Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Agave eggersiana and Gonocalyx concolor, and Threatened Species Status for Varronia rupicola, 53303-53315 [2014-21231]

Agencies

• Fish and Wildlife Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 174 (Tuesday, September 9, 2014)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 53303-53315]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-21231]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2013-0103; 4500030113]
RIN 1018-AZ10


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species 
Status for Agave eggersiana and Gonocalyx concolor, and Threatened 
Species Status for Varronia rupicola

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), determine 
endangered species status under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 
amended (Act), for Agave eggersiana (no common name) and Gonocalyx 
concolor (no common name), and threatened species status for Varronia 
rupicola (no common name). These three plants are endemic to the 
Caribbean. The effect of this regulation will be to add these species 
to the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants.

DATES: This rule is effective October 9, 2014.

ADDRESSES: This final rule is available on the Internet at https://www.regulations.gov and https://www.fws.gov/caribbean/es. Comments and 
materials we received, as well as supporting documentation we used in 
preparing this rule, are available for public inspection at https://www.regulations.gov. All of the comments, materials, and documentation 
that we considered in this rulemaking are available by appointment, 
during normal business hours at: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 
Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office, P.O. Box 491, Road 301 Km. 
5.1, Boquer[oacute]n, PR 00622; telephone 787-851-7297.

[[Page 53304]]


FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Marelisa Rivera, Deputy Field 
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Caribbean Ecological 
Services Field Office, P.O. Box 491, Road 301 Km. 5.1, Boquer[oacute]n, 
PR 00622; telephone 787-851-7297; or facsimile 787-851-7440. Persons 
who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the 
Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Executive Summary

    Why we need to publish a rule. Under the Act, a species may warrant 
protection through listing if it is endangered or threatened throughout 
all or a significant portion of its range. Listing a species as an 
endangered or threatened species can only be completed by issuing a 
rule.
    This rule lists Agave eggersiana (no common name) and Gonocalyx 
concolor (no common name) as endangered species, and Varronia rupicola 
(no common name) as a threatened species under the Act. Elsewhere in 
today's Federal Register, we designate critical habitat for Agave 
eggersiana, Gonocalynx concolor, and Varronia rupicola under the Act.
    The basis for our action. Under the Act, we may determine that a 
species is an endangered or threatened species based on any of five 
factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for 
commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) 
disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory 
mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its 
continued existence. We have determined that listing is warranted for 
these species, which are currently at risk throughout all of their 
respective ranges due to threats related to:
     Agave eggersiana--potential future development for 
residential, urban, and tourist use; agriculture use; dropping of 
debris; competing nonnative plants; fires; hurricanes; predation; and 
disease cause by insects (weevils).
     Goncalyx concolor--installation or expansion of 
telecommunication towers, road improvement, vegetation management, and 
small number of individuals and populations.
     Varronia rupicola--loss of habitat due to urban 
development, right-of-way development and maintenance, deforestation, 
and hurricanes; and inadequate existing regulatory mechanisms (lack of 
enforcement).
    Peer review and public comment. We sought comments from independent 
specialists to ensure that our determination is based on scientifically 
sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We invited these peer reviewers 
to comment on our listing proposal. We also considered all other 
comments and information we received during the comment period.

Previous Federal Action

    Please refer to the proposed listing rule for Agave eggersiana, 
Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola (78 FR 62560; October 22, 
2013) for a detailed description of previous Federal actions concerning 
this species.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

    In the proposed rule published on October 22, 2013 (78 FR 62560), 
we requested that all interested parties submit written comments on the 
proposal by December 23, 2013. We also contacted appropriate Federal 
and State agencies, scientific experts and organizations, and other 
interested parties and invited them to comment on the proposal. 
Newspaper notices inviting general public comment were published in the 
Virgin Islands Daily News and Primera Hora. All substantive information 
provided during comment periods has either been incorporated directly 
into this final determination or is addressed below.

Peer Reviewer Comments

    In accordance with our peer review policy published on July 1, 1994 
(59 FR 34270), we solicited expert opinion from nine knowledgeable 
individuals with scientific expertise that included familiarity with 
Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola and their 
habitats, biological needs, and threats. We received responses from one 
peer reviewer.
    We reviewed all comments received for substantive issues and new 
information regarding the listing of Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx 
concolor, and Varronia rupicola. The peer reviewer generally concurred 
with our conclusions in the proposed rule.

Public Comments

    During the public comment period, we received one comment letter 
that addressed the proposed listing and the proposed critical habitat 
designation. We did not receive any requests for a public hearing. 
Comments pertaining to the critical habitat designation are addressed 
in that final rule, which is published elsewhere in today's Federal 
Register. The letter received regarding the proposed listing supports 
the listing and provided suggestions to improve the final rule.

Comment on Climate Change and Our Response

    Specifically, the one substantive comment on the listing proposal 
we received stated that we should analyze climate change threats 
through the year 2100 at minimum. We do not have information to analyze 
the impacts of climate change through the year 2100. We evaluated 
climate change with the best scientific and commercial information 
available. At the moment, there are no specific studies discussing the 
projected impacts on any of these three species or their habitats. We 
discuss how changes caused by climate change may impact the three 
Caribbean plants in our threat assessment (October 22, 2013; 78 FR 
62560) and we examine the potential consequences to these species and 
their habitats that rise from changes in environmental conditions 
associated with various aspects of climate change (i.e., intensity of 
hurricanes and tropical storms, followed by extended period of 
drought), and how, in combination with other factors, climate change 
can increase the impacts on the species. As additional information 
becomes available, we will continue to address this threat, and develop 
actions to minimize the impact of climate change during the development 
of the recovery plan for the three Caribbean plants.

Summary of Changes From Proposed Rule

    In this final rule, we made no substantive changes to the proposed 
rule.

Background

Agave eggersiana

    Agave eggersiana is a flowering plant of the family Agavaceae 
(century plant family) endemic to the island of St. Croix in the U.S. 
Virgin Islands (USVI). It is currently known from coastal cliffs with 
sparse vegetation and dry coastal shrubland vegetation communities 
within the subtropical dry forest life zone of St. Croix, USVI (Ewel 
and Whitmore 1973, p. 72). The coastal cliffs where Agave eggersiana 
occurs are dominated by rocky formations and areas with less than 10 
percent vegetative cover. These coastal cliffs are exposed to extremes 
of wind, salt spray, and low moisture, and they are usually sparsely 
vegetated with a canopy less than 3.3 feet (ft) (1 meter (m)) in height 
(Gibney et al. 2000, p. 7; Moser et al. 2010, Appendix A-11). It is 
distinguished from other members of

[[Page 53305]]

the Agavaceae family by its acaulescent (without an evident leafy 
stem), non-suckering growth habit (vegetative reproduction that does 
not form offshoots around its base), and its fleshy, nearly straight 
leaves with small marginal prickles of 0.04 inches (in) (0.1 
centimeters (cm)) long that are nearly straight (Britton and Wilson 
1923, p. 156; Proctor and Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez 2005, p. 118). Its 
flowers are deep yellow and 2.0 to 2.34 in (5 to 6 cm) long. After 
flowering, the panicles (inflorescence) produce numerous small 
vegetative bulbs (bulbils), from which the species can be propagated 
(Proctor and Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez 2005, p. 118). Agave eggersiana 
is not known to produce fruit, and like other Agave species, is 
monocarpic, meaning the plant dies after producing the spike or 
inflorescence. Furthermore, based on observations of cultivated plants, 
A. eggersiana requires at least 10 to 15 years to develop as a mature 
individual and to produce an inflorescence (David Hamada, St. George 
Village Botanical Garden, pers. comm., 2010).

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor was described in 1970, as a new species of the 
genus Gonocalyx, family Ericaceae, for Puerto Rico (Nevling 1970, p. 
221). G. concolor is similar to G. portoricensis, differences in 
distribution and flower morphology indicate that they are well-
differentiated species (Nevling 1970, p. 224). G. concolor is a small 
evergreen shrub, mainly epiphytic (grows on the trunks of trees) or 
clambering (uses other vegetation as support), which may reach 15 ft 
(4.7 m) in length (Acevedo 2005, p. 227). It has been described as 
endemic from the elfin forest type at Cerro La Santa and from the 
ausubo (Manilkara bidentata) forest type at Charco Azul, both within 
the lower montane (an altitudinal zone in mountainous region 
characterized by distinctive flora and forest structure) very wet 
forest life zone in the Carite Commonwealth Forest (Ewel and Whitmore 
1973, p. 41).

