Designation of Biobased Items for Federal Procurement, 38612-38625 [05-12978]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
• Office of Energy Policy and New Uses
• Energy Office, Agriculture Department

[Federal Register Volume 70, Number 127 (Tuesday, July 5, 2005)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 38612-38625]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 05-12978]


========================================================================
Proposed Rules
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of 
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these 
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in 
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.

========================================================================


Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 127 / Tuesday, July 5, 2005 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 38612]]



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Office of Energy Policy and New Uses

7 CFR Part 2902

RIN 0503-AA26


Designation of Biobased Items for Federal Procurement

AGENCY: Office of Energy Policy and New Uses, USDA.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposing to 
amend 7 CFR part 2902, Guidelines for Designating Biobased Products for 
Federal Procurement, to add six sections to designate the following six 
items that are made with biobased products that would be afforded 
Federal procurement preference, as provided for under section 9002 of 
the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002: Mobile equipment 
hydraulic fluids; urethane roof coatings; water tank coatings; diesel 
fuel additives; penetrating lubricants; and bedding, bed linens, and 
towels. USDA also is proposing a minimum biobased content for each of 
these items. Once USDA designates an item, Federal agencies are 
required generally to purchase biobased products within these 
designated items where the purchase price of the procurement item 
exceeds $10,000 or where the quantity of such items or of functionally 
equivalent items purchased over the preceding fiscal year equaled 
$10,000 or more. USDA additionally proposes to revise section 2902.2 to 
add definitions for ``biodegradability'' and ``functional unit'' and 
section 2902.8 to adopt applicable ASTM International performance tests 
to verify biodegradability.

DATES: USDA will accept public comments on this proposed rule until 
September 6, 2005.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods. All 
submissions received must include the agency name and Regulatory 
Information Number (RIN). The RIN for this rulemaking is 0503-AA26. 
Also, please identify submittals as pertaining to the ``Proposed 
Designation of Items.''
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     Agency Web site: https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov. Follow 
the instructions for submitting comments.
     E-mail: fb4p@oce.usda.gov. Include RIN number 0503-AA26 
and ``Proposed Designation of Items'' on the subject line. Please 
include your name and address in your message.
     Mail/commercial/hand delivery: Mail or deliver your 
comments to: Marvin Duncan, USDA, Office of the Chief Economist, Office 
of Energy Policy and New Uses, Room 4059, South Building, 1400 
Independence Avenue SW., MS-3815, Washington, DC 20250-3815.
     Persons with disabilities who require alternative means 
for communication for regulatory information (braille, large print, 
audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA TARGET Center at (202) 720-
2600 (voice) and (202) 401-4133 (TDD).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Marvin Duncan, USDA, Office of the 
Chief Economist, Office of Energy Policy and New Uses, Room 4059, South 
Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., MS-3815 Washington, DC 20250-
3815; e-mail: mduncan@oce.usda.gov; phone (202) 401-0461. Information 
regarding the Federal Biobased Products Preferred Procurement Program 
is available on the Internet at https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The information presented in this preamble 
is organized as follows:

I. Authority
II. Background
    A. Overview of Section 9002
    B. Development of Guidelines
III. Summary of Today's Proposed Rulemaking
IV. Designation of Items, Minimum Biobased Contents, and Time Frame
    A. Background
    B. Items Proposed for Designation
    C. Minimum Biobased Contents
    D. Effective Date for Procurement Preference and Incorporation 
into Specifications
V. Where Can Agencies Get More Information on These USDA-designated 
Items?
VI. Regulatory Information
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
    C. Executive Order 12630: Governmental Actions and Interference 
with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights
    D. Executive Order 12988: Civil Justice Reform
    E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    F. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    G. Executive Order 12372: Intergovernmental Review of Federal 
Programs
    H. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with 
Indian Tribal Governments
    I. Paperwork Reduction Act
    J. Government Paperwork Elimination Act Compliance

I. Authority

    The designation of these items is proposed under the authority of 
section 9002 of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 
(FSRIA), 7 U.S.C. 8102 (referred to in this document as ``section 
9002'').

II. Background

A. Overview of Section 9002

    Section 9002 of FSRIA provides for the preferred procurement of 
biobased products by Federal agencies. The objectives of this preferred 
procurement program are threefold. The first objective is to increase 
demand for biobased products. This would have beneficial effects, 
including an increase in domestic demand for many agricultural 
commodities that can serve as feedstocks for production of biobased 
products. Another important effect would be the substitution of 
products with a possibly more benign or beneficial environmental 
impact, as compared to the use of fossil energy-based products.
    The second objective is to spur development of the industrial base 
through value-added agricultural processing and manufacturing in rural 
communities. Because biobased feedstocks are largely produced in rural 
settings and, in many cases because of their bulk require pre-
processing or manufacturing close to where they are grown, increased 
dependence on biobased products appears likely to increase the amount 
of pre-processing and manufacturing of biobased products in rural 
regions of the Nation. This trend would help to create new investment, 
job formation, and income generation in these rural regions.

[[Page 38613]]

