS finds that the taking 
will have a negligible impact on the species or stock(s), will not have 
an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of the species or 
stock(s) for subsistence uses and that the permissible methods of 
taking and requirements pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring and 
reporting of such taking are set forth. NMFS has defined ``negligible 
impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 as ``...an impact resulting from the 
specified activity that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not 
reasonably likely to, adversely affect the species or stock through 
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival.''
    Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA established an expedited process 
by which citizens of the United States can apply for an authorization 
to incidentally take small numbers of marine mammals by harassment. 
Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent here, the MMPA 
defines ``harassment'' as:
    any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which (i) has the 
potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the 
wild [Level A harassment]; or (ii) has the potential to disturb a 
marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing 
disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, 
migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering 
[Level B harassment].
    Section 101(a)(5)(D) establishes a 45-day time limit for NMFS 
review of an application followed by a 30-day public notice and comment 
period on any proposed authorizations for the incidental harassment of 
small numbers of marine mammals. Within 45 days of the close of the 
comment period, NMFS must either issue or deny issuance of the 
authorization.

Summary of Request

    On March 30, 2006, URS Corporation (URS) on behalf of Fugro 
submitted an application to NMFS requesting an IHA for the possible 
harassment of small numbers of California sea lions

[[Page 57477]]

(Zalophus californianus), Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina 
richardsi), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and gray whales 
(Eschrichtius robustus) incidental to conducting geophysical surveys in 
south SFB, California. The purpose of the surveys is to aid the San 
Francisco Public Utility Commission (SFPUC) in the design of an 
underground water pipeline, the Bay Division Tunnel, in south SFB.

Description of the Activity

    The seismic study will span from Newark Slough and Plummer Creek 
adjacent to the Cargill Salt property in the east, to the Ravenswood 
Baylands open space on the western shore of SFB. The study will roughly 
parallel the existing SFPUC trans-bay pipelines, approximately 1 mile 
south of the Dumbarton Bridge. Marine seismic surveys will take 
approximately 8-10 days to perform. In the Newark Slough and Plummer 
Creek areas, work will be restricted to the non-pupping seasons of the 
harbor seal (July 1-November 30).
    The geophysical (seismic) studies will include 21 seismic sample 
transects. A total of 25 - 35 linear miles (40 - 56 km) of marine-based 
geophysical sampling will occur. The marine seismic reflection data 
will be collected along a series of lines that cross the Bay centered 
over the projected alignment. A centerline and four wing lines are 
planned. Cross lines, or tie lines, will be run perpendicular to the 
centerline and extend 200 - 500 m (656 - 1,640 ft) beyond the alignment 
parallel lines, unless restricted by water depth or man-made 
obstructions. Water depths in the survey area range from roughly 14 m 
(45 ft) in the deeper mid-Bay channel to about 1.8 - 2.4 m (6 - 8 ft) 
along the shore and in Newark Slough at high tide. Work will be 
conducted at high tide in the shallow nearshore areas.
    Data will be collected from a small boat that tows a seismic energy 
source and a multichannel hydrophone. Two energy sources will be used, 
a Squid ``minisparker'' system and a Geopulse ``boomer'' system. An 
onboard generator powers the energy sources. The hydrophone contains 
multiple sensors that detect the seismic waves reflected from the water 
bottom and subsea floor sediments and rocks. The hydrophone is filled 
with inert silicon oil.
    The survey boat will travel along predetermined survey lines using 
a differential global positioning system (DGPS) for navigation. Boat 
speed during surveys will be at 3 - 4 knots. The length of time for 
each survey transect will vary depending on the total distance of the 
transect. The longest transects spanning from east to west will take 
about 1 hour to complete. The shorter north-south transect will 
generally take less than 30 minutes to complete.
    The energy source will be fired every 1/2 second (boomer) or 1 
second (mini-sparker). Data received by the hydrophone are recorded 
with an onboard seismograph and laptop computer. Sound pressure level 
from a boomer operating at 350 joules is 204 dB re 1 microPa rms at 1 
m, and from a mini-sparker is 209 dB re 1 microPa rms at 1 m. Frequency 
range for the boomer is at 750 - 3,500 Hz, with pulse duration 0.1 ms; 
and frequency range for the minisparker is at 150 - 2,500 Hz, with 
pulse duration 0.8 ms.

Comments and Responses

    A notice of receipt and request for 30-day public comment on the 
application, the proposed authorization, and a draft EA was published 
on June 20, 2006 (71 FR 35412). During the 30-day public comment 
period, comments were received from three entities, including a private 
citizen, the non-governmental organization Center for Biological 
Diversity (CBD), and the Marine Mammal Commission (the Commission).
    Comment 1: One commenter opposes the project out of concern that 
sea lions, seals, and whales in the Bay would be killed by blasting and 
sonar.
    Response: As described in detail in the Federal Register notice of 
receipt of the application (71 FR 35412, June 20, 2006), no blasting or 
sonar is planned to be used for the proposed seismic surveys. The 
project only uses low intensity acoustic device to conduct seismic 
surveys of the Bay bottom, and the sound levels used are not expected 
to cause any mortality, injury, or temporary threshold shift (TTS) of 
hearing to marine mammals.
    Comment 2: The CBD questioned whether the authorized take meet 
certain conditions provided in the MMPA that exempt the moratorium on 
take of marine mammals. These conditions include that the proposed 
activity (a) must result in the incidental take of only ``small numbers 
of marine mammals of a species or population stock;'' and (b) can have 
no more than a ``negligible impact'' on species and stocks. 
Furthermore, the CBD stated its opinion that in issuing an 
authorization, NMFS must (a) provide for the monitoring and reporting 
of such takings and (b) prescribe methods and means of affecting the 
``least practicable impact'' on the species or stock and its habitat.
    Response: A Federal Register notice (71 FR 35412) published on June 
20, 2006, provided a detailed description of the proposed activity. A 
thorough analysis of the proposed project, the potential impacts to 
marine mammal species and stocks, the potential impacts to marine 
mammal habitat, and proposed implementation of mitigation measures by 
using the best available scientific information was presented in the 
above referenced Federal Register notice and is not repeated here. The 
analysis prompted NMFS to reach a conclusion that the proposed project 
would only result in the incidental take of small numbers of marine 
mammals, and would have no more than a negligible impact on marine 
mammal species and stocks in the vicinity of the project area. In 
addition, no take by Level A harassment (injury) or death is 
anticipated.
    NMFS also solicited comments from the Commission and its Scientific 
Advisors during the public comment period. The Commission concurs with 
NMFS' finding that, in light of the proposed mitigation measures, the 
proposed activities are unlikely to have more than a negligible, short-
term impact on the potentially affected marine mammal species and 
stocks. Therefore, NMFS believes that the authorized harassment takes 
should be at the lowest level practicable due to incorporation of 
mitigation measures described in the IHA and in this document.
    The same Federal Register notice also provided a detailed 
description of the monitoring and reporting requirements.
    Comment 3: The CBD stated that as a threshold issue, an IHA issued 
pursuant to 16 USC section 1371(a)(5)(D) is only available if the 
activity has no potential to result in serious injury or mortality to a 
marine mammal. If such injury or mortality is possible, take can only 
be authorized pursuant to a Letter of Authorization (LOA) consistent 
with regulations promulgated pursuant to 16 USC section 1371(a)(5)(A) 
and 50 CFR section 216.105. Because of the very real risk of marine 
mammal injury and death from seismic surveys, the CBD expressed its 
opinion that as a general principle, that the IHA process was 
inappropriate for authorizing take related to seismic surveys.
    Response: As mentioned previously, in light of the proposed 
mitigation measures, the proposed activities are unlikely to have more 
than a negligible, short-term impact on the potentially affected marine 
mammal species and stocks. This conclusion is also supported by the 
Commission. Therefore, no take by Level A harassment (injury) or death 
is anticipated by the proposed action,