Varronia rupicola

    Varronia rupicola was traditionally lumped into the genus Cordia. 
It has been identified in southwestern Puerto Rico, Vieques Island, and 
Anegada Island. It occurs on sites that lie within the subtropical dry 
forest life zone overlying a limestone substrate (Ewel and Whitmore 
1973, p. 72). Varronia rupicola is a large shrub reaching up to 16 ft 
(5 m) in height. The alternate leaves are ovate to elliptic, 0.8 to 3.5 
inches (in) (2 to 9 centimeters (cm)) long with an acute apex, rounded 
to obtuse at the base, and chartaceous (papery).
    Please refer to the proposed listing rule for Agave eggersiana, 
Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola (October 22, 2013; 78 FR 
62560) for the complete background information of the species.

Summary of Biological Status and Threats

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing 
regulations at 50 CFR part 424 set forth the procedures for adding 
species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and 
Plants. Under section 4(a)(1) of the Act, we may list a species based 
on any of the following five factors: (A) The present or threatened 
destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) 
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of 
existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade 
factors affecting its continued existence. Listing may be warranted 
based on any of the above threat factors, singly or in combination.
    Please refer to the five-factor analysis in the proposed rule under 
Summary of Factors Affecting the Species for a more detailed discussion 
for each species' status assessment (October 22, 2013; 78 FR 62560). 
Our assessment evaluated the biological status of the species and 
threats affecting its continued existence. The assessment was based 
upon the best available scientific and commercial information. A 
summary of these factors follows.

Summary of Factor A: The Present or Threatened Destruction, 
Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range

Agave eggersiana
    The Agave eggersiana population found in Great Pond is the only one 
located in a conservation area. The remaining populations occur within 
privately owned lands and are threatened by development, or are growing 
in areas that are already developed and managed as tourism and 
residential projects and that will not support the continued existence 
of the plants. Based on information reported by the University of the 
Virgin Islands' Conservation Data Center (USVI-CLWUP 2004), at least 
three of the populations (i.e., Protestant Cay, Gallows Bay, and 
Manchenil Bay) lie within areas identified by the Department of 
Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR) as high-density land use areas, 
and thus have a higher susceptibility to development in the near 
future. The coastal areas that harbor suitable habitat for the species 
are currently subject to urban and tourist development (O. Monsegur and 
M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010 and 2013). At least two proposed 
development projects have been identified within suitable habitat for 
the species (i.e., C&R Robin, LLC, and Seven Hills Beach Resort and 
Casino) (Weiss, CBD, pers. comm., 2010). Current information regarding 
the status of these development projects is not available to the 
Service.
    The population at Protestant Cay has been affected by construction 
and management activities associated with the current use of the area, 
i.e., the disposal of garden debris from a hotel in the species' known 
habitat (O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010). As 
Agave eggersiana relies on asexual reproduction, the species depends on 
the bulbils becoming established. Covering the bulbils with debris may 
result in subsequent mortality of the bulbils and lack of natural 
recruitment, thus affecting the long-term survival of this population. 
Moreover, individuals located on the edges of the population are pruned 
as part of the gardens' maintenance. This practice may result in 
mortality or mutilation of individuals because the species is 
monopodial (single growth axis). The population at Protestant Cay is 
also threatened by competition with nonnative plant species. In this 
case, habitat modifications from urban development (e.g., road) and 
garden maintenance have created conditions for the establishment of 
invasive, nonnative species. Also, the undeveloped habitat on the cay 
is being rapidly colonized by nonnative species (see Factor E 
discussion, below). A. eggersiana plants also seem to be stressed by 
competition with nonnative plants.
    Another modification of habitat in the area was a sand ramp 
constructed in 2011, on the northeast side of the cay (T. Cummins and 
W. Coles, DPNR, pers comm., 2011; R. Platenberg and T. Cummins, DPNR, 
pers. comm., 2012; Zegarra, Service, pers. comm., 2012). It was 
documented that at least five individuals of Agave eggersiana were 
crushed or otherwise impacted by the excavation work (R. Platenberg and 
T. Cummins, DPNR, pers. comm., 2012).
    The individuals located at Gallows Bay are within a developed 
residential complex that has the potential for future expansion, and 
thus may affect Agave eggersiana (O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, 
pers. obs., 2010 and 2013). Moreover, the Gallows Bay area does not 
contain additional habitat to allow

[[Page 53306]]

for population expansion. Remaining forested areas surrounding this 
location are characterized by an abundance of nonnative species. The 
small pockets that could be colonized by bulbils are occupied by 
Sansevieria cylindrica (African spear), a nonnative plant species that 
tends to form a complete cover of the understory (see Factor E 
discussion, below).
    The area from Cane Garden Bay to Manchenil Bay on the south coast 
of St. Croix harbors four of the known natural populations of Agave 
eggersiana (Manchenil Bay, Vagthus Point, Cane Garden, and South 
Shore). According to DPNR personnel (Valiulis, pers. comm., 2010), 
these areas are advertised by realtors for tourism and residential 
development. Furthermore, the areas along the south coast that have not 
been developed are used for cattle or hay production, minimizing the 
recovery of native vegetation and, therefore, the habitat for A. 
eggersiana (O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010 and 
2013). The development of tourist and residential projects in these 
coastal areas may result in the extirpation of some populations or, at 
the least, will reduce the chances of the populations to expand or to 
colonize other areas. The effects of development projects are 
exacerbated by the low potential for natural recruitment due to the 
small number of populations and individuals.
    The population of Great Pond is located between the entrance road 
of the East End Marine Park office and a private property currently 
advertised for sale. The population seems to be healthy based on the 
presence of different size plants and evidence of recent flowering 
events. However, the area near the population is mowed, and the access 
road limits the expansion of the population. Furthermore, the property 
adjacent to the population is privately owned and currently for sale 
(O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010 and 2013). The 
possible use of the area for additional residential or tourist 
development may affect the Agave eggersiana population. Owners will 
likely manage their properties as landscapes, which could lead to land 
clearing, additional mowing, other maintenance activities, and the 
introduction of nonnative plants. Moreover, the abundance of grasslands 
and the dominance of the nonnative plant Megathyrsus maximus (guinea 
grass) make the population of A. eggersiana susceptible to human-
induced fires (addressed under Factor E, below).
    The threats of possible construction and developments, and the 
current management of the habitat of the populations, may further limit 
the species. Direct consequences can be expected as impacting (harming) 
the individuals (e.g., cutting or mowing), while indirect consequences 
can be expected to create a habitat disturbance where nonnative plants 
can overpower Agave eggersiana. Currently, there are ongoing impacts on 
various populations that are expected to continue into the future.
Gonocalyx concolor
    Habitat destruction and modification have been identified by 
species expert as the main threat to Gonocalyx concolor (Proctor 1992, 
p. 3; O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. data, 2006; C. Pacheco and O. 
Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3). In 1974, the 
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico granted special use permits for the 
construction of telecommunications facilities, and governmental and 
recreational facilities, within G. concolor habitat, affecting 
approximately 107 ac (43.5 ha) of lower montane very wet forest 
(Silander et al. 1986, p. 178). Currently known populations of G. 
concolor at Cerro La Santa are found in remnants of elfin forest 
vegetation located adjacent (less than 246 ft (75 m)) from 
telecommunication facilities, and at the edges (less than 9.8 ft (3 m)) 
of the road that provide access to the telecommunication facilities (C. 
Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3). Below we 
discuss the three factors that may affect the current habitat or range 
of G. concolor: (1) Installation of telecommunication towers; (2) road 
improvement; and (3) vegetation management.
    Land-use history of Cerro La Santa has shown that installation of 
telecommunication facilities for television, radio, and cellular 
communication, and for military and governmental purposes, has 
adversely impacted Gonocalyx concolor's habitat (Silander et al., 1986, 
p. 178) and, although not documented, presumably has directly affected 
individuals of the species. George Proctor (1992, p. 3) stated that the 
construction of a paved road and gigantic telecommunication towers on 
the summit ridge of Cerro La Santa destroyed much of the natural 
population of this species. Currently, the telecommunication tower and 
its associated facilities (i.e., access roads, security fences, guy 
wires) occupy approximately 6.1 acres (ac) (2.5 hectares (ha)) of the 
elfin forest in Cerro La Santa; this is habitat that G. concolor may 
have occupied in the past (C. Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. 
report, 2013, p. 3). Although the populations at Cerro La Santa are 
located within a Commonwealth forest, this area is subjected to 
development for expansion of telecommunication infrastructure because 
permits to build new communication facilities or expand currently 
existing ones within or near Commonwealth forests are prevalent (DNER 
2004a, p. 2). Expansion of the existing telecommunication facilities 
may result in loss of 27 individuals of G. concolor and their habitat. 
In Puerto Rico, towers for cellular communication, radio, television, 
and military and governmental purposes have represented a threat to 
those plant species that happen to occur only on mountaintops. The 
proliferation of these antennas has increased with the advent of 
cellular phone and related technologies. While the towers themselves 
may not occupy a very large area, construction activities, access 
roads, and other facilities have a much wider impact, resulting in the 
elimination of potential habitat for the species.
    For the above reasons, we determined that installation of 
additional communications towers or expansion of the existing one at 
Cerro La Santa is a threat to Gonocalyx concolor by direct mortality 
and due to permanent loss, fragmentation, or alteration of its habitat.
    Construction of a new access road and improvement of the existing 
access road to the existing communication facilities have been 
identified as a factor that could directly (destruction of individuals) 
or indirectly (slope instability and habitat degradation) reduce the 
number Gonocalyx concolor and its habitat at Cerro La Santa (Proctor 
1992, p. 3; C. Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, 
p. 3). Further, expanding the road that provides access to the 
telecommunication facilities may negatively affect the species' habitat 
and could result in loss of 11 mature individuals of G. concolor (C. 
Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3). 
Additionally, clearing the native vegetation along the road may 
facilitate and accelerate colonization of invasive vegetation towards 
G. concolor habitat (see Factor E discussion, below). Destruction or 
modification of this kind of habitat may be irreversible. Therefore, 
the microhabitat conditions necessary for the recovery of the species 
may be lost if the habitat is modified for the expansion of the 
existing telecommunications facilities or construction of new 
communication facilities.