    The third objective is to enhance the Nation's energy security by 
substituting biobased products for fossil energy-based products derived 
from imported oil and natural gas. The growing dependence of the Nation 
on imported oil and natural gas, along with heightened concerns about 
political instability in some of the oil rich regions in the world, 
have led the Congress to place a higher priority on domestic energy and 
biobased resources.
    Federal agencies are required to purchase biobased products, as 
defined in regulations to implement the statute, for designated items 
costing over $10,000 each or when the quantities of functionally 
equivalent items purchased over the preceding fiscal year equaled 
$10,000 or more. Each Federal agency must procure biobased products 
within each designated item unless the agency determines that the items 
are not reasonably available within a reasonable period of time, fail 
to meet applicable performance standards, or are available only at an 
unreasonable price. Procurements by a Federal agency subject to section 
6002 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6962) are not subject 
to the requirements under section 9002 to the extent that the 
requirements of the two programs are inconsistent.
    Section 9002 also requires USDA to provide information to Federal 
agencies on the availability, relative price, performance, and 
environmental and public health benefits of such items and, under 
section 9002(e)(1)(C), to recommend when appropriate the minimum level 
of biobased content to be contained in the procured products.
    To achieve these objectives, section 9002 requires Federal agencies 
to develop procurement programs that give preference to the purchase of 
biobased products. To ensure that items composed of biobased products 
will be purchased to the maximum extent practicable, section 9002 
requires each agency procurement program to adopt and implement one of 
the following options: (1) Award contracts to the vendor offering an 
item composed of the highest percentage of biobased products content 
practicable; (2) establish minimum biobased products content 
specifications which are set in such a way as to ensure that the 
biobased products content required is consistent with the requirements 
of section 9002; or (3) a substantially equivalent alternative. An 
example of a substantially equivalent alternative would be where a 
Federal agency elects to implement the first option for most items, but 
establishes the second option for a specified subset of items.
    USDA recognizes that choices for procurement importantly depend on 
the performance needs for a given application. USDA is not requiring 
procuring agencies to limit their choices to qualified biobased 
products that fall under the items for designation in this proposed 
rule. Rather, the effect of the designation of the items is to require 
procuring agencies to determine their performance needs, determine 
whether there are qualified biobased products that fall under the 
designated items that meet those needs, and to purchase such qualified 
biobased products to the maximum extent practicable as required by 
section 9002.
    USDA Departmental Administration, Office of Procurement and 
Property Management, will issue guidance to Federal agencies regarding 
a model Biobased Products Preference Program, a promotion program for 
the Preference Program, and an annual review and monitoring of the 
effectiveness of an agency Preference Program. Information on the model 
Biobased Products Preference Program and other documents and tools is 
available on the USDA Federal Biobased Products Preferred Procurement 
Program Web site at https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.
    There are a number of preference purchasing programs that Federal 
procurement officials must take into account when planning a 
procurement. There is, however, only one biobased product preferred 
procurement program. When USDA designates by rulemaking an item (a 
generic grouping of products) for preferred procurement under the 
Federal Biobased Products Preferred Procurement Program, manufacturers 
of all products under the umbrella of that item that meet the 
requirements to qualify for preferred procurement can claim that status 
for their products. USDA will invite the manufacturers of these 
qualifying products to post product and contact information on its Web 
site, https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov. Federal agencies will be able 
to utilize this Web site as one tool to determine the availability of 
qualifying biobased products under a designated item. Procurement 
officials are encouraged to select products that fall within as many of 
the environmental programs as possible under the Federal Acquisition 
Regulation (FAR) part 23. To the extent that procurement officials will 
have to choose between products under different programs, procurement 
officials should look to the FAR for guidance regarding the relative 
priority of the various preferences.
    As required under section 9002(e)(1), USDA consulted with the 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the General Services 
Administration (GSA), and the Department of Commerce National Institute 
of Standards and Technology (NIST) regarding various aspects of today's 
proposed rulemaking. USDA also consulted with several Offices within 
the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) and the USDA Departmental 
Administration. These consultations focused on topics such as the time 
frame for incorporating designated items into procurement 
specifications, the environmental and economic performance of 
designated items, the biobased content of designated items, and the 
availability of market demand information.

B. Development of Guidelines

    On December 19, 2003, USDA published in the Federal Register (68 FR 
70730) a proposed rule to establish guidelines implementing the 
provisions of section 9002. A 60-day comment period followed, during 
which USDA received 271 comments from 64 commenters. The comments were 
from private citizens, consultants, individual companies, industry 
organizations and trade groups, nonprofit organizations, universities, 
a Member of Congress, and State and Federal agencies.
    After considering these comments, USDA made revisions and 
clarifications to the proposed guidelines. The final guidelines were 
published in the Federal Register on January 11, 2005, (70 FR 1792), 
along with a summary of the comments and USDA responses to those 
comments. The final guidelines are contained in 7 CFR part 2902, 
``Guidelines for Designating Biobased Products for Federal 
Procurement.'' The part is divided into two subparts, ``Subpart A-
General,'' and ``Subpart B-Designated Items.'' Subpart A addresses the 
purpose and scope of the guidelines and their applicability, provides 
guidance on product availability and procurement, defines terms used in 
the part, and addresses affirmative procurement programs and USDA 
funding for testing. Subpart B, which was reserved in the final 
guidelines, will be amended each time designated item rules (including 
today's proposed rule) are finalized and will identify and define the 
designated items, specify their minimum biobased contents, specify the 
time frames by which Federal agencies must incorporate the designated 
items into their procurement specifications, and specify any other 
factors relevant to specific designated items.

[[Page 38614]]

III. Summary of Today's Proposed Rulemaking

    Today, USDA is proposing to designate the following six items for 
preferred procurement by Federal agencies: mobile equipment hydraulic 
fluids; urethane roof coatings; water tank coatings; diesel fuel 
additives; penetrating lubricants; and bedding, bed linens, and towels 
(see Section IV.B). USDA is also proposing a minimum biobased content 
for each of these items (see Section IV.C). USDA is also proposing to 
establish a time frame for Federal agencies to incorporate designated 
items into their procurement specifications (see Section IV.D).
    USDA is also proposing in today's proposed rulemaking to amend 
section 2902.2, to add definitions of the terms ``biodegradability'' 
and ``functional unit'', and to amend section 2902.8 to require the use 
of applicable ASTM performance tests to verify manufacturer or vendor 
claims that their biobased products are biodegradable.
    In today's proposed rulemaking, USDA is providing information on 
its findings as to the availability, economic and technical 
feasibility, environmental and public health benefits, and life cycle 
costs for each of the six designated items. Information on the 
availability, relative price, performance, and environmental and public 
health benefits of products within each of these six items is not 
presented in this notice. Instead, Section V provides instructions to 
agencies on how to obtain this information on products within these 
items through the following Web site: https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.
    Finally, today's proposed rulemaking is the first in a series of 
actions to designate items. USDA invites comment on the proposed 
designation of these items, including the definition, proposed minimum 
biobased content, time frame for incorporation into Federal agencies' 
procurement specifications, requirement for determining 
biodegradability, and any of the relevant analyses performed during the 
selection of these items. Comments should be submitted as directed in 
the ADDRESSES section above.