[[Page 57478]]

therefore, issuance of an LOA is not warranted.
    Comment 4: The CBD is concerned about the the link between seismic 
surveys and marine mammal stranding events. CBD provided the following 
examples to support its concern: In 2002, 2 beaked whales (Ziphius 
cavirostris) were found to have stranded in the Gulf of California, 
Mexico, coincident with geographical surveys that were being conducted 
in the area (Hildebrand, 2004). That same year, endangered adult 
humpback whales were reported to have stranded in unusually high 
numbers along Brazil's Abrolhos Banks, where oil-and-gas surveys were 
being conducted (Engel et al., 2004). Additionally, the CBD cited 
studies that suggested that critically endangered western Pacific gray 
whales were displaced from important feeding grounds and exhibited 
behavioral changes in response to seismic surveys off Russia's Sakhalin 
Island (Wursig et al., 1999; Weller et al., 2002). Moreover, CBD cited 
that one court case that addressed the likely impacts of seismic 
surveys on marine mammals found sufficient evidence of harm to enjoin 
the project (see CBD v. National Science Foundation, 2002 WL 31548073).
    Response: These examples presented in the comment are irrelevant to 
the proposed project by SFPUC. While the use of air guns, as noted in 
the above examples, are standard methods for oil and gas exploration 
related seismic surveys, the geophysical/seismic surveys proposed by 
SFPUC will only use two types of low intensity acoustic equipment, the 
mini-sparker or the boomer. The difference of energy output levels 
between air guns and the mini-sparker or boomer to be used by SFPUC, is 
at least in the multitude of 600 times, in terms of sound pressure 
level (SPL).
    In addition, although on several occasions multiple animal 
strandings occurred in the vicinity where there have been seismic 
surveys conducted using powerful air guns, the causation between 
seismic surveys and strandings has yet to be scientifically 
established. Two of the references (Hildebrand, 2004; Engel et al., 
2004) cited did not state that seismic surveys are the cause of the 
strandings. The report by Wursig et al. (1999), cited in Comment 3, 
provided a detailed study of behavioral ecology of the western Pacific 
gray whale that summers off Sakhalin Island, Russia. This report by 
Wursig et al. (1999) did not suggest that the species were displaced 
from their important feeding ground as suggested in the CBD comment. On 
the contrary, a follow-up final report (Wursig et al., 2000) on the 
same subject stated that ``whales did not appear to be displaced by 
industrial activity.''
    In general, pressure pulses from air guns have longer rise times 
and are, therefore, less likely to cause damaging pressure waves such 
as those emitted from high explosives. To date there is no evidence 
that seismic pulses cause acute physical damage to marine mammals 
(Gordon et al., 2004).
    Comment 5: The CBD stated that NMFS cannot authorize some take 
(i.e. harassment) if other unauthorized take (i.e. serious injury or 
mortality) may also occur. Because CBD believes that because NMFS has 
not promulgated any regulations pursuant to 16 USC sec 1371(a)(5)(A) 
related to seismic surveys, neither an IHA nor an LOA can lawfully be 
issued for SFPUC's proposed activities. CBD further states that even if 
an IHA were the appropriate vehicle to authorize take for SBPUC's 
planned activities, because the proposed IHA, as drafted, is 
inconsistent with the statutory requirements for issuance, it cannot 
lawfully be granted by NMFS.
    Response: Findings reached by NMFS scientists and also supported by 
the Scientific Advisors of the Commission, supported NMFS' 
determination that serious injury or mortality is not likely to occur 
from the proposed low-intensity seismic survey. Please refer to the 
Federal Register notice published on June 20, 2006 (71 FR 35412) and 
latter in this document for more information. Section 101(a)(5)(D) of 
the MMPA established an expedited process by which citizens of the 
United States can apply for an authorization to incidentally take small 
numbers of marine mammals by harassment. An authorization shall be 
granted if NMFS finds that the taking (1) will have a negligible impact 
on the species or stock(s), (2) will not have an unmitigable adverse 
impact on the availability of the species or stock(s) for subsistence 
uses and, (3) that the permissible methods of taking and requirements 
pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring, and reporting of such taking 
are set forth.
    Comment 6: The CBD questions about the analyses NMFS conducted on 
reaching the finding of ``small numbers.'' CBD states that while the 
IHA request does estimate the number of harbor seals that may be 
affected, the EA prepared by NMFS discuss only ``negligible impact'' 
and does not address the number of marine mammals to be harassed. CBD 
is concerned that none of the documents address the number of sea lions 
or harbor seals that may be impacted.
    Response: NMFS' Federal Register notice (71 FR 35412, June 20, 
2006) states that ``California sea lions, harbor porpoises and gray 
whales are not known to regularly visit the proposed project area.'' 
Therefore, while NMFS is unable to provide an accurate estimate of the 
numbers of these animals that may be to taken by Level B harassment, 
that number would be from zero to a few individuals at most. As for the 
harbor seal, both the Federal Register notice and the EA provided a 
population estimate of the species within the proposed project based on 
a five-year survey (per. Comm. Monica DeAngelis, NMFS Southwest Region, 
2006), which is approximately 42 individuals that use Newark Slough, 
the nearby haul-out site. This meets the definition of ``small 
numbers'' required by the MMPA, when compared to the total population 
of the California stock of harbor seal (minimum population estimate of 
31,600; Carretta et al., 2006).
    Comment 7: The CBD questions NMFS' conclusion that underwater noise 
below 160 dB re 1 microPa rms dB would not constitute harassment and 
cited the following examples: In its recent decision document related 
to seismic surveys associated with oil and gas exploration in the 
Chukchi Sea, NMFS imposed a 120-dB safety zone for aggregations of 
bowhead whales based on its finding that ``bowhead whales apparently 
show some avoidance in areas of seismic sounds at levels lower than 120 
dB'' (MMS, 2006). CBD further states that harbor porpoises, a species 
of marine mammal which may be found in the project zone, have been 
reported to avoid a broad range of sounds low-frequency (airgun 
pulses), mid-frequency (sonar transmissions), and high-frequency 
(acoustic harassment devices) at very low sound pressure levels 
(between 100 and 140 dB re 1 microPa) (Kastelein et al., 2000; Olesiuk 
et al., 2002; Calambokidis et al., 1998; NMFS, 2005).
    Response: Marine mammals' responses to underwater sounds vary 
widely from species to species due to their different hearing 
sensitivities towards different frequency bands (Richardson et al., 
1995). While bowhead whales may be affected by seismic sounds above 120 
dB re 1 microPa in the Beaufort Sea, it is not known whether they will 
respond in a similar manner when in waters other than the Beaufort Sea. 
In addition, bowhead whales do not occur in SFB. In the harbor porpoise 
examples referenced in Comment 7, harbor porpoises were exposed to 
acoustic signals with much higher frequencies than the acoustic signals 
being produced by the proposed project (150 3,500 Hz). For example, the 
experiment