[[Page 53307]]

    Vegetation management around the existing telecommunication towers 
and associated facilities and along the existing power lines that 
energize these facilities is a threat to Gonocalyx concolor and its 
habitat (C. Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 
3). Telecommunication companies periodically remove vegetation along 
the access roads, around the security fences, and under the guy wires 
(tensors) that are anchored in the forest. Additionally, maintenance 
staff of the Puerto Rico Energy and Power Authority (PREPA) 
periodically trim and clear the vegetation under the existing power 
lines that provide energy to the telecommunication facilities and 
adjacent communities. Presently, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural 
and Environmental Resources (DNER) is aware of the presence of G. 
concolor and the need to implement conservation measures for the 
species in Cerro La Santa. The existing telecommunication facilities 
and PREPA usually have a restricted perimeter delimiting the area that 
can be mowed and trimmed. However, maintenance activities outside of 
the perimeter have been conducted without the coordination with the 
forest manager, affecting the forest vegetation and G. concolor habitat 
(Hecsor Serrano-Delgado, DNER, pers. comm., 2013; O. Monsegur, UPRM, 
unpubl. report, 2006, p.1). In 2006, Omar Monsegur documented damages 
to an individual of G. concolor caused by vegetation removal activities 
outside of the fences (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. report, 2006, p. 1). 
Additionally, clearing the native vegetation along the access roads, 
around the telecommunication facilities, and under the power lines may 
facilitate and accelerate colonization of invasive vegetation in G. 
concolor habitat. See Factor E, below, for further discussion on 
invasive species.
    Even though the population dynamics of the species are poorly 
known, we understand that the impacts discussed above could be 
detrimental to the species as a whole. Clearing of vegetation may 
result in direct impacts (cutting of individuals) or indirect impacts 
(by opening forest gaps that can serve as corridors for invasive 
species) to the species. Vegetation management and maintenance of 
communication towers and facilities are a threat to Gonocalyx concolor 
due to changes in microclimate (a local atmospheric zone where the 
climate differs from the surrounding area) and plant species 
composition. Also, vegetation management around the existing facilities 
and along the access roads may be a direct and indirect threat to the 
G. concolor because it may alter the habitat condition, allowing 
invasive plants to colonize the area, and may result in direct physical 
damage to the species.
    The species' rarity and restricted distribution makes it vulnerable 
to habitat destruction and modification. The scope of these factors is 
exacerbated because the most significant portion of the known 
population occurs adjacent to telecommunication facilities and at the 
edge of the existing access road. The activities related to these 
facilities are expected to continue into the future. Therefore, they 
are likely to have significant impact on Gonocalyx concolor.
Varronia rupicola
    The species' rarity and restricted distribution make it vulnerable 
to habitat destruction and modification. About 50 percent of known 
Varronia rupicola individuals in Puerto Rico occur on private lands 
(i.e., Yauco, Pe[ntilde]uelas, and Ponce) in areas subject to urban 
development. Moreover, the habitat at Pe[ntilde]uelas and Ponce may 
remain underestimated in relation to the presence of the species as the 
area has not been extensively explored. The habitat in the 
municipalities of Pe[ntilde]uelas and Ponce has been severely 
fragmented for urban development (i.e., housing projects, hotels, 
jails, landfills, rock quarries, and Puerto Rico Highway Number 2 (PR 
2)). The habitat has been further fragmented by the use of these 
forested areas by PREPA as a right-of-way for power lines, and 
additional habitat was impacted for a former proposed gas pipeline 
(Gasoducto Sur). At least 1,200 ac (485 ha) of prime dry forest habitat 
from Gu[aacute]nica to Ponce are currently proposed for urban and 
industrial developments, which are evaluated by the Puerto Rico 
planning board (https://www.jp.gobierno.pr). These include the areas 
where the Ponce populations were located by Service staff. Future 
projects may threaten these populations with fragmentation, and 
possibly extirpate currently known individuals. Despite the species' 
biology suggesting its ability to colonize disturbed areas, it is very 
likely that once the habitat is fragmented, V. rupicola will be 
outcompeted by nonnative plant species (see Factor E discussion).
    In Pe[ntilde]uelas, the species is found in an area that is 
currently under urban development. Breckon and Kolterman (1996) 
reported a healthy population of Varronia rupicola in this area located 
at El Pe[ntilde][oacute]n de Ponce (Municipality of Pe[ntilde]uelas), 
which is part of a residential development called ``Urbanizaci[oacute]n 
El Pe[ntilde][oacute]n.'' At this site, V. rupicola plants grows within 
residential lots, and although the lots are large in size, current and 
ongoing construction and deforestation (some lots have been completely 
cleared for house construction) threaten this population. In 2007, 
Monsegur and Breckon (2007, p. 6) reported that one individual plant 
adjacent to ``Urbanizaci[oacute]n El Pe[ntilde]on'' was eliminated by 
the improvement of PR 2. The authors reported that vegetation was 
removed and the area was bulldozed, apparently as part of a project to 
control run-off from the ravine.
    In Yauco, the species occurs within private properties that may be 
subject to urban development (https://www.jp.gobierno.pr). In fact, 
urban development has encroached remnants of native dry forest areas, 
resulting in the isolation or disjunction of populations of rare 
plants, hence, reducing suitable habitat for the species. These areas 
are also threatened by deforestation for agricultural practices such as 
raising cattle, cattle grazing, and for the extraction of fence posts 
(O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2005). The known population at Yauco 
was observed at the edge of an existing dirt road. Therefore, any road 
expansion may result in the extirpation of individuals, habitat 
modification, and intrusion of nonnative plants.
    In the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest and the Vieques Island 
National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Varronia rupicola is found at the edge 
of trails and roads, making the species prone to be affected by 
management activities (e.g., widening of trails, road repairs). 
Additionally, several individuals of V. rupicola are found underneath 
power lines of PREPA at the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest, where 
they are threatened by maintenance activities such as cutting or the 
use of herbicides. PREPA has the right to access the power lines for 
maintenance and service in case of emergencies. Damage to individual 
plants caused by maintenance activities has been observed in the past 
(O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2009). This makes a significant part 
of the Gu[aacute]nica populations prone to extirpation, despite the 
existence of regulatory mechanisms (see Factor D discussion, below).
    Furthermore, despite being a National Wildlife Refuge, the Vieques 
site (Puerto Ferro) is considered as an active ammunition site due to 
the previous use of Vieques Island as a bombing range by the U.S. Navy 
(https://www.navfac.navy.mil/productsandservices/ev/
productsandservices/envrestoration/
installationmap/navfac

[[Page 53308]]

atlantic/vieques.html). Although there are no current plans to conduct 
vegetation removal to investigate the ammunitions in Puerto Ferro (F. 
Lopez, Service, pers. comm., 2013), the investigation process at 
Vieques has proved to be dynamic and there is a possibility that 
clearing of native vegetation will be required to conduct removal of 
ammunitions in the future.
    Varronia rupicola is also found in the western half of Anegada 
Island, and the population appears to be healthy. However, despite 
efforts to maintain biodiversity and promote conservation on Anegada, 
V. rupicola, along with other rare plant species and their preferred 
limestone habitat, faces threats of future habitat fragmentation, 
habitat modification, and invasive species (Pollard and Clubbe 2003, p. 
5; McGowan et al., 2006, p. 4). Anegada is under heavy pressure for 
residential and tourism development (McGowan et al., 2006, p. 4), 
resulting in improvement and construction of roads, which increase 
habitat loss and fragmentation.
    Degradation of habitat represents a threat to Varronia rupicola. 
About half of the known populations of V. rupicola and its suitable 
habitat are within privately owned land, which is being modified or is 
proposed to be modified for urban development. In addition, habitat 
fragmentation by clearing of vegetation, road construction, and right-
of-way maintenance (cutting plants and use of herbicides) can limit the 
species' survivability where these activities create the conditions for 
nonnative plants to outcompete V. rupicola. We expect that this threat 
will continue and become more significant in the future.