IV. Designation of Items, Minimum Biobased Contents, and Time Frame

A. Background

    In order to designate items (generic groupings of specific products 
such as crankcase oils or products that contain qualifying biobased 
fibers) for preferred procurement, section 9002 requires USDA to 
consider: (1) the availability of items; and (2) the economic and 
technological feasibility of using the items, including the life cycle 
costs of the items.
    In considering an item's availability, USDA used several sources of 
information. The initial source of information USDA used was a report 
entitled ``USDA Biobased Products Sourcebook Outreach: An Evaluation of 
Industry Perspectives on Proposed Biobased Product Content 
Guidelines,'' April 2002. This report was prepared for USDA by 
Concurrent Technologies Corporation and is referred to as the ``CTC 
Report.'' (USDA has posted the CTC Report on its informational Web 
site, https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov. The report can also be viewed 
at the Office of Energy Policy and New Uses, Room 4059, South Building, 
1400 Independence Avenue, SW., MS-3815, Washington, DC 20250-3815. To 
arrange a viewing, contact Marvin Duncan at (202) 401-0461.) The 
purpose of the CTC Report was to provide descriptions of biobased items 
(generic groupings of products), including a proposed biobased content 
level. Then, USDA performed Internet searches, contacted trade 
associations (such as the Biobased Manufacturers Association) and 
commodity groups, searched the Thomas Register (a database, used as a 
resource for finding companies and products manufactured in North 
America, containing over 173,000 entries), and contacted individual 
manufacturers and vendors to identify those manufacturers and vendors 
with biobased products within items being considered for designation. 
USDA used the results of these same searches to determine if an item 
was generally available.
    In considering an item's economic and technological feasibility, 
USDA examined evidence pointing to the general commercial use of an 
item and cost and performance characteristics. This information was 
obtained from the sources used to assess an item's availability. 
Commercial use, in turn, was evidenced by any or all of the following: 
(1) An item being listed in the CTC Report; (2) manufacturer and vendor 
information on the availability, relative prices, and performance of 
their products; and (3) evidence of an item being purchased by a 
Federal agency or other entity, where available. In sum, USDA 
considered an item economically and technologically feasible for 
purposes of designation if products within that item are being offered 
and used in the marketplace.
    In considering the life cycle costs of items proposed for 
designation, USDA used the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability 
(BEES) analysis to test individual products within each proposed item. 
(Detailed information on this analytical tool can be found on the Web 
site https://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html.) The BEES 
analysis measures the environmental performance and the economic 
performance of a product.
    Environmental performance is measured in the BEES analysis using 
the internationally-standardized and science-based life cycle 
assessment approach specified in the International Organization for 
Standardization (ISO) 14000 standards. All stages in the life of a 
product are analyzed: Raw material production; manufacture; 
transportation; installation; use; and recycling and waste management. 
The BEES environmental performance analysis includes human health as 
one of its components. The time period over which environmental 
performance is measured begins with raw material production and ends 
with disposal (waste management). The BEES environmental performance 
analysis also addresses products made from biobased feedstocks.
    In addition to the information provided by the BEES environmental 
performance analysis, or by the alternative ASTM International (ASTM) 
D7075 ``Standard Practice for Evaluating and Reporting Environmental 
Performance of Biobased Products,'' the biodegradability of certain 
biobased products may be a key environmental consideration in the 
selection of a product for purchase by Federal agencies. For example, 
mobile equipment hydraulic fluids may be used in environmentally 
sensitive areas such as wetlands or National Forests, and the 
biodegradability of biobased fluids may be of interest to the users. 
Similarly, the biodegradability of biobased lubricants would be a key 
environmental attribute to be considered. Single use, short life 
packaging and consumer plastics, and coated paper products may 
beneficially be composted along with other biowastes to generate much 
needed compost for land application. In such cases, the 
biodegradability of the products under composting conditions is a key 
environmental consideration.
    To deter manufacturers from making false or unproven claims of 
product biodegradability, USDA is proposing that, if biodegradability 
is claimed by the manufacturer as a characteristic of a biobased 
product, the product must meet the appropriate, product-specific ASTM 
biodegradability standard(s). ASTM biodegradability standards include: 
D5864 ``Standard Test Method

[[Page 38615]]