[[Page 57479]]

conducted by Kastelein et al. (2000) used three types of sound and all 
had harmonics with high sound pressure levels above 11 30 kHz. Gordon 
et al. (1998) reported on experimental playbacks to harbor porpoises in 
inshore waters around Orkney, Scotland, using a small source air gun 
(source level 228 dB re 1 microPa at 1 m) and observed no changes in 
the rate of acoustic contact as a result of sound exposure. In general, 
it is well known that harbor porpoises' hearing sensitivity drops 
sharply as frequency goes under 8,000 Hz (Andersen, 1970; Kastelein et 
al., 2002).
    Additionally, as discussed in the EA, the proposed project area in 
south SFB falls in one of the largest metropolitan regions in North 
America. Since SFB is home to a variety of industrial activities and 
increased vessel traffic, it is expected that ambient noise levels are 
higher than those in other non-metropolitan areas. Therefore, it is 
likely that marine mammals in SFB are habituated to a high level of 
ambient noise due to these daily anthropogenic sounds.
    Furthermore, as discussed above and in the Federal Register notice 
(71 FR 35412, June 20, 2006), marine mammal densities within the 
proposed project area are typically very low. California sea lions, 
harbor porpoises and gray whales are not known to regularly visit the 
proposed project area. Based on a five-year study, the average number 
of harbor seal utilizing the haul-out site is only approximately 42 
individuals. Therefore, NMFS believes that any take, if occurs, would 
constitute Level B harassment (e.g., behavior).
    Comment 8: The CBD is concerned that the calculation of numbers of 
marine mammals harassed by SFPUC is likely an underestimate as it 
relies on a received sound threshold (160 dB) that is too high.
    Response: It is NMFS' criterial that underwater noise level of 160 
dB re 1 microPa and below would not cause Level B harassment to most 
marine mammal species, including these species found in the action 
area. Please see response to Comment 7 for additional information.
    Comment 9: The CBD questions NMFS' criteria for avoiding Level A 
harassment for cetaceans (180 dB) and for pinnipeds (190 dB). CBD is 
not aware of scientific justification for these thresholds exists. As 
demonstrated in the literature cited in CBD's previous IHA comments, 
the CBD believes that these thresholds are too high. CBD cited studies 
undertaken on the acoustic sensitivity of pinnipeds and suggested that 
these species are at lower risk of threshold shift or auditory injury 
than cetaceans (Kastak et al., 2005; Kastak et al., 1999). Furthermore, 
CBD stated that some pinnipeds, such as harbor seals, have exhibited 
low discomfort thresholds, suggesting acute sensitivity to 
anthropogenic noise (Kastelein et al., 2006). CBD points out that 
harbor seals are the marine mammal the EA identifies as most likely to 
be affected by seismic surveys, and given their sensitivity to acoustic 
disturbance, they should be given especially rigorous protection.
    Response: In 1998, scientists convened at the High Energy Seismic 
Sound (HESS) Workshop, reviewed the available scientific information, 
and agreed on the received sound levels above which marine mammals 
might incur permanent tissue damage resulting in a permanent threshold 
shift (PTS) of hearing. Shortly thereafter, a NMFS panel of 
bioacousticians used the information gathered at the HESS workshop to 
establish the current Level A Harassment acoustic criteria for non-
explosive sounds, 180 dB re 1 microPa-m (rms) for cetaceans, and 190 dB 
re 1 microPa-m (rms) for pinnipeds, exposed to impulsive sounds. In the 
absence of good sound scientific information for specific species, NMFS 
conservatively adopt these criteria to establish safety zones, within 
which monitoring or mitigation measures must be applied, for all 
cetacean and pinniped species.
    A study by Finneran et al. (2002) on the bottlenose dolphin 
(Tursiops truncatus) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), used the 
behavioral response paradigm by exposing a bottlenose dolphin and a 
beluga whale to intense impulses from a seismic watergun. Results from 
this experiment showed that masked temporary threshold shifts (MTTS) 
occurred to the beluga whale after exposure to an impulsive sound of 
160 kPa, or 226 dB re 1 microPa peak-to-peak (p-p), with total energy 
fluxes of 186 dB re 1 microPa2-s. No MTTS was observed in the dolphin 
at the highest exposure conditions: 207 kPa, 228 dB re 1 microPa p-p, 
and 188 dB re 1 microPa\2\-s total energy flux.
    No comparable studies have been conducted on pinnipeds regarding 
their responses to impulsive sounds. The two references (Kastak et al., 
2005; Kastak et al., 1999) cited in the comment cannot be used to 
address the noise responses of pinnipeds for the proposed project 
because animals in these studies were exposed to band noises for 
extended durations (20 22 minutes in Kastka et al., 1999; 20, 25, and 
50 minutes in Kastka et al., 2005). On the contrary, acoustic signals 
used in the proposed projects are impulse sound with extremely short 
duration (0.1 and 0.8 mili-second for the boomer and the mini-sparker, 
respectively), thus much lower energy flux. In the third reference 
(Kastelein et al., 2006) cited in the comment, harbor seals were also 
exposed to band noise, and no TTS was observed. All these studies 
underscore the importance of including sound exposure metrics 
(incorporating sound pressure level and exposure duration) in order to 
fully assess the effects of noise on marine mammal hearing, not by just 
looking at the absolute sound pressure levels.
    Comment 10: The CBD is concerned that, even with the mitigation 
measures described in the EA, it is quite possible that marine mammals, 
being well camouflaged, and who remain underwater for long periods of 
time, may wander into the safety zone. CBD is concerned that the tiny 
margin of error NMFS is allowing may result Level A harassment. At 100 
m (328 ft) from the mini-sparker or 45 m (148 ft) from the boomer, the 
effective sound reaching a marine mammal would be 179 dB, which is 1 dB 
lower than the cited in NMFS criteria 180 dB level to avoid Level A 
harassment of cetaceans.
    Response: NMFS does not agree with the CBD concern. First, not all 
marine mammals remain underwater for long periods of time. As noted in 
the Federal Register notice (71 FR 35412, June 20, 2006), harbor seals 
in SFB dive for a mean time of 0.50 minutes to 3.33 minutes (Harvey and 
Torok, 1994), the mean diving duration for harbor porpoises ranges from 
44 to 103 seconds (Westgate et al., 1995), and the mean diving duration 
for gray whales is approximately 1.84 minutes (Wursig et al., 2003). 
Second, as sound amplitudes in dB are measured in log scale, 1 dB re 1 
microPa difference translates to 1.26 times difference in energy level. 
Please see response to Comment 9 regarding NMFS Level A Harassment 
criteria for noise exposure by marine mammals.
    Comment 11: The CBD disagrees with the decision that NMFS did not 
analyze the fourth alternative in its EA, which would have required 
acoustic monitoring. Under the current plan, NMFS would have operators 
rely exclusively on visual monitoring in maintaining a safety zone 
around the array for marine mammals. CBD argues that although a large 
whale would likely be detected by visual observers, harbor porpoise 
would be very difficult to observe visually. CBD states that passive 
acoustic surveys are not just beneficial, they are eminently 
practicable, and cites the example of the United Kingdom's