Summary of Factor B: Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, 
Scientific, or Educational Purposes

    Agave eggersiana is recognized as an ornamental plant, and is 
locally distributed by botanical gardens (St. George Village Botanical 
Garden) and the St. Croix Environmental Association to residents for 
use in private gardens. Most cultivated populations are groomed, and 
the residents do not allow natural recruitment. Therefore, we consider 
collection to be a threat to the species, due to the few remaining 
natural populations and the demand for these plants as ornamentals. 
Over-collection from natural populations may compromise the natural 
recruitment and the recovery of Agave eggersiana.
    We do not believe that over-collection is a threat to Gonocalyx 
concolor or Varronia rupicola.

Summary of Factor C: Disease or Predation

    The genus Agave is widely affected by the agave snout weevil 
(Scyphophorus acupunctatus). This weevil has a wide distribution that 
includes the Greater Antilles (i.e., Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and 
Puerto Rico) (Vaurie 1971, p. 4; Setliff and Anderson 2011, p. 1). The 
larvae of this weevil feed on the starchy base of the plant, increasing 
the risk of infestation by pathogens such as a virus or fungus, later 
resulting in the death of the plant (Vaurie 1971, p. 4). At this time, 
there is no information about the occurrence of the agave snout weevil 
within St. Croix. However, it has been documented to be found on 
adjacent islands such as St. Thomas and Water Island.
    We do not have evidence of the agave snout weevil's presence on St. 
Croix, nor specifically on Agave eggersiana. However, given the 
abundance of potential weevil carrying vectors (such as nonnative 
agaves transplanted from other islands in local gardens), we consider 
that the weevil's arrival to this island to be likely. The agave snout 
weevil's presence on nearby islands is a concern, especially where 
there is constant traffic (commuting) among islands with local and 
international trade. This could potentially increase the risk of this 
weevil to arrive and infest the island at any time. Moreover, the 
island of St. Croix harbors other types of Agave, which could 
potentially become stepping stones for the weevil to spread and infest 
the few and limited populations of A. eggersiana.
    Scar tissue has been observed on some individuals of Agave 
eggersiana, but there is no direct evidence that the severity of this 
stressor has affected the species as a whole. However, disease caused 
by the agave snout weevil could potentially affect A. eggersiana at a 
population level if it was located on St. Croix. Thus, based on our 
analysis of the best available scientific and commercial available 
data, we find that disease may become a significant threat to the 
overall status of A. eggersiana by affecting the long-term survival of 
the species.
    We have no information indicating that disease or predation is a 
current threat to Gonocalyx concolor or Varronia rupicola.

Summary of Factor D: The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

    The Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands currently considers Agave 
eggersiana as endangered under the Virgin Islands Indigenous and 
Endangered Species Act (Law No. 5665) (V.I. Code, Title 12, Chapter 2). 
This law, signed in 1990, amended an existing regulation (Bill No. 18-
0403) to provide for the protection of endangered and threatened 
wildlife and plants by prohibiting the take, injury, or possession of 
indigenous plants. As we mentioned above, A. eggersiana is currently 
being used for private landscaping on St. Croix. At present, we do not 
have information about the sources of the individuals used for such 
purposes. However, we are concerned about the removal of individuals 
from natural populations for landscaping. Based on the number of 
individuals currently used for private gardens and the landscape 
practices in private areas, such as pruning and mowing of populations, 
we believe that protection provisions under local regulation may not be 
appropriately enforced. Rothenberger et al. (2008, p. 68) indicated 
that the lack of management and enforcement capacity continues to be a 
significant challenge for the USVI, because enforcement agencies are 
chronically understaffed, and territorial resource management offices 
experience significant staff turnover, particularly during 
administration changes.
    One of the currently known populations of Varronia rupicola lies 
within the Vieques NWR (Puerto Ferro population). Collecting and 
managing plant material (including seeds) within a national wildlife 
refuge are regulated, and require a permit from the refuge manager (FWS 
Form 3-1383-R). The National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act 
of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee, as amended by the National Wildlife 
Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997) provides guidance for management 
and public use of the refuge system.
    In 1999, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico approved Law No. 241, also 
known as New Wildlife Law of Puerto Rico (``Nueva Ley de Vida Silvestre 
de Puerto Rico''). The purpose of this law is to protect, conserve, and 
enhance both native and migratory wildlife species, including plants; 
declare all wildlife species within its jurisdiction as property of 
Puerto Rico; and regulate permits, hunting activities, and nonnative 
species, among others. However, as we mentioned above under the Factor 
A discussion, despite this protection some individuals of Gonocalyx 
concolor and Varronia rupicola have been pruned, and in some cases 
eliminated, as result of unauthorized activities, such as vegetation 
removal within the Commonwealth Forest (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. 
report, 2006, p. 1) and within privately owned lands

[[Page 53309]]

(Monsegur and Breckon 2007, p. 6). Therefore, we believe that 
protection provisions under Law No. 241 are not being adequately 
enforced.
    In 1998, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico approved Commonwealth Law 
No. 150, known as Puerto Rico Natural Heritage Law (Ley del Programa de 
Patrimonio Natural de Puerto Rico). The purpose of Law No. 150 is to 
create the DNER Natural Heritage Program. This program has the 
responsibility to identify and designate as critical elements some 
rare, endangered, or threatened species that should be considered for 
conservation, because of their contribution to biodiversity and because 
of their importance to the natural heritage (DNR 1988, p.1). Currently, 
Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola are considered as critical 
elements by the DNER Natural Heritage Program. Law No. 150 does not 
provide penalties for actions that may adversely affect critical 
elements; however, the law triggers other Commonwealth laws and 
regulations, such as Law No. 133 and Regulation No. 6769 (see below), 
that provide protection to critical elements.
    The Carite and Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forests are protected by 
Law No. 133 (12 L.P.R.A. sec. 191), 1975, as amended, known as the 
Puerto Rico Forest Law (``Ley de Bosques de Puerto Rico''), as amended 
in 2000. Section 8(A) of Law No. 133 prohibits cutting, killing, 
destroying, uprooting, extracting, or in any way damaging any tree or 
vegetation within a Commonwealth forest without authorization of the 
Secretary of the DNER. Although management plans for Commonwealth 
forests include the protection and conservation of species classified 
under DNER regulations as critical element, endangered, or threatened, 
on occasions the location of such species in the forests makes 
enforcement of these regulations a difficult task. As previously 
mentioned, Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola are located 
adjacent to trails, near access roads, and below power lines, where 
they are susceptible to maintenance practices. According to DNER forest 
managers, on several occasions, coordination between forest personnel 
and field staff from PREPA has not been effective to avoid damaging 
species protected by Commonwealth laws, including V. rupicola and G. 
concolor (M. Canals, DNER, pers. comm. 2008; H. Serrano-Delgado, DNER, 
pers. comm. 2013).
    In 2004, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico adopted Regulation No. 
6769, Regulation of Special Permits for the Use of Communications and 
Buildings Associated to Electronic Systems of Communication within 
Commonwealth Forests in Puerto Rico (``Reglamento de Permisos 
Especiales para Uso de Comunicaciones y Edificaciones Asosiadas a 
Sistemas Electr[oacute]nicos de comunicaci[oacute]n en los Bosques 
Estatales''), which provides guidance for the installation and 
maintenance of telecommunication facilities within Commonwealth forests 
and for the protection of natural resources. Article 7(d) of this 
regulation states that during installation, operation, and maintenance 
of telecommunication facilities, conservation measures should be taken 
to avoid or minimize impacts on species protected by DNER and Federal 
agencies (DNER 2004a, p. 13). However, individuals of Gonocalyx 
concolor have been affected by maintenance activities of existing 
communication facilities, making implementation of this regulation a 
challenging task (see discussion under Factor A, above, and Factor E, 
below).
    In 2004, DNER approved Regulation 6766 to regulate the management 
of endangered and threatened species in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 
(``Reglamento para Regir el Manejo de las Especies Vulnerables y en 
Peligro de Extinci[oacute]n en el Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto 
Rico''). Article 2.06 of Regulation 6766 prohibits collecting, cutting, 
and removing, among other activities, listed plants within the 
jurisdiction of Puerto Rico. Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola 
are not included in the list of protected species under Regulation 
6766. However, as indicated above, Law No. 241 provides protection to 
all wildlife species (including plants) under Commonwealth 
jurisdiction, even those on private lands.
    On the island of Anegada, there are various conservation and 
education efforts taking place for the protection of rare plant and 
animal species (Wenger et al. 2010, p. 8). However, we are unaware of 
any formal regulatory mechanism for protecting Varronia rupicola. On 
November 3, 1999, a portion of western Anegada (2,646 ac (1,071 ha)) 
was designated as a Ramsar site and added to the List of Wetlands of 
International Importance (Western Salt Ponds of Anegada). A portion of 
the preferred limestone habitat of V. rupicola lies within this site, 
which is owned by the British government. Although this designation 
does not necessarily provide legal protection status, the purpose of 
Ramsar sites is to ensure the perpetuation of ecological functions of 
those sites by means of a wise-use approach.
    In summary, Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia 
rupicola and their habitats are partially protected by Federal, 
Commonwealth, Territory, and local regulations. However, after 
evaluating the information available on the implementation of the 
existing laws, we determined those regulatory mechanisms do not provide 
adequate protection to the species. In particular, the enforcement of 
existing laws has not been effective, because harming or injuring 
(mowing or pruning) Agave eggersiana has been reported. In addition, 
the implementation and enforcement of measures to protect individuals 
of V. rupicola located adjacent to existing trails and below power 
lines within Commonwealth forests have not been effective. The same 
problem has occurred with G. concolor during maintenance of 
communication towers. Additionally, enforcement on private lands 
continues to be a challenge, as accidental damage or extirpation of 
individuals has occurred due to lack of knowledge of the species by 
private landowners.