for Determining the Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or 
Their Components''; D6139 ``Standard Test Method for Determining the 
Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components Using 
the Gledhill Shake Flask''; D6006 ``Standard Guide for Assessing 
Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids''; D6400 ``Standard Specification 
for Compostable Plastics'' and the standards cited therein; and D6868 
``Standard Specification for Biodegradable Plastics Used as Coatings on 
Paper and Other Compostable Substrates.''
    USDA is proposing to adopt ASTM biodegradability standards because 
there are no other biodegradability standards in the U.S. written by 
any other standards writing organizations, because ASTM standards are 
already in use within industry, and because ASTM is the oldest and most 
well-established standards writing organization in the world. In 
addition, ASTM standards are widely used and referenced for both 
regulatory and procurement purposes by the Federal government.
    Economic performance in the BEES analysis is measured using the 
ASTM standard life cycle cost method (ASTM E917), which covers the 
costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and 
repair, and disposal. The time frame for economic performance extends 
from the purchase of the product to final disposal.
    USDA then utilized the BEES results of individual products within a 
designated item in its consideration of the life cycle costs at the 
item level. There is a single unit of comparison associated with each 
designated item. The basis for the unit of comparison is the 
``functional unit,'' defined so that the products compared are true 
substitutes for one another. If significant differences have been 
identified in the useful lives of alternative products within a 
designated item (e.g., if one product lasts twice as long as another) 
the functional unit will include reference to a time dimension to 
account for the frequency of product replacement. The functional unit 
also will account for products used in different amounts for equivalent 
service. For example, one urethane roof coating product may be 
environmentally and economically preferable to another on a pound-for-
pound basis, but may require twice the mass to cover one square foot of 
roof, and last half as long, as the other product. To account for these 
performance differences, the functional unit for the urethane roof 
coating item would be ``one square foot of application for 50 years'' 
instead of ``one pound of urethane roof coating.'' The functional unit 
provides the critical reference point to which all BEES results for 
products within an item are scaled. Because functional units vary from 
item to item, performance comparisons are valid only among products 
within a designated item.
    In gathering information relevant to the analyses discussed above, 
USDA made extensive efforts to contact and request information and 
product samples from representatives of all known manufacturers of 
products within the items proposed for designation. However, because 
the submission of information was on a strictly voluntary basis, USDA 
was able to obtain information and samples only from those 
manufacturers who were willing voluntarily to invest the resources 
required to gather and submit the information and samples. USDA used 
the samples to test for biobased content and the information to conduct 
the BEES analyses. The data presented are all the data that were 
submitted in response to USDA requests for information from all known 
manufacturers of the products within the six items proposed for 
designation. While USDA would prefer to have complete data on the full 
range of products within each item, the data that were submitted are 
sufficient to support designation of the items in today's proposed 
rulemaking.
    To propose an item for designation, USDA must have sufficient 
information on a sufficient number of products within an item to be 
able to assess its availability and its economic and technological 
feasibility, including its life cycle costs. For some items, there may 
be numerous products available. For other items, there may be only one 
product currently available. USDA has determined that the number of 
products available in an item, by itself, is not critical in 
determining whether or not to propose the item for designation. Given 
the infancy of the market for some items, it is not unexpected that 
single product items will be identified. Further, given that the intent 
of section 9002 is largely to stimulate the production of new biobased 
products and to energize emerging markets for those products, USDA has 
determined that the identification of even a single biobased product 
within an item is sufficient to consider the designation of that item. 
Similarly, the documented availability, benefits, and life cycle costs 
of even a very small percentage of all products that may exist within 
an item are also considered sufficient to support designation.

B. Items Proposed for Designation

    In today's proposed rulemaking, USDA is proposing to designate six 
items for the preferred procurement program: mobile equipment hydraulic 
fluids; urethane roof coatings; water tank coatings; diesel fuel 
additives; penetrating lubricants; and bedding, bed linens, and towels. 
USDA has determined that each of these six items meets the necessary 
statutory requirements--that they are being produced with biobased 
products and that their procurement will carry out the objectives of 
section 9002:
     To improve demand for biobased products;
     To spur development of the industrial base through value-
added agricultural processing and manufacturing in rural communities; 
and
     To enhance the Nation's energy security by substituting 
biobased products for fossil energy-based products derived from 
imported oil and natural gas.
    Further, USDA has sufficient information on these six items to 
determine their availability and to conduct the requisite analyses to 
determine their biobased content and their economic and technological 
feasibility, including life cycle costs. USDA selected these six items 
for this notice of proposed rulemaking because USDA was able to 
expeditiously identify and analyze these items.
    Finally, in proposing ``bedding, bed linens, and towels'' as a 
designated item, USDA is using information on the availability of 
biobased fibers produced by two manufacturers. Currently blankets are 
being produced using one of these manufacturer's biobased fibers. USDA 
is unaware of any products within this item being produced with the 
other manufacturer's biobased fibers. Based on the production of these 
blankets with biobased fibers and information on the potential use of 
either manufacturer's biobased fibers in similar products, USDA thinks 
that using the information available on biobased blankets to create a 
broader item designation (i.e., bedding, bed linens, and towels) is 
reasonable. In addition, USDA thinks that the broader designation will 
further hasten development and use of biobased products within this 
item. USDA solicits comments on the appropriateness of creating this 
broader item designation.
    Section 2902.5(c)(2) of the final guidelines states that USDA will 
not designate items for preferred procurement that are determined to

[[Page 38616]]

have mature markets. Mature markets are described as items that had 
significant national market penetration in 1972. USDA contacted 
manufacturers, manufacturing associations, and industry researchers to 
determine if any of the items proposed for designation today had a 
significant market share in 1972. The USDA research found that none of 
the six items proposed for designation today had a significant market 
share in 1972 and that, generally, products within these proposed 
designated items have only been available for 10 to 15 years.
    Each of the six proposed designated items are discussed in the 
following sections.
    1. Mobile Equipment Hydraulic Fluids
    Mobile equipment hydraulic fluids represent that group of hydraulic 
fluid products formulated for use in non-stationary equipment such as 
tractors, end loaders, or backhoes.
    For biobased mobile equipment hydraulic fluids, USDA identified 10 
different manufacturers producing 32 individual products. These 10 
manufacturers do not necessarily include all manufacturers of biobased 
mobile equipment hydraulic fluids, merely those identified during USDA 
information gathering activities. Information supplied by these 
manufacturers indicates that each of these products has been tested 
against one or more industry performance standards and is being used 
commercially. USDA contacted procurement officials with various Federal 
agencies including GSA, several offices within DLA, the Office of the 
Federal Environmental Executive (OFEE), USDA Departmental 
Administration, and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in an 
effort to gather information on the purchases of products within the 
six items proposed for designation today. Communications with these 
officials lead to the conclusion that obtaining credible current usage 
statistics and specific potential markets within the Federal government 
for biobased products is not possible at this time. Most of the 
contacted officials reported that procurement data are reported in 
higher level groupings of materials and supplies than the proposed 
designated items. Also, the purchasing of such materials as part of 
contracted services and with individual purchase cards used to purchase 
products locally further obscures credible data on purchases of 
specific products. USDA also investigated the Web site FEDBIZOPPS.gov, 
a site which lists Federal contract purchase opportunities greater than 
$25,000. The information provided on this Web site, however, is for 
broad categories of products rather than the specific types of products 
that are included in today's rulemaking. Therefore, USDA has been 
unable to obtain data on the amount of mobile equipment hydraulic 
fluids purchased by Federal agencies. However, USDA is aware that the 
various Federal agencies, including USDA, operate non-stationary 
equipment, such as construction or agricultural machinery, with 
hydraulic cylinders. In addition, many Federal agencies contract for 
services involving the use of such equipment. Thus, Federal agencies 
have a need for mobile equipment hydraulic fluids and for services 
which require the use of mobile equipment hydraulic fluids. Therefore, 
designation of mobile equipment hydraulic fluids will promote the use 
of biobased products, furthering the objectives of this program.
    An analysis of the environmental and human health benefits and the 
life cycle costs of biobased mobile equipment hydraulic fluid was 
performed for three of the products using the BEES analytical tool. 
Table 1 summarizes the BEES results for the three mobile equipment 
hydraulic fluid products. As seen in Table 1, the environmental 
performance score, which includes human health, ranges from 2.46 to 
3.22 points per 55 gallon drum of fluid. The environmental performance 
score indicates the share of annual per capita U.S. environmental 
impacts that is attributable to 1 drum (55 gallons) of the product, 
expressed in 100ths of 1 percent. For example, the total amount of 
criteria air pollutants emitted in the U.S. in one year was divided by 
the total U.S. population to derive a ``criteria air pollutants per 
person value.'' The production and use of one drum of Fluid A was 
estimated to contribute 0.000088 percent of this value.