[[Page 57480]]

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) mandates the use of passive 
monitoring that ``where there are species of particular conservation 
importance or where a given species or group is difficult to detect by 
visual observation alone'' (JNCC, 2004).
    Response: NMFS does not agree with CBD's comment. As noted in the 
draft EA (NMFS, 2006), the radii (45 m (148 ft) for the boomer and 100 
m (328 ft) for the mini-sparker) based on the 180-db re 1 microPa 
isopleths are too small to allow for accurate and effective passive 
acoustic monitoring (PAM). The JNCC (2004) stated, ``in practice this 
will mean that the exclusion zone must reflect the range accuracy of 
the system and will often be more than 500 m.'' The JNCC also noted 
that in many cases PAM is not as accurate as visual observation when 
determining range. Thus, NMFS believes that in this particular seismic 
survey project, where the safety zone is sufficiently small and less 
than the JNCC's recommended 500 m (1,640 ft), is not warranted.
    Comment 12: The CBD noticed that the draft EA did not explain the 
``Additional Passive and Active Acoustic Monitoring'' measures to which 
it alluded and stated that the mere suggestion that such additional 
measures exist means that NMFS should have explored these measures in 
order to comply with the MMPA's prescription that all methods and means 
of ensuring the least practicable impact have been adopted. CBD urges 
NMFS to take whatever additional measures are available to ensure that 
no Level A harassment takes place, and at very least to seriously 
considered additional available mitigation measures, such as PAM.
    Response: NMFS does not agree with CBD's comment. Acoustic 
monitoring is neither warranted nor would it work within such a small 
area. Please refer to response for Comment 11 for acoustic monitoring. 
As far as additional mitigation measures are concerned, as part of the 
IHA, NMFS requires the surveyors to ``soft start'' acoustic device when 
work is initiated to allow any marine mammals that are potentially 
missed during the pre-survey monitoring to vacate the project area. 
However, NMFS considers that the likelihood of Level A harassment 
occurring during this project to be remote, given that pre-survey 
monitoring should be very effective for such a small area.
    Comment 13: The CBD noted that ``URS will develop a monitoring plan 
that would collect data for each distinct marine mammal species 
observed in the south Bay proposed project area during the period of 
seismic surveys'' (71 FR at 35415). CBD is concerned that there is no 
such monitoring plan is now in place, and, therefore, the public cannot 
review the adequacy of such a plan.
    Response: URS provided a brief outline of its monitoring plan in 
its application. URS worked with scientists at NMFS Headquarters and 
the Southwest Regional Office to develop a set of agree upon mitigation 
requirements and procedures for the proposed seismic survey project. 
These were provided in detail in the Federal Register notice (71 FR 
35412, June 20, 2006). Based on these mitigation requirements and 
procedures, URS submitted an updated monitoring plan which was approved 
by NMFS, and is discussed later in this document. A copy of the 
monitoring plan can be downloaded from NMFS' Office of Protected 
Resources Web site (see ADDRESSES).
    Comment 14: Both the proposed IHA notice and the EA state that NMFS 
does not intend to consult under the ESA as no listed species are in 
the action area. While no ESA-listed marine mammals are likely to be in 
the action area, CBD argues that the South Bay area of the proposed 
seismic surveys is within the range of ESA-listed fish. Both steelhead 
trout and coho salmon historically occurred in the South Bay and 
spawned in the various tributaries. There are still important runs of 
steelhead in South Bay creeks that could be affected by the seismic 
surveys.
    Response: NMFS Permit, Conservation and Education Division has 
discussed this proposed project with endangered species biologists from 
NMFS Southwest Region. Although available information indicates that a 
couple of the listed salmonids may occur in the project area, these 
species use SFB primarily as a migration corridor en route to the 
Pacific Ocean to rear as juveniles or to upstream areas to spawn as 
adults. This migration takes place in the winter and spring months. 
Adult steelhead and adult winter-run Chinook salmon typically begin 
migrating through SFB in early December. Adult spring-run Chinook 
salmon migrate through the SFB during the spring months. Juvenile 
steelhead and Chinook salmon migrate downstream through SFB during the 
late winter and spring months. Since the proposed seismic survey is 
planned in summer/fall months, specifically to avoid potential impacts 
to ESA-listed fish species, NMFS believes that no ESA-listed fish 
species will be affected by the proposed seismic surveys. Therefore, no 
section 7 consultation is warranted.
    Comment 15: The EA acknowledges that coho salmon historically had 
runs in the South Bay, including such tributaries as Newark Slough (at 
the eastern end of the project activity), and that coho may still be 
transitory or incidental visitors to the South Bay. CBD is also 
concerned about the Central California Coast Coho Evolutionary 
Significant Unit (``ESU''), which the EA determined not to be affected 
due to their low hearing sensitivity, and because ``the proposed 
project would be limited to relatively small areas, temporary in 
duration, would not block fish passage, and would not contribute 
towards Bay water turbidity.''
    CBD is also concerned about various Distinct Population Segments 
(``DPSs'') of West Coast steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which were 
listing as ``threatened'' or ``endangered'' on January 5, 2006 (71 FR 
634). CBD points out that steelhead continue to run in several creeks 
in the action areas. CBD recommends NMFS to initiate section 7 
consultation, as the proposed seismic testing threatens several runs of 
the Central California Coast steelhead DPS.
    Response: NMFS disagree with CBD's comment on the potential impacts 
of the activity on listed fish species, and determines no listed 
species will be affected. Please see response to Comment 14 for more 
information.
    Comment 16: The CBD is concerned that NMFS' dismissal of potential 
acoustic impacts to fish because salmon have ``low hearing 
sensitivity'' is not scientifically supportable. CBD argues that fish 
are sensitive to acoustic disruption, particularly the high-decibel 
disruptions planned in this project.
    CBD states that one series of recent studies showed that fish 
sustained extensive damage to the hair cells located at the sensory 
epithelia of the inner ear after they were exposed to impulsive air gun 
noise. The damage, described as ``blebbing'' and ``blistering'' on the 
surface of the epithelia, ``suggest that hair cells had been 'ripped' 
from the epithelia (immediate mechanical damage) or, alternatively, had 
'exploded' after exposure (physiological damage)'' (McCauley et al., 
2003).
    Response: NMFS disagree with CBD's assessment on acoustic impact on 
fish species in the project area. First, it is important to understand 
that different fish species differ greatly in the range of frequencies, 
or bandwidth of sound that they are able to detect, just like any other 
animal groups (e.g., mammalian species). Second, the draft EA did not 
state that ``salmon have low hearing sensitivity''. The draft EA states 
that salmonids have ``low hearing sensitivity

[[Page 57481]]