Summary of Factor E: Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their 
Continued Existence

Invasive Species
    Invasive plant species can affect native ecosystems at three 
levels: the genetic level, where the number of individuals of native 
species can be reduced below the minimum necessary for persistence; the 
species diversity level, where the number of species present and their 
distribution can be reduced; and the ecosystem level, where the 
functioning of the ecosystem can be changed (Rippey et al. 2002, p. 
170). Nonnative species can be very aggressive and compete with native 
species for sunlight, nutrients, water, and ground cover. Once 
established, these nonnative species typically dominate the landscape, 
and the novel forest is characterized by a decrease in the number of 
endemics (Lugo and Helmer 2003, p. 145). The impacts of invasive 
species are among the greatest threat to the persistence of native rare 
species and their habitats (Thomson 2005, p. 615).
    Although invasive plant species have not been documented as a 
current threat to Varronia rupicola, they may become so in the future. 
Studies conducted within the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest 
indicate that some nonnative tree species (e.g., Leucaena leucocephala) 
can persist as a dominant canopy species for at least 80 years (Wolfe 
2009, p. 2). The same is expected to occur

[[Page 53310]]

with nonnative grass species (e.g., Megathyrsus maximus). These 
invasive species may invade recently disturbed (naturally or by human 
impacts) areas and occupy the suitable habitat of V. rupicola. Despite 
the quality and overall diversity of the habitat that harbors V. 
rupicola populations in the southern coast of Puerto Rico, recent 
developments and habitat fragmentation have served as a corridor for 
invasive species (e.g., right-of-way for the former Gasoducto Sur; O. 
Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2013). On the island of Anegada, 
numerous invasive plants have been documented in the town of The 
Settlement, three of which have been observed moving towards natural 
habitats (McGowan et al. 2006, p. 4), further promoting the risk of 
wildfires that can affect V. rupicola.
    With respect to Agave eggersiana, the populations at Protestant 
Cay, Gallows Bay, and Great Pond are surrounded by dense stands of 
different species of Sansevieria, an herb native to Africa. This 
invasive species seems to be occupying the ecological niche adjacent to 
known populations of A. eggersiana (O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 
2013). This invasive species can constrain the number of individuals of 
A. eggersiana and reduce the species' limited populations even more.
    Invasive native plants, such as the ferns Gleichenella pectinata 
and Sticherus bifidus, may invade and alter diverse native communities, 
often resulting in plant monocultures that support few wildlife species 
(Walker et al. 2010, p. 627). These ferns can colonize disturbed areas 
faster than other native plants and may grow into dense mats, thereby 
excluding native plants (Walker et al. 2010, p. 634). Additionally, the 
mats formed by these species serve as fuel for fires and, in fact, 
seems to be fire-tolerant. The invasive, nonnative grass Pennisetum 
purpureum (elephant grass) is a fire-adapted species that, in dense 
growth, can suppress most grasses, herbs, and tree seedlings (J. K. 
Francis, ITF, internet data, 2013).
    These invasive ferns and grass are currently found occupying areas 
disturbed by fire, landslides, and road construction in Cerro La Santa, 
and have the potential to affect Gonocalyx concolor by increasing fire 
incidences, microclimate, and nutrient cycling of the habitat on which 
this species depends. At present, we have no information about the 
competitive abilities of G. concolor in such a situation. Therefore, 
the effect of invasive species within the G. concolor habitat should be 
considered a threat to the species.
Human-Induced Fires
    Fire is not a natural event in subtropical dry or moist forests in 
Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands. The vegetation in the 
Caribbean is not adapted to fires, because this disturbance does not 
naturally occur on these islands (Brandeis and Woodall 2008, p. 557; 
Santiago-Garc[iacute]a et al. 2008, p. 604). Human-induced fires could 
modify the landscape by promoting nonnative trees and grasses, and by 
diminishing the seed bank of native species (Brandeis and Woodall 2008, 
p. 557). In some cases, fires may maintain extensive areas of young 
forest and grasslands, slowing the recovery of ecosysems and, 
therefore, impairing the delivery of ecosystem services (Brandeis and 
Woodall 2008, p. 557). For example, the nonnative Megathyrsus maximus 
is well adapted to fires and typically colonizes areas that were 
previously covered by native vegetation. Furthermore, the presence of 
this species increases the amount of fuel and the intensity of fires. 
Therefore, damage caused by fires to the ecosystems, particularly to 
juvenile plants, might be irreversible.
    Human-induced fires may lead to destruction of the native 
vegetation seed bank and may create conditions favorable for the 
establishment of nonnative plant species adapted to fires (e.g., 
Leucaena leucocephala and Megathyrsus maximus) that may outcompete 
Varronia rupicola and Agave eggersiana. Furthermore, the presence of M. 
maximus and other grass species increases the amount of fuel and the 
intensity of fires that may affect endemic populations. Seedling 
mortality after fires is related to the differences on fuel loads and 
the different fire intensities (Santiago-Garc[iacute]a et al. 2008, p. 
607). The V. rupicola populations that occur along the municipalities 
of Yauco, Pe[ntilde]uelas, and Ponce are susceptible to forest fires, 
particularly on private lands where fires are accidentally or 
deliberately ignited. Evidence of recent fires within the habitat and 
adjacent to known populations of V. rupicola in Pe[ntilde]uelas and 
Ponce have been observed by Service biologist Omar Monsegur (2011 and 
2013). Varronia rupicola populations within the Gu[aacute]nica 
Commonwealth Forest may be protected, as this conservation area has an 
active fire control program (M. Canals, DNER, pers. comm. 2008). 
Nonetheless, Miguel Canals, Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest Manager, 
indicates that fires still occur in the forest, particularly on the 
periphery along roads (Canals, DNER, pers. comm. 2008). Moreover, 
accidental fires have been reported below the PREPA power lines 
adjacent to known populations of V. rupicola.
    On the island of St. Croix, human-induced fires are also frequently 
reported, and most of them appear to have been originated close to 
existing roads (Chakroff 2010, p. 41). Estate Granard, Estate Jack's 
Bay, and Estate Isaacs Bay are among the areas identified as fire 
hotspots (Chakroff 2010, p. 42). One of the extant populations of Agave 
eggersiana is found on Estate Granard, and Jack's Bay and Isaacs Bay 
Estates are within the historical range for the species. In fact, from 
2006 to 2009, there were between one and six fires in these estates 
(Chakroff 2010, p. 42). Human-induced fires particularly threaten the 
A. eggersiana population at Great Pond due to the abundance of 
nonnative grasses in this area. Service's personnel in St. Croix just 
documented a wildfire affecting the population of Catesbaea melanocarpa 
(Claudia Lombard, Service, pers. comm. 2013). This population is 
located less than 0.3 mi (0.5 km) from the A. eggersiana population at 
Manchenil Bay.
    Human-induced fire is also a current threat to Gonocalyx concolor 
at Cerro La Santa. Areas adjacent to (less than 33 ft (10 m) from) a 
population of this species have been affected by such fires (O. 
Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. data, 2006). Fire effects could accelerate the 
colonization of invasive plants and change the vegetation composition 
of Cerro La Santa (see discussion under Factor A, above). Currently, 
Pennisetum purpureum, a nonnative grass, is occupying these areas, 
making them vulnerable to human-induced fires. During the dry season 
(March through May), the fern Gleichenella pectinata, and other fern 
species that have colonized landslides and roadsides, form dense mats 
of dry material that serve as fuel for fires. Although Cerro La Santa 
is located in the wet forest, fires still occur in the area, 
particularly along roads, during the dry season (C. Pacheco, USFWS, 
pers. obs. 2013). Due to the small size of G. concolor populations and 
their proximity to areas susceptible to human-induced fires, the 
Service considers habitat modification by fires as a threat to the 
species.
Hurricanes and Climate Change
    The islands of the Caribbean are frequently affected by hurricanes. 
The U.S. Virgin Islands have been hit by five major hurricanes in 
recent years: Hugo (1989), Luis and Marilyn (1995), Lenny (1999), and 
Omar (2008). Examples of the visible effects of hurricanes on the