 Table 1.--Summary of BEES Results for Mobile Equipment Hydraulic Fluid
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Mobile equipment hydraulic fluid
            Parameters            --------------------------------------
                                     Fluid A      Fluid B      Fluid C
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BEES Environmental Performance--        2.8411       2.4611       3.2248
 Total Score \1\ \2\.............
Acidification (5%)...............       0.0002       0.0001       0.0003
Criteria Air Pollutants (6%).....       0.0088       0.0076       0.0107
Ecological Toxicity (11%)........       0.4573       0.3201       0.5826
Eutrophication (5%)..............       0.8642       0.5203       1.1129
Fossil Fuel Depletion (5%).......       0.4630       0.7958       0.3617
Global Warming (16%).............       0.2759       0.1949       0.3507
Habitat Alteration (16%).........       0.0000       0.0000       0.0000
Human Health (11%)...............       0.1968       0.2571       0.0662
Indoor Air (11%).................       0.0000       0.0000       0.0000
Ozone Depletion (5%).............       0.0000       0.0000       0.0000
Smog (6%)........................       0.2200       0.1554       0.2820
Water Intake (3%)................       0.3549       0.2098       0.4577
Economic Performance (Life Cycle        768.61       497.14       470.25
 Costs($)).......................
First Cost \3\...................       768.61       497.14       470.25
Future Cost (3.9%)...............        (\4\)        (\4\)        (\4\)
                                  --------------
Functional Unit..................           one 55-gallon drum
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Performance comparisons are valid only among products within a
  designated item.
\2\ Numbers in parentheses indicate weighting factor. The weighting
  factors represent the relative importance of the 12 environmental
  impacts, including human health impacts, that contribute to the BEES
  Environmental Score. They are derived from lists of the relative
  importance of these impacts developed by the EPA Science Advisory
  Board for the purpose of advising EPA as to how best to allocate its
  limited resources among environmental impact areas. Note that a lower
  Environmental Performance score is better than a higher score.
\3\ Costs are per functional unit.
\4\ Future costs are discounted to present value using the OMB discount
  rate of 3.9 percent. For this item, no significant/quantifiable
  performance or durability differences were identified among competing
  alternative products. Therefore, future costs were not calculated.


[[Page 38617]]

    The life cycle costs of the submitted mobile equipment hydraulic 
fluids range from $470 to $769 (present value dollars) per 55 gallon 
drum of fluid. Present value dollars represent the sum of all costs 
associated with a product over a fixed period of time, including any 
applicable costs for purchase, installation, replacement, operation, 
maintenance and repair, and disposal. Present value dollars presented 
here reflect 2004 dollars. Dollars are expressed in present value terms 
to adjust for the effects of inflation. The complete results of the 
BEES analysis, extrapolated to the item level, can be found at https://
www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.
2. Urethane Roof Coatings
    Urethane roof coatings represent that group of coating products 
formulated for use in commercial roof deck systems to provide a single 
coat monolith roof coating system. These products are typically applied 
as a spray coating and can be incorporated with mesh substrates to 
provide a reinforced surface. Urethane roof coatings can be applied 
over traditional roof systems, polyurethane foams, and expanded 
polystyrene insulation materials to provide a tough resilient 
protective system.
    For urethane roof coatings, USDA has identified one manufacturer 
producing a single biobased product. This manufacturer may not be the 
only manufacturer of biobased urethane roof coatings; it is merely the 
only one identified during USDA's information gathering activities. 
This product has been tested against six ASTM performance standards and 
is being used commercially. As discussed in the section on mobile 
equipment hydraulic fluids, USDA attempted to gather data on the 
potential market for biobased products within the Federal government. 
These attempts were unsuccessful. However, Federal agencies routinely 
procure building construction, renovation, and repair services and 
materials, including roof coatings. Requiring Federal agencies to give 
preference to the use of biobased roof coatings will advance the goals 
and objectives of section 9002.
    An analysis of the environmental and human health benefits and the 
life cycle costs of biobased urethane roof coatings was performed using 
the BEES analytical tool (see Table 2). As seen in Table 2, the 
environmental performance score, which includes human health, was 
0.0067 points per square foot of application (at 100 mils thickness) 
for 50 years. The environmental performance score indicates the share 
of U.S. environmental impacts attributable to 1 square foot of 
application (at 100 mils thickness) for 50 years, expressed in 100ths 
of 1 percent.