for sounds above 150 Hz.'' One should not be confused that the 
parameter in this case is the frequency of sound, as measured in Hz or 
kHz, not the amplitude (or loudness), which is normally measured in 
decibel (dB).
    The lowest levels of the sound detected at each frequency (or 
hearing threshold) by several salmon species are described in several 
studies (e.g., Hawkins and Johnstone, 1978; Knudsen et al., 1992; 
1994), and it is general accepted that these fish response to sound at 
frequencies generally below about 35 Hz (Knudsen et al., 1994; Hastings 
and Popper, 2005). It also appears, however, that these fish only 
respond when they are very close to the infrasound source, most likely 
because very low-frequency sound will not propagate in shallow water 
(Rogers and Cox, 1988).
    The experiments by McCauley et al. (2003), as cited in the comment, 
were conducted by carrying out trials where pink snapper (Pagrus 
auratus) held in cages and were exposed to signals from an air-gun 
towed toward and away from the cages. The air-gun, which has a source 
level of 222.6 dB re 1 microPa p-p (or 203.6 dB re 1 microPa rms) at 1 
m, was towed from start up at 400 800 m (1,312 2,615 ft) away to 5 15 m 
(16 49 ft) at closest approach to the cage. The study showed that the 
ears of fish exposed to an operating air-gun sustained extensive damage 
to their sensory epithelia that was apparent as ablated hair cells. 
However, the authors cautioned that several caveats must be considered 
when interpreting these results. First, the fish studied were caged and 
could not swim away from the sound source. Video monitoring of behavior 
suggested that the fish would have fled the sound source if possible. 
It is also likely that many fish species hearing the approaching air-
gun would swim away, as has been observed on a large scale by Engas et 
al. (1996). Second, the authors also cautioned that the fish used 
(i.e., pink snapper) are more sensitive to intense stimulation than 
other species such as salmon. Third, the impact of exposure on ultimate 
survival of the fish is not clear.
    Finally, due to the transient and short-term (8 - 10 days) nature 
of the proposed project, the timing of the project (to avoid the time 
period when ESA-listed species are expected to be present), and because 
the acoustic energy being introduced into the water is relatively low, 
NMFS does not believe that the proposed project will affect ESA-listed 
fish species in the project area.
    Comment 17: As with marine mammals, CBD is also concerned about 
noise-induced temporary hearing loss in fish. CBD states that even at 
fairly moderate levels, noise from outboard motor engines is capable of 
temporarily deafening some species of fish, and other sounds have been 
shown to affect the short-term hearing of a number of other species, 
including sunfish and tilapia (Scholik and Yan, 2002a; Scholik and Yan, 
2002b; Smith et al., 2003).
    CBD cited several studies that documented noise affects on fish 
species. For example, fish display marked ``alarm'' responses to 
airguns and other forms of anthropogenic noise (Knudsen et al., 1992; 
McCauley et al., 1999; Wardle et al., 2001). Also for years fishermen 
in various parts of the world have complained about declines in their 
catch after intense acoustic activities moved into the area, suggesting 
that noise is seriously altering the behavior of some commercial 
species (McCauley et al., 2000). A group of Norwegian scientists 
attempted to document these declines in a Barents Sea fishery and found 
that catch rates of haddock and cod (the latter known for its 
particular sensitivity to low-frequency sound) plummeted in the 
vicinity of an airgun survey across a 1,600 square-mile area, an area 
larger than the state of Rhode Island. In another experiment, catch 
rates of rockfish were similarly shown to decline (Engas et al., 1996; 
Sklski et al., 1992; L kkeborg and Soldal, 1993). Drops in catch rates 
in these experiments range from 40 to 80 percent.
    CBD is also concerned about possible high mortalities from noise 
exposure in developmental stages of fish. CBD cited that a number of 
studies, including one on non-impulsive noise, show that intense sound 
can kill eggs, larvae, and fry outright or retard their growth in ways 
that may hinder their survival later (Dalen et al., 1996; Dalen and 
Knutsen, 1987; Banner and Hyatt, 1993; Kostyuchenko, 1973). Also, 
larvae in at least some species are known to use sound in selecting and 
orienting toward settlement sites (Simpson et al., 2005). Acoustic 
disruption at that stage of development could have significant 
consequences on affected species (Popper, 2003).
    Response: Unless the impacts of anthropogenic sounds are directly 
affecting marine mammal food sources impacts on non-ESA-listed fish 
species are not related to the issuance of this IHA. As addressed in 
the previous response, because the transient and short-term (8 - 10 
days) nature of the proposed project, and because the low acoustic 
energy being introduced into the water is relatively low, NMFS does not 