[[Page 53311]]

ecosystem include massive defoliation, snapped and wind-thrown trees, 
large debris accumulations, landslides, debris flows, altered stream 
channels, and transformed beaches (Lugo 2008, p. 368). Successional 
responses to hurricanes can influence the structure and composition of 
plant communities in the Caribbean islands (Van Bloem et al. 2003, p. 
137; Van Bloem et al. 2005, p. 572; Van Bloem et al. 2006, p. 517; Lugo 
2000, p. 245). Hurricanes can produce sudden and massive tree 
mortality, which is variable among species (Lugo 2000, p. 245). As 
endemics to the Caribbean, Varronia rupicola, Agave eggersiana, and 
Gonocalyx concolor would be expected to be well adapted to tropical 
storms and the prevailing environmental conditions in this geographical 
area. However, the resilience of rare and endangered native species 
populations may be limited or constricted by the reduced number of 
populations and individuals, making the populations vulnerable to 
stochastic events.
    The reduced number and small size of Varronia rupicola and Agave 
eggersiana populations in Puerto Rico and St. Croix, respectively, make 
these species susceptible to hurricanes impacts (e.g., extirpation). In 
the case of A. eggersiana, the impacts may be exacerbated by the 
reproductive biology of the species (i.e., the species depends on 
asexual reproduction, plants dying after flowering, and limited 
dispersal of bulbils). Therefore, impacts to a population may 
compromise its natural recruitment. In addition, for V. rupicola, a 
severe hurricane could result in extensive defoliation and could cause 
stem damage.
    Populations of Varronia rupicola may be threatened by climate 
change, which is predicted to increase the frequency and strength of 
tropical storms and can cause severe droughts (Hopkinson et al. 2008, 
p. 260). Rather than assessing climate change as a single threat, we 
examined the potential consequences to species and their habitats that 
arise from changes in environmental conditions associated with various 
aspects of climate change. For example, climate-related changes to 
habitats or conditions that exceed the physiological tolerances of a 
species, occurring individually or in combination, may affect the 
status of a species. In fact, vulnerability to climate change impacts 
is a function of sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity of 
species (IPCC 2007, p. 89; Glick and Stein 2010, p. 19). For instance, 
severe droughts may compromise seedling recruitment, as they may result 
in deaths of small plants, or may compromise the viability of seeds. 
Despite the wide distribution of V. rupicola and the number of 
populations, the number of individuals per population may be too low to 
sustain a positive recruitment of individuals. This may explain the low 
number of intermediate-sized, nonreproductive individuals of V. 
rupicola observed in Gu[aacute]nica and Ponce, when compared to the 
high numbers of young seedlings (Omar A. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs. 
2013).
    On the island of Anegada, climate-induced sea-level rise could lead 
to the extirpation of Varronia rupicola. The preferred habitat of this 
species on that island is in lower elevations, and more than 40 percent 
of the island is less than 9.8 ft (3 m) above sea level (Wenger et al. 
2010, p. 8). Similarly, Agave eggersiana occurs very close to beach 
areas in coastal areas. At least two A. eggersiana populations are 
located on a coastal cliff, susceptible to coastal erosion and 
landslides. Therefore, we believe that cyclonic surges and coastal 
erosion associated with hurricanes may significantly affect the 
populations located along the coastal areas of St. Croix (i.e., 
Manchenil Bay, South Shore, Cane Garden, Vagthus Point, and Protestant 
Cay), due to their proximity to cliffs and the shoreline.
    The limited distribution and low number of populations (3) and 
individuals (172 historically reported) of Gonocalyx concolor may 
exacerbate its vulnerability to natural events such as hurricanes and 
landslides, and compromise its continued existence. Damage to higher 
elevation forested habitat is usually greater during hurricane events 
(Weaver 2008, p. 150). Gonocalyx concolor is extremely vulnerable due 
to its habitat requirements and the fact that it is usually found 
growing on the canopy of the tallest trees in Cerro La Santa and Charco 
Azul. The species is usually associated with old trees with abundant 
vines and epiphytes that provide horizontal structure for the 
colonization of the species (probably a habitat requirement for the 
germination of seeds). Hurricane winds often lead to tree defoliation, 
loss of small and large branches, and uprooting, resulting in damage to 
adjacent trees and understory vegetation. As a result, gaps are 
produced in the vegetation, causing temporary changes in the understory 
microclimate due to high light levels and temperature (Walker et al. 
2010, p. 626). Therefore, damage to the forest canopy may result in a 
direct impact to individuals of G. concolor that may fall to the ground 
and probably be outcompeted by pioneer plant species that get 
established during early successional stages after hurricanes.
    The recovery of elfin forest vegetation after hurricanes is usually 
slow, and the early regeneration process is dominated by a few species 
(Weaver 2008, p. 150). Furthermore, in the absence of knowledge of the 
reproductive capacity and ecological requirements of Gonocalyx 
concolor, it is difficult to predict its recovery after natural events 
such as hurricanes and tropical storms, particularly when the frequency 
and intensity of these weather events is expected to increase with 
climate change.
    The habitat where Gonocalyx concolor occurs is susceptible to 
landslides during rain events mostly associated with tropical storms 
and hurricanes. Sometimes rainfall reaches 24 in (60 cm) in a single 
storm event, causing floods and interacting with topography and 
geologic substrate to induce mass wasting events (e.g., landslides; 
Lugo 2000, p. 246). In 1998, during Hurricane Georges, a landslide 
adversely affected approximately 2 ac (0.8 ha) of elfin forest at Cerro 
La Santa (Hecsor Serrano-Delgado, DNER, pers. comm. 2013). A massive 
landslide in the area where the species occurs would not only take out 
individuals of G. concolor, but would also modify the habitat necessary 
for the species and lead to conditions favoring the establishment of 
invasive and weedy vegetation that may permanently modify the habitat 
and outcompete G. concolor (see invasive species discussion under 
Factor E, above). As documented during Hurricane Georges, and based on 
the current conditions of the habitat at Cerro La Santa and Charco 
Azul, landslides are a current threat to this species. As with Agave 
eggersiana and Varronia rupicola (see discussion above), overall impact 
and the cumulative effects of climate change are also expected to have 
long-term adverse effects on G. concolor. Gonocalyx concolor is 
considered a species with very specific ecological requirements and 
that occupies biological islands (i.e., dwarf forests on high 
elevations of Puerto Rico). Thus, predicted changes on the structure of 
the vegetation due to climate change may result in the irreversible 
extirpation of the prime habitat for the species.
Low Reproductive Capacity, Highly Specialized Ecological Requirements, 
and Genetic Variation
    Small and isolated populations of rare plants often display reduced 
fitness as reduced reproductive output, seedling performance, or pollen 
viability (Holmes et al. 2008, p. 1031). In the case

[[Page 53312]]

of Gonocalyx concolor, little is known about its reproductive capacity, 
recruitment, and genetic variation. The low number of individuals per 
population of a monoecious species (both sexes in the same flower), 
like G. concolor, suggests it has highly specialized ecological 
requirements, production of viable seeds rarely occurs, or there is a 
pollinator limitation. Despite the ongoing monitoring of the known 
population of G. concolor, no seedling recruitment has been observed in 
the wild. Knowing the phenology of a plant showing limited distribution 
is important in understanding the species' biology and ecology, such as 
the timing of flowering, fruiting, germination and subsequent growth, 
and accumulation of biomass in the field (Ruml and Vulic 2005, p. 218). 
Additionally, given the extremely limited geographic distribution of G. 
concolor, it is likely that its genetic variability is low.
    In the case of Agave eggersiana, its reproductive biology is 
characterized by its dependence on asexual reproduction (i.e., 
bulbils). Current evidence suggests that the wild and cultivated 
populations of A. eggersiana have minimum genetic variation. This would 
result in the loss of alleles by random genetic drift, which would 
limit the species' ability to respond to changes in the environment 
(Honnay and Jacquemyn 2007, p. 824).