      Table 2.--Summary of BEES Results for Urethane Roof Coatings
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Urethane
                         Parameters                              roof
                                                               coating
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BEES Environmental Performance--Total Score \1\ \2\........       0.0067
Acidification (5%).........................................       0.0000
Criteria Air Pollutants (6%)...............................       0.0000
Ecological Toxicity (11%)..................................       0.0017
Eutrophication (5%)........................................       0.0010
Fossil Fuel Depletion (5%).................................       0.0014
Global Warming (16%).......................................       0.0004
Habitat Alteration (16%)...................................       0.0000
Human Health (11%).........................................       0.0008
Indoor Air (11%)...........................................       0.0000
Ozone Depletion (5%).......................................       0.0000
Smog (6%)..................................................       0.0002
Water Intake (3%)..........................................       0.0012
Economic Performance (Life Cycle Costs ($))................     \3\ 2.50
                                                                  (1.25)
First Cost \4\.............................................  2.50 (1.25)
Future Cost (3.9%).........................................     \5\ 0.00
                                                            ------------
Functional Unit............................................        (\6\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Performance comparisons are valid only among products within a
  designated item.
\2\ Numbers in parentheses indicate weighting factor. The weighting
  factors represent the relative importance of the 12 environmental
  impacts, including human health impacts, that contribute to the BEES
  Environmental Score. They are derived from lists of the relative
  importance of these impacts developed by the EPA Science Advisory
  Board for the purpose of advising EPA as to how best to allocate its
  limited resources among environmental impact areas. Note that a lower
  Environmental Performance score is better than a higher score.
\3\ Higher values associated with standard prices. Values in parentheses
  reflect discounted price for volume purchase.
\4\ Costs are per functional unit.
\5\ There are no operation, maintenance, or repair costs beyond total
  replacement costs. Because the projected life of the coating is 50
  years, the cost of replacement, when discounted to present value using
  the OMB discount rate of 3.9 percent, is less than one penny. Thus, a
  value of zero was reported.
\6\ One square foot of application for 50 years.

    The life cycle cost of the submitted urethane roof coating was 
$2.50 (present value dollars) per square foot of application (at 100 
mils thickness) for 50 years. The manufacturer also indicated that it 
offers high volume purchase discounts. Using the discounted price, a 
life cycle cost of $1.25 was calculated. Present value dollars 
represent the sum of all costs associated with a product over a fixed 
period of time, including any applicable costs for purchase, 
installation, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and 
disposal. Present value dollars presented here reflect 2004 dollars. 
Dollars are expressed in present value terms to adjust for the effects 
of inflation. The complete results of the BEES analysis, extrapolated 
to the item level, can be found at https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.
3. Water Tank Coatings
    Water tank coatings represent that group of coating products 
formulated for use in potable water storage systems. These products are 
typically applied as a sprayed on thick film coating to provide a 
durable, maintenance-free, protective liner. Water tank coatings can be 
applied over both concrete and steel water tanks and reservoirs 
providing extended life cycle protection.
    For water tank coatings, USDA identified one manufacturer producing 
a single biobased product. This manufacturer may not be the only 
manufacturer of biobased water tank coatings; it is merely the only one 
identified during USDA information gathering activities. This product 
has been tested against six ASTM performance standards and the 
Underwriters Laboratory Testing for Potable Water Approval standard, 
and is being used commercially. As discussed in the section on mobile 
equipment hydraulic fluids, USDA attempted to gather data on the 
potential market for biobased products within the Federal government. 
These attempts were unsuccessful. However, many Federal agencies have 
potable water storage tanks and reservoirs. Requiring Federal agencies 
to give preference to the use of biobased water tank coatings will 
advance the goals and objectives of section 9002.
    An analysis of the environmental and human health benefits and the 
life cycle costs of biobased water tank coatings was performed using 
the BEES analytical tool (see Table 3). As seen in Table 3, the 
environmental performance score, which includes human health, was 
0.0083 points and indicates the share of U.S. environmental impacts 
attributable to 1 square foot of application (at 125 mils thickness) 
for 30 years, expressed in 100ths of 1 percent.

        Table 3.--Summary of BEES Results for Water Tank Coatings
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Water tank
                         Parameters                            coating
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BEES Environmental Performance--Total Score \1\ \2\........       0.0083
Acidification (5%).........................................       0.0000
Criteria Air Pollutants (6%)...............................       0.0000
Ecological Toxicity (11%)..................................       0.0021
Eutrophication (5%)........................................       0.0012
Fossil Fuel Depletion (5%).................................       0.0017
Global Warming (16%).......................................       0.0005

[[Page 38618]]

 
Habitat Alteration (16%)...................................       0.0000
Human Health (11%).........................................       0.0010
Indoor Air (11%)...........................................       0.0000
Ozone Depletion (5%).......................................       0.0000
Smog (6%)..................................................       0.0003
Water Intake (3%)..........................................       0.0015
Economic Performance (Life Cycle Costs ($))................     \3\ 3.12
                                                                  (1.56)
First Cost \4\.............................................  3.12 (1.56)
Future Cost (3.9%).........................................     \5\ 0.00
Functional Unit............................................       (\6\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Performance comparisons are valid only among products within a
  designated item.
\2\ Numbers in parentheses indicate weighting factor. The weighting
  factors represent the relative importance of the 12 environmental
  impacts, including human health impacts, that contribute to the BEES
  Environmental Score. They are derived from lists of the relative
  importance of these impacts developed by the EPA Science Advisory
  Board for the purpose of advising EPA as to how best to allocate its
  limited resources among environmental impact areas. Note that a lower
  Environmental Performance score is better than a higher score.
\3\ Higher values associated with standard prices. Values in parentheses
  reflect discounted price for volume purchase.
\4\ Costs are per functional unit.
\5\ There are no operation, maintenance, or repair costs beyond total
  replacement costs. Because the projected life of the coating is 30
  years, the cost of replacement, when discounted to present value using
  the OMB discount rate of 3.9 percent, is less than one penny. Thus, a
  value of zero was reported.
\6\ One square foot of application for 30 years.