believe that the proposed project will significantly affect marine 
mammal food sources or any non-ESA-listed fish species/stocks in the 
survey area. In addition, many of the experiments cited in the comments 
were conducted on fish that were placed in confined cages and could not 
swim away. Those studies (e.g., (Scholik and Yan, 2002a; Scholik and 
Yan, 2002b; Smith et al., 2003) also exposed fished for long duration 
with continuous noise, which contained significantly more acoustic 
energy, as compared to brief pulsed sound from seismic surveys.
    As for the alarm behavior expressed by the Atlantic salmon, the 
study cited in the comments (Knudsen et al., 1992) used low frequency 
intense sound under 150 Hz to elicit awareness reaction. The authors 
stated that ``the 150 Hz sound failed to evoke avoidance responses, 
even at a level 30 dB above the threshold for spontaneous awareness 
reactions.'' This conclusion supports that salmonids have lower 
sensitivity towards sounds at and above 150 Hz. A separate study cited 
in the comment (Wardle et al., 2001) used high-power airgun to evaluate 
the effects of seismic airguns on marine fish. Despite some ``C-start 
reactions'' displayed by a triple G. airgun (three synchronized 
airguns), the authors stated that ``the sound of the G. guns had little 
effect on the day-to-day behaviour of the resident fish and 
invertebrates.''
    Comment 18: The Commission recommends that, prior to issuing the 
requested authorization, the NMFS
    (1) determine whether the proposed pre-survey and post-survey 
monitoring are of sufficient duration and extent to yield meaningful 
results;
    (2) specify the minimum approach distances around Newark Slough and 
Plummer Creek during the harbor seal pupping season to ensure that 
seals are not disturbed at those sites;
    (3) require that the applicant inform stranding network 
participants of the dates of the proposed activities to alert them that 
any animals that strand around those dates should be examined for signs 
of acoustic trauma; and
    (4) specify that survey activities be suspended immediately if a 
dead or seriously injured marine mammal is found in the vicinity of the 
operations and the death or injury could have occurred incidental to 
the proposed activities.
    Response: The proposed project would occur in a limited area for 8 
- 10 days, and the potential impacts, if any, to marine mammals are 
expected to be minimal as discussed in the Federal Register notice (71 
FR 35412, June 20, 2006). Therefore, NMFS believes that

[[Page 57482]]

the proposed pre-survey and post-survey monitoring are of sufficient 
duration and extent for such a small scale operation. NMFS also 
believes that notifying the stranding network participants of the dates 
of the proposed activities is not warranted since no injury or 
mortality is likely or authorized from the proposed seismic surveys.
    The proposed seismic surveys will be carried out in summer/fall of 
2006, which is not harbor seal pupping season. Therefore, no nursing 
seals or seal pups are expected to be disturbed at Newark Slough and 
Plummer Creek.
    NMFS agrees with the Commission that survey activities should be 
suspended immediately if a dead or seriously injured marine mammal is 
found in the vicinity of the operations and the death or injury may 
have occurred incidental to the proposed activities. This requirement 
is one of the conditions in the IHA.

Description of the Marine Mammals Potentially Affected by the Activity

    The marine mammals most likely to be found in SFB are the 
California sea lion, Pacific harbor seal, and harbor porpoise. From 
December through May, gray whales may also be present in the Bay. 
General information of these species can be found in Caretta et al. 
(2006), which is available at the following URL: https://
www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/sars/po2005.pdf. Refer to that document for 
information on these species. Additional information on these species 
is presented below.

Pacific harbor seal

    Within the project area, Pacific harbor seals are known to haul-out 
near the junction of Newark Slough and Plummer Creek. Newark Slough is 
a continually used seal haul-out site, although it is used by small 
numbers of harbor seals compared with Mowry Slough to the south and 
Yerba Buena Island and Castro Rocks in the North Bay. Harbor seals are 
also known to utilize Newark Slough as a pupping site (Harvey and 
Oates, 2002) and up to 82 individuals have been documented hauling-out 
at that location on a single day. During a five-year survey period 
between 2000 and 2005 at Newark Slough, an average of 42 individuals 
were counted each year during the pupping season, compared to Mowry 
Slough 2 miles to the south, where an average of 279 animals were 
counted each year during the pupping season. The California stock of 
harbor seal is the only stock of this species found in the proposed 
project area, and its abundance is estimated to be 34,233 (Carretta et 
al., 2006).