Cumulative Effects: Factors A through E

Agave eggersiana
    The limited distributions and small population sizes of Agave 
eggersiana make this species very susceptible to further habitat loss 
(Factor A), diseases (Factor C), and competition with nonnative species 
(Factor E). Hurricanes, human-induced fires, and climate changes 
(Factor E) exacerbate current threats to the species. Furthermore, 
although the species is protected by territorial law, enforcement still 
is a challenge (Factor D), threatening the continued survival of the 
species. While these threats may act in isolation, it is very likely 
that two or more of these stressors (e.g., habitat loss and diseases) 
act simultaneously or in combination, resulting in cumulative impacts 
to populations of A. eggersiana.
Gonocalyx concolor
    The rarity and specialized ecological requirements of Gonocalyx 
concolor (Factor E) make this species extremely vulnerable to habitat 
destruction or modification (Factor A), and to other natural or manmade 
factors, such as low reproductive capacity, possible low genetic 
variation, invasive species, hurricanes, landslides, human-induced 
fires, and climate change, particularly because it is confined to small 
geographical areas (Factor E). Furthermore, implementation and 
enforcement of effective measures to protect G. concolor have not 
prevented impacts to the species (Factor D). Although the above 
mentioned threats may act in isolation, it is very likely that two or 
more of these stressors act simultaneously or in combination (e.g., 
hurricanes and landslides; fires and invasion of nonnative plant 
species), resulting in cumulative impacts to populations of G. 
concolor, challenging its recovery.
Varronia rupicola
    Varronia rupicola has a somewhat extended distribution in southern 
Puerto Rico. However, the species is represented by small and 
fragmented populations, and about half of them occur within private 
lands subject to urban development, making the species prone to 
destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat (Factor A). 
Moreover, other natural or manmade factors such as invasive species, 
human-induced fires, hurricanes, and climate change (Factor E) also 
pose threats to V. rupicola. Implementation and enforcement of 
regulatory mechanisms to protect the species have not been effective, 
particularly because enforcement on private lands continues to be a 
challenge (Factor D). Therefore, it is very likely that cumulative 
effects of these threats (e.g., poorly implemented regulatory 
mechanisms and habitat destruction) result in limitation, or even local 
extirpation, of V. rupicola populations.

Determinations

Determination for Agave eggersiana

    Agave eggersiana is threatened by limited habitat and habitat loss 
(e.g., construction of roads, and residential and tourist developments 
and landscaping (Factor A)) and the potential for a disease to wipe out 
the limited populations (Factor C). In addition, agave is threatened by 
a high possibility of commercial collection for ornamental uses (Factor 
B), and competition with invasive, nonnative plants, as well as 
hurricanes and human-induced fires, which are further exacerbated by 
climate change (Factor E). Due to lack of enforcement, existing 
regulatory mechanisms are not adequately reducing these threats (Factor 
D). All of these threats currently occur rangewide and are likely to 
continue into the foreseeable future at a medium to high intensity.
    Based on our evaluation of the best available scientific and 
commercial information on the species, the significant threats 
affecting Agave eggersiana and its habitat, as well as future potential 
threats, we have determined the species is currently in danger of 
extinction throughout all of its range, as a result of the severity and 
immediacy of threats currently impacting the species. The remaining 
habitat and populations are threatened by a variety of factors acting 
in combination to reduce the overall survivorship of A. eggersiana. The 
risk of extinction for A. eggersiana is high because the remaining 
populations are isolated and small. Therefore, we have determined that 
A. eggersiana meets the definition of an endangered species in 
accordance with sections 3(6) and 4(a)(1) of the Act. We find that a 
threatened species status is not appropriate for A. eggersiana because 
the species is very limited in numbers and in populations, and because 
threats are current and ongoing, occurring rangewide, and expected to 
increase and continue into the future.
    As stated above, the threats to the survival of A. eggersiana occur 
throughout the species' range and are not restricted to any particular 
significant portion of that range. Accordingly, our assessment and 
determination applies to the species throughout its entire range.

Determination for Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor has a very limited distribution. According to 
our assessment, this species is threatened by habitat destruction or 
modification (Factor A) associated with maintenance and potential 
expansion of telecommunication facilities, and to other natural or 
manmade factors (i.e., low reproductive capacity, possible low genetic 
variation, invasive species, hurricanes, landslides, human-induced 
fires, and climate change (Factor E)). Due to ineffective 
implementation and enforcement, existing regulatory mechanisms are not 
adequately reducing these threats (Factor D). All of these threats 
currently occur rangewide and are likely to continue into the 
foreseeable future at a medium to high intensity.
    Based on our evaluation of the best available scientific and 
commercial information on the species, the significant threats 
affecting Gonocalyx concolor and its habitat, as well as future 
potential threats, we have determined the species is currently in 
danger of extinction throughout all of its range, because of the 
severity and immediacy of threats currently

[[Page 53313]]

impacting the species. Overall, its habitat has been significantly 
reduced, and the remaining habitat and populations are threatened by a 
variety of factors acting in combination to reduce the overall 
viability of the species. The risk of extinction of Gonocalyx concolor 
is high because the remaining population is small, is isolated, and has 
limited potential to expand. As a result, we find that G. concolor 
meets the definition of an endangered species. We find that a 
threatened species status is not appropriate for G. concolor because 
the species is already very limited in numbers and distribution (i.e., 
it has a contracted range), and the threats are current and ongoing, 
occurring rangewide, and expected to continue into the future.
    As stated above, the threats to the survival of the species occur 
throughout the species' range and are not restricted to any particular 
significant portion of that range. Accordingly, our assessment and 
determination applies to the species throughout its entire range.
    As stated above, the threats to the survival of the species occur 
throughout the species' range and are not restricted to any particular 
significant portion of that range. Accordingly, our assessment and 
determination applies to the species throughout its entire range.

Determination for Varronia rupicola

    The rarity of Varronia rupicola and its restricted distribution 
renders it vulnerable to habitat destruction and modification. Varronia 
rupicola is threatened primarily by human-induced fires within its 
prime habitat. Habitat modification by urban development has promoted 
the invasion of its habitat by exotic grasses that are typically fire-
adapted and, therefore, increase the chances of fires. Overall, 
nonnative plants and fires may result in extirpation of populations of 
V. rupicola by killing individuals, limiting natural recruitment, or 
permanently modifying habitat and conditions necessary for the species' 
establishment. Furthermore, due to the species' limited numbers and 
distribution, hurricanes may extirpate entire populations, and in the 
case of a highly fragmented habitat, hurricanes may further promote the 
invasion of forest gaps by nonnative plant species. Similarly, severe 
droughts resulting from climate change may compromise the survival of 
seedlings and diminish natural recruitment within wild populations.
    The species has a wide distribution throughout the Puerto Rican 
bank (geographical unit that includes the main island of Puerto Rico, 
Vieques, Culebra, the USVI (excluding St. Croix) and the island of 
Anegada), has no germination problems, develops as reproductive 
individuals in a relatively short time period (1 to 2 years under 
nursery conditions), and is the subject of propagation and conservation 
protocols in development by the staff of the Royal Botanical Garden 
(KEW). Therefore, the Service considers that V. rupicola is a species 
with a high recovery potential that meets the definition of a 
threatened species. We find that an endangered species status is not 
appropriate for V. rupicola because the species is not currently in an 
imminent danger of extinction, but likely will be in the future as the 
scope and severity of threats become greater, placing the species in 
danger of extinction in the foreseeable future. Therefore, on the basis 
of the best available scientific and commercial information, we list 
Varronia rupicola as threatened in accordance with sections 3(20) and 
4(a)(1) of the Act.
    The threats to the survival of the species occur throughout the 
species' range and are not restricted to any particular significant 
portion of that range. Accordingly, our assessment and determination 
applies to the species throughout its entire range.