    The life cycle cost of the submitted water tank coating was $3.12 
(present value dollars) per square foot of application (at 125 mils 
thickness) for 30 years. The manufacturer also indicated that it offers 
high volume purchase discounts. Using the discounted price, a life 
cycle cost of $1.56 was calculated. Present value dollars represent the 
sum of all costs associated with a product over a fixed period of time, 
including any applicable costs for purchase, installation, replacement, 
operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal. Present value dollars 
presented here reflect 2004 dollars. Dollars are expressed in present 
value terms to adjust for the effects of inflation. The complete 
results of the BEES analysis, extrapolated to the item level, can be 
found at https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.
4. Diesel Fuel Additives
    Commercially available biobased diesel fuel additives are 
formulated as the mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived 
from renewable lipid sources. They are produced through the reaction of 
a vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol or ethanol in the presence 
of a catalyst to yield glycerin (as a byproduct) and the methyl or 
ethyl esters used as diesel fuel additives. Biobased diesel fuel 
additives are blended with petroleum diesel for use in compression 
ignition (diesel) engines. Its physical and chemical properties as it 
relates to operation of diesel engines are similar to petroleum-based 
diesel fuel.
    For biobased diesel fuel additives, USDA identified 31 different 
manufacturers producing 42 individual products. These 31 manufacturers 
do not necessarily include all manufacturers of biobased diesel fuel 
additives, merely those identified during USDA information gathering 
activities. Information supplied by these manufacturers indicates that 
these products have been tested using ASTM D6751, Standard 
Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Distillate 
Fuels, and are being used commercially.
    The sulfur that is present in conventional diesel fuel is one of 
the compounds that provides necessary lubrication to certain engine 
components such as fuel injection pumps. Biobased diesel fuel additives 
provide similar lubricating properties to those provided by sulfur. As 
the use of low-sulfur diesel fuel is mandated by regulations 
implemented to reduce emissions of particulate matter and sulfur 
oxides, the use of diesel fuel additives to replace the lubricating 
properties of sulfur will be essential. According to Department of 
Energy (DOE) estimates of diesel fuel purchases for Federal fleet 
usage, there is a significant market opportunity for biobased diesel 
fuel additives. Therefore, designation of diesel fuel additives will 
promote the use of biobased products, furthering the objectives of this 
program.
    An analysis of the environmental and human health benefits and the 
life cycle costs of biobased diesel fuel additives was performed for 
one of the products using the BEES analytical tool. In addition, a 
second BEES analysis was conducted on industry average data supplied by 
the National Biodiesel Board. Table 4 summarizes the BEES results. As 
seen in Table 4, the environmental performance scores, which includes 
human health, were 0.023 and 0.029 points per gallon of product. The 
environmental performance score indicates the share of annual per 
capita U.S. environmental impacts that is attributable to 1 gallon of 
the product, expressed in 100ths of 1 percent.

       Table 4.--Summary of BEES Results for Diesel Fuel Additives
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Diesel fuel additives
                                         -------------------------------
               Parameters                    Industry
                                           average data     Additive A
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BEES Environmental Performance--Total             0.0231          0.0287
 Score\1\ \2\...........................
Acidification (5%)......................          0.0000          0.0000
Criteria Air Pollutants (6%)............          0.0002          0.0003
Ecological Toxicity (11%)...............          0.0047          0.0014
Eutrophication (5%).....................          0.0035          0.0026
Fossil Fuel Depletion (5%)..............          0.0072          0.0145
Global Warming (16%)....................          0.0035          0.0038
Habitat Alteration (16%)................          0.0000          0.0000
Human Health (11%)......................          0.0023          0.0048
Indoor Air (11%)........................          0.0000          0.0000
Ozone Depletion (5%)....................          0.0000          0.0000
Smog (6%)...............................          0.0008          0.0006
Water Intake (3%).......................          0.0009          0.0007
Economic Performance (Life Cycle Costs              2.15            2.25
 ($))...................................
First Cost \3\..........................            2.15            2.25
Future Cost (3.9%)......................           (\4\)             (4)

[[Page 38619]]

 
Functional Unit.........................            one gallon
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Performance comparisons are valid only among products within a
  designated item.
\2\ Numbers in parentheses indicate weighting factor. The weighting
  factors represent the relative importance of the 12 environmental
  impacts, including human health impacts, that contribute to the BEES
  Environmental Score. They are derived from lists of the relative
  importance of these impacts developed by the EPA Science Advisory
  Board for the purpose of advising EPA as to how best to allocate its
  limited resources among environmental impact areas. Note that a lower
  Environmental Performance score is better than a higher score.
\3\ Costs are per functional unit.
\4\ Future costs are discounted to present value using the OMB discount
  rate of 3.9 percent. For this item, no significant/quantifiable
  performance or durability differences were identified among competing
  alternative products. Therefore, future costs were not calculated.

    The life cycle costs for the industry average data and the one 
submitted diesel fuel additive were $2.15 and $2.25 (present value 
dollars) per gallon of product, respectively. Present value dollars 
represent the sum of all costs associated with a product over a fixed 
period of time, including any applicable costs for purchase, 
installation, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and 
disposal. Present value dollars presented here reflect 2004 dollars. 
Dollars are expressed in present value terms to adjust for the effects 
of inflation. The complete results of the BEES analysis, extrapolated 
to the item level, can be found at https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.
5. Penetrating Lubricants
    Penetrating lubricants represent that group of products formulated 
to provide light lubrication and corrosion resistance in close tolerant 
internal and external applications including frozen nuts and bolts, 
power tools, gears, valves, chains, and cables.
    For biobased penetrating lubricants, USDA identified 9 different 
manufacturers producing 9 individual products. These 9 manufacturers do 
not necessarily include all manufacturers of biobased penetrating 
lubricants, merely those identified during USDA information gathering 
activities. Information supplied by these manufacturers indicate that 
each of these products has been tested against one or more industry 
performance standards and is being used commercially. As discussed in 
the section on mobile equipment hydraulic fluids, USDA attempted to 
gather data on the potential market for biobased products within the 
Federal government. These attempts were unsuccessful. However, various 
Federal agencies, including USDA, operate or contract for the operation 
of overhaul facilities. Such facilities would use penetrating 
lubricants. Thus Federal agencies have a need for penetrating 
lubricants or for services which require the use of penetrating 
lubricants. Therefore, designation of penetrating lubricants will 
promote the use of biobased products, furthering the objectives of this 
program.
    An analysis of the environmental and human health benefits and the 
life cycle costs of biobased penetrating lubricants was performed for 
two of the products using the BEES analytical tool. Table 5 summarizes 
the BEES results. As seen in Table 5, the environmental performance 
scores, which includes human health, were 16.64 and 20.82 points per 55 
gallon drum of product. The environmental performance score indicates 
the share of annual per capita U.S. environmental impacts that is 
attributable to 1 drum (55 gallons) of the product, expressed in 100ths 
of 1 percent.