California sea lion

    California sea lions breed off the Central and Southern California 
coastline. Once the pupping season is completed (May - June), male sea 
lions migrate north and enter the Bay. Although California sea lions 
are mainly known for haul-out sites off the San Francisco and Marin 
shorelines within the Bay, it is possible for this species to forage in 
the south Bay area as well. The U.S. stock of the California sea lion 
population is estimated between 237,000 to 244,000 (Carretta et al., 
2006).

Gray whale

    In the past, eastern Pacific gray whales have been seen irregularly 
in SFB. These individuals likely wandered off the migration route. The 
number of gray whales observed in the Bay increased in 1999 and 2000, 
and the observed whales apparently were feeding in a number of areas in 
May and June. The increased aberrancies of gray whale sightings in 
timing and location, along with foraging activities on its migration 
route in 1999 and 2000, were potentially caused by a significant 
decline in amphipod density in gray whale's feeding ground in the 
Bering and Chukchi seas (Le Boeuf et al., 2000). Although twice being 
hunted to the brink of extinction in the mid 1800s and again in the 
early 1900s, the eastern North Pacific gray whales population has since 
increased to a level that equals or exceeds pre-exploitation numbers 
(Jefferson et al., 1993). Angliss and Lodge (2006) reported the latest 
abundance estimate of this population is 18,178.

Harbor porpoise

    Harbor porpoises found in waters off the coast of central 
California from San Francisco to Point Arena belong to the San 
Francisco-Russian River stock. Year-round surveys in the Gulf of the 
Farallones area have shown harbor porpoise occurrence within 10 - 20 km 
(6 - 12 miles) of San Francisco Bay (Calambokidis et al., 1990). High 
harbor porpoise sightings were also reported just outside the Golden 
Gate and about 1 km (0.62 mile) inside SFB, however, the occurrence of 
harbor porpoises in the southern part of the Bay is rare (DeAngelis, 
personal comm. 2006). Based on Carretta et al. (2006), the estimated 
abundance of the San Francisco-Russian River stock of harbor porpoise 
is 8,521.

Potential Effects on Marine Mammals and Their Habitat

    Seismic surveys using acoustic energy may have the potential to 
adversely impact marine mammals in the vicinity of the activities 
(Gordon et al., 2004). Intense acoustic signals from seismic surveys 
have been known to cause behavioral alteration such as reduced 
vocalization rates (Goold, 1996), avoidance (Malme et al., 1986, 1988; 
Richardson et al., 1995; Harris et al., 2001), and changing in blow 
rates (Richardson et al., 1995) in several marine mammal species.
    The proposed seismic studies use a low-intensity acoustic energy 
source with levels of 204 dB re 1 microPa rms at 1 m (boomer) and 209 
dB re 1 microPa rms at 1 m (minisparker) to conduct the seismic 
surveys. However, it is unlikely that any marine mammals in the 
vicinity will be exposed to high sound pressure levels due to 
transmission loss of the acoustic energy in the water column. In 
addition, the sound pulses produced by the energy sources are extremely 
short, lasting for only 0.1 ms for the boomer and 0.8 ms for the 
minisparker. Therefore, the energy from the seismic impulse is expected 
to be significantly low.
    Pinniped disturbance could also be caused by the presence of 
vessels and humans that are involved in the geographical surveys. These 
disturbances could cause hauled out harbor seals or California sea 
lions to flush and possibly result in temporary use of alternate haul-
out sites in the Bay. However, long term abandonment of the sites is 
not likely because noise from traffic, recreational boaters, and other 
human activities already occur in the area, and it is likely that these 
animals have become habituated to these disturbances.
    Furthermore, marine mammal densities within the project are 
typically very low. California sea lions, harbor porpoises and gray 
whales are not known to regularly visit the proposed project area, 
which is located in southern SFB. Although harbor seals use portions of 
the proposed project area as haul-out sites, their density is low. 
Within the last 5 years, individual harbor seals counted while hauling-
out at the Newark Slough haul-out site during the post-pupping season 
have fluctuated between a maximum of 34 animals in 2001 to a minimum of 
10 animals in 2005 (DeAngelis, personal comm. 2006). Numbers of harbor 
seals counted at the Newark Slough haul-out site during May 2001 and 
May 2002 (pupping season) ranged from 26 - 65 individuals. Lastly, the 
entire

[[Page 57483]]

geophysical survey will only last for 8 - 10 days, which excludes any 
possible long term noise exposure to marine mammals in the vicinity of 
the action area.
    Based on this information, NMFS concluded that a small number of 
Pacific harbor seals, California sea lions, harbor porpoises, and gray 
whales that may be swimming, foraging, or resting in the project 
vicinity would be potentially taken by Level B behavioral harassment 
due to the proposed activity. In addition, proposed mitigation measures 
discussed below would greatly reduce the potential takes of marine 
mammals due to the proposed geophysical surveys.

Mitigation

    The following mitigation measures are required under the IHA that 
has been issued to Fugro for conducting geophysical surveys in southern 
SFB. NMFS believes that the implementation of these mitigation measures 
will reduce impacts to marine mammals to the lowest extent practicable.

Time and Location

    Geophysical studies will only be conducted during daylight hours 
from 7 a.m.- 7 p.m., when marine mammal monitoring prior to and during 
the surveys will be most effective.
    Seismic studies will not occur in the vicinity of Newark Slough or 
Plummer Creek during the harbor seal pupping season (March 1 - June 
30). Seismic studies will only occur over open water transects during 
that period.

Establishment of Safety Zones

    A 45-m (148-ft) radius safety zone for the boomer system and a 100-
m (328-ft) radius for the minisparker system safety zones shall be 
established and monitored during the seismic surveys. At these 
distances, the SPLs would be reduced to 179 dB re 1 microPa rms and 169 
dB re 1 microPa rms, respectively, which are lower than NMFS standards 
set for avoiding marine mammal Level A harassment (180 dB re 1 microPa 
rms for cetaceans and 190 dB re 1 microPa rms for pinnipeds).
    Observers on boats will survey the safety zone for 15 minutes to 
ensure that no marine mammals are seen within the zone before a seismic 
survey begins. If marine mammals are found within the safety zone, 
seismic surveys will be delayed until they move out of the area. If a 
marine mammal is seen above the water and then dives below, the 
surveyor will wait 15 minutes and if no marine mammals are seen by the 
observer in that time it will be assumed that the animal has moved 
beyond the safety zone. This 15-minute criterion is based on scientific 
evidence that harbor seals in San Francisco Bay dive for a mean time of 
0.50 minutes to 3.33 minutes (Harvey and Torok, 1994), the mean diving 
duration for harbor porpoises ranges from 44 to 103 seconds (Westgate 
et al., 1995), and the mean diving duration for gray whales is 
approximately 1.84 minutes (Wursig et al., 2003).