Available Conservation Measures

    Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or 
threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions, 
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain 
practices. The Act encourages cooperation with the States and requires 
that recovery actions be carried out for all listed species. The 
protection required by Federal agencies and the prohibitions against 
certain activities are discussed, in part, below.
    The primary purpose of the Act is the conservation of endangered 
and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The 
ultimate goal of such conservation efforts is the recovery of these 
listed species, so that they no longer need the protective measures of 
the Act. Subsection 4(f) of the Act requires the Service to develop and 
implement recovery plans for the conservation of endangered and 
threatened species. The recovery planning process involves the 
identification of actions that are necessary to halt or reverse the 
species' decline by addressing the threats to its survival and 
recovery. The goal of this process is to restore listed species to a 
point where they are secure, self-sustaining, and functioning 
components of their ecosystems.
    Recovery planning includes the development of a recovery outline 
shortly after a species is listed and preparation of a draft and final 
recovery plan. The recovery outline guides the immediate implementation 
of urgent recovery actions and describes the process to be used to 
develop a recovery plan. Revisions of the plan may be done to address 
continuing or new threats to the species, as new substantive 
information becomes available. The recovery plan identifies site-
specific management actions that set a trigger for review of the five 
factors that control whether a species remains endangered or may be 
downlisted or delisted, and methods for monitoring recovery progress. 
Recovery plans also establish a framework for agencies to coordinate 
their recovery efforts and provide estimates of the cost of 
implementing recovery tasks. Recovery teams (composed of species 
experts, Federal and State agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and 
stakeholders) are often established to develop recovery plans. When 
completed, the recovery outline, draft recovery plan, and the final 
recovery plan will be available on our Web site (https://www.fws.gov/endangered), or from our Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office 
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    Implementation of recovery actions generally requires the 
participation of a broad range of partners, including other Federal 
agencies, States, Tribes, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, 
and private landowners. Examples of recovery actions include habitat 
restoration (e.g., restoration of native vegetation), research, captive 
propagation and reintroduction, and outreach and education. The 
recovery of many listed species cannot be accomplished solely on 
Federal lands because their range may occur primarily or solely on non-
Federal lands. To achieve recovery of these species requires 
cooperative conservation efforts on private, State, and Tribal lands.
    Following the effective date of this final listing rule (see 
DATES), funding for recovery actions will be available from a variety 
of sources, including Federal budgets, State programs, and cost share 
grants for non-Federal landowners, the academic community, and 
nongovernmental organizations. In addition, pursuant to section 6 of 
the Act, the Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands and the Commonwealth 
of Puerto Rico would be eligible for Federal funds to implement 
management actions that promote the protection or recovery of Agave 
eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola. Information on 
our

[[Page 53314]]

grant programs that are available to aid species recovery can be found 
at: https://www.fws.gov/grants.
    Please let us know if you are interested in participating in 
recovery efforts for Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia 
rupicola. Additionally, we invite you to submit any new information on 
any of these species whenever it becomes available and any information 
you may have for recovery planning purposes (see FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT).
    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their 
actions with respect to any species that is listed as an endangered or 
threatened species and with respect to its critical habitat, if any is 
designated. Regulations implementing this interagency cooperation 
provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section 7(a)(4) 
of the Act requires Federal agencies to confer with the Service on any 
action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed 
species or result in destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat. If a species is listed subsequently, section 7(a)(2) of the 
Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities they authorize, 
fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence 
of the species or destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. If 
a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical habitat, 
the responsible Federal agency must enter into consultation with the 
Service.
    Federal agency actions within the species' habitat that may require 
conference or consultation or both as described in the preceding 
paragraph include management and any other landscape-altering 
activities on Federal lands administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, U.S. Forest Service, and National Park Service (Salt River Bay 
National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve and Buck Island Reef 
National Monument); issuance of section 404 Clean Water Act permits by 
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; construction and maintenance of roads 
or highways by the Federal Highway Administration; and the issuance of 
permits for the installation of new telecommunication towers, expansion 
of existing ones, and their operation by the Federal Communication 
Commission.
    The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of 
general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered and 
threatened plants. The prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, 
codified at 50 CFR 17.61 for endangered plants and at 50 CFR 17.71 for 
threatened plants, in part, make it illegal for any person subject to 
the jurisdiction of the United States to import, export, transport in 
interstate commerce in the course of commercial activity, sell or offer 
for sale in interstate or foreign commerce, or remove and reduce the 
species to possession from areas under Federal jurisdiction. In 
addition, for plants listed as endangered, the Act prohibits the 
malicious damage or destruction on areas under Federal jurisdiction and 
the removal, cutting, digging up, or damaging or destroying of such 
plants in knowing violation of any State law or regulation, including 
State criminal trespass law. It is also unlawful to violate any 
regulation pertaining to plant species listed as endangered or 
threatened (section 9(a)(2)(E) of the Act).
    We may issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities 
involving endangered and threatened plants species under certain 
circumstances. Regulations governing permits are codified at 50 CFR 
17.62 for endangered plants, and at 17.72 for threatened plants. With 
regard to endangered and threatened plants, a permit issued under this 
section must be for one of the following: scientific purposes, the 
enhancement of the propagation or survival of threatened species, 
economic hardship, botanical or horticultural exhibition, educational 
purposes, or other activities consistent with the purposes and policy 
of the Act.
    It is our policy, as published in the Federal Register on July 1, 
1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent practicable at 
the time a species is listed, those activities that would or would not 
constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. The intent of this 
policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of a listing and 
ongoing activities within the range of listed species. The following 
activities could potentially result in a violation of section 9 of the 
Act; this list is not comprehensive:
    (1) Unauthorized collecting, handling, possessing, selling, 
delivering, carrying, or transporting of Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx 
concolor, or Varronia rupicola, including import or export across State 
lines and international boundaries without authorization.
    (2) Removal, cutting, digging up, or damaging or destroying any of 
the species on any other area in knowing violation of any law or 
regulation of the Territory of U.S. Virgin Islands or the Commonwealth 
of Puerto Rico or in the course of any violation of the Territory of 
U.S. Virgin Islands or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico criminal 
trespass law.
    (3) Introduction of unauthorized nonnative species that compete 
with or prey upon Agave eggersiana, such as the introduction of the 
nonnative agave snout weevil to the island of St. Croix, USVI.
    (4) The unauthorized release of biological control agents that 
attack any life stage of Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, or 
Varronia rupicola.
    (5) Modifying the habitat of A. eggersiana, G. concolor and V. 
rupicola on Federal lands without authorization or coverage under the 
Act for impacts to these species.
    Questions regarding whether specific activities would constitute a 
violation of section 9 of the Act should be directed to the Caribbean 
Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    Under section 4(d) of the Act, the Secretary has discretion to 
issue such regulations as he deems necessary and advisable to provide 
for the conservation of threatened species. Our implementing 
regulations (50 CFR 17.61 and 17.71) for endangered and threatened 
plants generally incorporate the prohibitions of section 9 of the Act 
for endangered plants, except when a rule promulgated pursuant to 
section 4(d) of the Act (4(d) rule) has been issued with respect to a 
particular threatened species. In such a case, the general prohibitions 
in 50 CFR 17.61 and 17.71 would not apply to that species, and instead, 
the 4(d) rule would define the specific take prohibitions and 
exceptions that would apply for that particular threatened species, 
which we consider necessary and advisable to conserve the species. With 
respect to a threatened plant, the Secretary of the Interior also has 
the discretion to prohibit by regulation any act prohibited by section 
9(a)(2) of the Act. Exercising this discretion, which has been 
delegated to the Service by the Secretary, the Service has developed 
general prohibitions that are appropriate for most threatened species 
in 50 CFR 17.71 and exceptions to those prohibitions in 50 CFR 17.72. 
We are not promulgating a 4(d) rule for Varronia rupicola, and as a 
result, all of the section 9(a)(2) general prohibitions, including the 
``take'' prohibitions, will apply to Varronia rupicola.

Required Determinations

National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)

    We have determined that environmental assessments and environmental 
impact statements, as defined under the authority of the National 
Environmental Policy Act, need not be prepared in connection

[[Page 53315]]

with listing a species as an endangered or threatened species under the 
Endangered Species Act. We published a notice outlining our reasons for 
this determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 
49244).

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994 
(Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments; 59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and 
Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments), and the Department of the 
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal 
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with 
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, 
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), 
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with 
tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge 
that tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal 
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make 
information available to tribes. No tribal lands occur in Puerto Rico 
or the United States Virgin Islands.

References Cited

    A complete list of references cited in this rulemaking is available 
on the Internet at https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-R4-
ES-2013-0103 and upon request from the Caribbean Ecological Services 
Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

Authors

    The primary authors of this final rule are the staff members of the 
Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 
of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; and 4201-4245, unless 
otherwise noted.


0
2. Amend Sec.  17.12(h) by adding entries for ``Agave eggersiana'', 
``Gonocalyx concolor'', and ``Varronia rupicola'' in alphabetical order 
under FLOWERING PLANTS to the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants, 
to read as follows:


Sec.  17.12  Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Species
--------------------------------------------------------   Historic  range           Family            Status          When       Critical     Special
         Scientific name                Common name                                                                   listed      habitat       rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         FLOWERING PLANTS
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Agave eggersiana.................  No common name......  St. Croix, USVI....  Agavaceae..........  E                       848     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Gonocalyx concolor...............  No common name......  Puerto Rico........  Ericaceae..........  E                       848     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Varronia rupicola................  No common name......  Puerto Rico........  Boraginaceae.......  T                       848     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

    Dated: August 26, 2014.
Rowan W. Gould,
Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2014-21231 Filed 9-8-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P