      Table 5.--Summary of BEES Results for Penetrating Lubricants
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Penetrating lubricants
                  Parameters                   -------------------------
                                                Lubricant A  Lubricant B
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BEES Environmental Performance--Total Score\1\      16.6355      20.8208
 \2\..........................................
Acidification (5%)............................       0.0008       0.0014
Criteria Air Pollutants (6%)..................       0.1325       0.0754
Ecological Toxicity (11%).....................       4.6811       3.1058
Eutrophication (5%)...........................       0.7865       5.1291
Fossil Fuel Depletion (5%)....................       6.4847       5.4267
Global Warming (16%)..........................       1.6861       1.9323
Habitat Alteration (16%)......................       0.0000       0.0000
Human Health (11%)............................       2.1279       1.6275
Indoor Air (11%)..............................       0.0000       0.0000
Ozone Depletion (5%)..........................       0.0001       0.0000
Smog (6%).....................................       0.2843       1.4366
Water Intake (3%).............................       0.4515       2.0860
Economic Performance (Life Cycle Costs ($))...     7,868.18     6,774.53
First Cost \3\................................       929.02       799.89
Future Cost (3.9%) \4\........................     6,939.16     5,974.64
                                               --------------
Functional Unit...............................   one 55-gallon drum over
                                                    10 years of use
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Performance comparisons are valid only among products within a
  designated item.
\2\ Numbers in parentheses indicate weighting factor. The weighting
  factors represent the relative importance of the 12 environmental
  impacts, including human health impacts, that contribute to the BEES
  Environmental Score. They are derived from lists of the relative
  importance of these impacts developed by the EPA Science Advisory
  Board for the purpose of advising EPA as to how best to allocate its
  limited resources among environmental impact areas. Note that a lower
  Environmental Performance score is better than a higher score.
\3\ Costs are per functional unit.

[[Page 38620]]

 
\4\ Future costs are discounted to present value using the OMB discount
  rate of 3.9 percent.

    The life cycle costs of the two submitted penetrating lubricants 
were $6,775 and $7,868 (present value dollars) per 55 gallon drum of 
the product over 10 years of use. Present value dollars represent the 
sum of all costs associated with a product over a fixed period of time, 
including any applicable costs for purchase, installation, replacement, 
operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal. Present value dollars 
presented here reflect 2004 dollars. Dollars are expressed in present 
value terms to adjust for the effects of inflation. The complete 
results of the BEES analysis, extrapolated to the item level, can be 
found at https://www.biobased.oce.usda.gov.
6. Bedding, Bed Linens, and Towels
    Bedding, bed linens, and towels represent a group of cloth products 
produced by weaving fibers made from qualifying biobased feedstock or 
by weaving fibers made from qualifying biobased feedstock in 
combination with other fibers. Other types of fibers with which 
biobased fibers may be blended include natural fibers (such as wool and 
cotton) and man-made textile fibers derived from petroleum-based 
resins. This item includes: bed coverings such as blankets, bedspreads, 
and comforters; sheets and pillowcases; and towels.
    For bedding, bed linens, and towels, USDA identified one 
manufacturer producing biobased products. This manufacturer may not be 
the only manufacturer of biobased bedding, bed linens, and towels; it 
is merely the only one identified during USDA information gathering 
activities. The one identified manufacturer of biobased bedding, bed 
linens, and towels produces biobased blankets (in 12 different sizes, 
weights, and blends) that are commercially available on the market. 
These products have been tested against three ASTM performance 
standards and four American Association of Textile Chemists and 
Colorists' standards. As discussed in the section on mobile equipment 
hydraulic fluids, USDA attempted to gather data on the potential market 
for biobased products within the Federal government. These attempts 
were unsuccessful. However, several Federal agencies routinely procure 
bedding materials and towels. Requiring Federal agencies to give 
preference to the use of biobased bedding, bed linens, and towels will 
advance the goals and objectives of section 9002.
    An analysis of the environmental and human health benefits and the 
life cycle costs of one biobased blanket was performed using the BEES 
analytical tool (see Table 6). As seen in Table 6, the environmental 
performance score, which includes human health, was 0.19 points and 
indicates the share of U.S. environmental impacts attributable to one 
blanket (average weighted size 90 inches by 96 inches, 4 pounds), 
expressed in 100ths of 1 percent.

  Table 6.--Summary of BEES Results for Bedding, Bed Linens, and Towels
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Bedding,
                         Parameters                          bed linens,
                                                              and towels
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BEES Environmental Performance--Total Score \1\ \2\........       0.1901
Acidification (5%).........................................       0.0000
Criteria Air Pollutants (6%)...............................       0.0013
Ecological Toxicity (11%)..................................       0.0087
Eutrophication (5%)........................................       0.0521
Fossil Fuel Depletion (5%).................................       0.0747
Global Warming (16%).......................................       0.0195
Habitat Alteration (16%)...................................       0.0000
Human Health (11%).........................................       0.0238
Indoor Air (11%)...........................................       0.0000
Ozone Depletion (5%).......................................       0.0000
Smog (6%)..................................................       0.0043
Water Intake (3%)..........................................       0.0057
Economic Performance (Life Cycle Costs ($))................       139.99
First Cost \3\.............................................       139.99
Future Cost (3.9%).........................................        (\4\)
Functional Unit............................................        (\5\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Performance comparisons are valid only among products within a
  designated item.
\2\ Numbers in parentheses indicate weighting factor. The weighting
  factors represent the relative importance of the 12 environmental
  impacts, including human health impacts, that contribute to the BEES
  Environmental Score. They are derived from lists of the relative
  importance of these impacts developed by the EPA Science Advisory
  Board for the purpose of advising EPA as to how best to allocate its
  limited resources among environmental impact areas. Note that a lower
  Environmental Performance score is better than a higher score.
\3\ Costs are per functional unit.
\4\ Future costs are discounted to present value using the OMB discount
  rate of 3.9 percent. For this item, no significant/quantifiable
  performance or durability differen