Soft Start

    Although marine mammals will be protected from Level A harassment 
by establishment of a safety zone at a SPL levels of 169 and 179 dB re 
1 microPa rms, mitigation may not be 100 percent effective at all times 
in locating marine mammals. In order to provide additional protection 
to marine mammals near the project area by allowing marine mammals to 
vacate the area prior to receiving a potential injury, and to further 
reduce Level B harassment by startling marine mammals with a sudden 
intensive sound, Fugro will implement ``soft start'' practice when 
starting up acoustic equipment. By implementing the ``soft start'' 
practice, acoustic equipment will be initiated at an energy level less 
than full capacity (i.e., approximately 40 - 60 percent energy levels) 
for at least 5 minutes before gradually escalating to full capacity. 
This would ensure that, although not expected, any pinnipeds and 
cetaceans that are missed during safety zone monitoring will not be 
injured.

Equipment Shut-down If Marine Mammal Enters Safety Zone

    With all the aforementioned mitigation measures in place, marine 
mammals may still enter the safety zone when geophysical surveys are 
underway. As a result, there is a possibility that Level A harassment 
could occur to these animals when exposed to intensive sounds. In order 
to prevent any potential Level A harassment to marine mammals from 
occurring, the surveyors shall shut down the acoustic equipment if a 
marine mammal is sighted in or believed to have entered within the 
safety zone during the survey transect. The surveyors shall not start 
the acoustic equipment again until the marine mammal leaves the safety 
zone, or no marine mammals are sighted within the safety zone for 15 
minutes after the last sighting.

Monitoring and Reporting

    URS has developed a monitoring plan that will collect data for each 
distinct marine mammal species observed in the south Bay proposed 
project area during the period of the seismic surveys. Marine mammal 
behavior, overall numbers of individuals observed, frequency of 
observation, the time corresponding to the daily tidal cycle, and any 
behavioral changes due to the geophysical surveys will be recorded on 
daily observation sheets.
    Monitoring will be conducted by qualified NMFS-approved biologists. 
Binoculars and optical or digital laser range finders that are accurate 
to 3 feet (0.9 m) will be standard equipment for the monitors.
    Monitoring will begin prior to the first day of the survey to 
establish baseline data, and would occur from a chase boat during the 8 
- 10 day survey period. Post-survey monitoring will occur for a period 
of one day upon completion of the seismic studies.
    Before the startup of the survey equipment, a marine mammal 
observer will visually survey the area for 15 minutes to confirm the 
safety zone is clear of any marine mammals. Seismic surveys will not 
begin until the safety zone is clear of marine mammals. Two observers 
will be present when surveys start onboard a separate boat and scan 
different sections of the overall survey area, particularly the safety 
zone. Once seismic survey of a transect begins and a marine mammal is 
sighted or believed to be within the safety zone, the observer(s) must 
notify the surveyor (or other authorized individual) immediately turn 
off the acoustic equipment and follow the mitigation requirements as 
outlined previously (see Mitigation). The seismic equipment must not be 
turned on until the animal leaves the safety zone, or 15 minutes after 
the last sighting. The surveyor may continue seismic survey 
uninterrupted as long as no marine mammals are sighted within the 
safety zone.
    URS shall submit a final report to NMFS 90 days after completion of 
the seismic survey project. The final report would include data 
collected for each distinct marine mammal species observed in the south 
Bay project area during the period of the seismic surveys. Marine 
mammal behavior, overall numbers of individuals observed, frequency of 
observation, and any behavioral changes due to the geophysical surveys 
shall also be included in the final report.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    In June, 2006, NMFS prepared a draft EA on the issuance of an IHA 
to Fugro to take marine mammals by harassment incidental to conducting 
seismic surveys in south SFB. The draft EA was

[[Page 57484]]

released for public review and comment along with the application and 
the proposed IHA. During the 30-day public comment period NMFS received 
comments from the CBD on the draft EA. All comments are addressed in 
full in the Comments and Responses section. Subsequently, NMFS 
finalized the draft EA and issued a Finding of No Significant Impact on 
the proposed project on September 8, 2006.

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    Based on a review conducted by NMFS biologists, no ESA-listed 
species are expected to be affected by the seismic surveys in south SFB 
during the proposed project period in summer/fall. Therefore, NMFS has 
determined that this action will have no effect on listed species, and 
a section 7 consultation is not necessary.

Determinations

    For the reasons discussed in this document and in the identified 
supporting documents, NMFS has determined that the impact of seismic 
surveys and other activities associated in the south SFB would result, 
at worst, in the Level B harassment of small numbers of California sea 
lions, Pacific harbor seals, harbor porpoises, and potentially gray 
whales that inhabit or visit south SFB. While behavioral modifications, 
including possibly temporarily vacating the area during the survey 
period of 8 - 10 days, may be made by these species to avoid the 
resultant visual and acoustic disturbance, the availability of 
alternate areas within SFB and haul-out sites (including pupping sites) 
and feeding areas within the Bay has led NMFS to determine that this 
action will have a negligible impact on California sea lions, Pacific 
harbor seals, harbor porpoises, and gray whale populations along the 
California coast.
    In addition, no take by Level A harassment (injury) or death is 
anticipated and harassment takes should be at the lowest level 
practicable due to incorporation of the mitigation measures described 
in this document.

Authorization

    NMFS has issued an IHA to Fugro for the potential harassment of 
small numbers of harbor seals, California sea lions, harbor porpoises, 
and gray whales incidental to conducting of seismic surveys in south 
San Francisco Bay in California, provided the previously mentioned 
mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements are incorporated.

    Dated: September 25, 2006.
P. Michael Payne,
Acting Director, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.
[FR Doc. E6-16089 Filed 9-28-06; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-S